30 July, Confederates again invade Maryland and Pennsyl- St. Alban's Raid. Between 20 and 30 armed men Lincoln re-elected president; McClellan resigns his Sherman destroys Atlanta and begins his march The confederate general Dick Taylor (near Mobile) surrenders. 4 May, President Jefferson Davis captured at Irwinsville, Georgia; imprisoned 10 May, The confederate general Kirby Smith, in Texas, surrenders; end of the war President Johnson proclaims a conditional amnesty, 26 May, ". 26 May, Fruitless meeting of president Lincoln and secretary Seward with the confederate secretary Stephens, and 2 commissioners to treat for peace at Fort Monroe 2, 3 Feb. The Canadian governinent surrenders Burley, a raider, to the federals 3 Feb. Lee takes the general command of the confederate armies; he recommends enlistment of negroes 18 Feb. Wilmington captured by Schofield; Charleston evacuated by the confederates; retreat of Beauregard 22 Feb. The confederate congress decree the arming of the slaves 22 Feb. Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson inaugurated as president and vice-president 4 March, A new stringent tariff comes into operation, 1 April, Three days' sanguinary conflict at Five Forks, began 31 March; Sheridan turns Lee's front, and totally defeats him, 1 April; Lee retreats, 2 April, Richmond and Petersburg evacuated by the confederates and occupied by Grant 2, 3 April, President Johnson proclaims the opening of the southern ports, 22 May; and an amnesty with certain exemptions 29 May, Solemn fast observed for death of president Lincoln, I June, The armies on both sides rapidly disbanding; fierce riots at New York between whites and negroes, June, Galveston, Texas, the last seaport held by the south, surrendered by Kirby-Smith 5 June, The British and French governments rescind their recognition of the confederates as belligerents, 2, 6 June, President Johnson, uniting with the democrats, and acting leniently towards the south; reorganisation of the state governments June, Close of the long trial of the assassination conspirators, 29 June; execution of Payne, Atzerott, Harrold or Herold, and Mrs. Suratt 7 July, The president declines recognition of the emperor of Mexico 18 July, . Aug. All southern prisoners of war to be released on parole on taking oath of allegiance 29 July, Federal debt declared 2,757,253,275 dollars, 31 July. The confederate privateer Shenandoah (captain Waddell) captures and destroys many federal vessels (about 30) Pacific policy of president Johnson; he declares himself opposed to centralisation and in favour of state rights; and is bitterly opposed by the radicals Sept. Correspondence between earl Russell and Mr. Adams (U.S. minister, London) respecting the Alabama, confederate privateer; proposal of a commission to whom claims for reparation shall be referred 7 April-18 Sept. Alex. Stephens and other southern officials pardoned 11 Oct. Great meeting of Fenians at Philadelphia; the Irish republic proclaimed 16-24 Oct. Much public discussion respecting equal negro suffrage July-Oct. 2 Oct. The national debt stated to be 600,000,000!. Oct. General Robert Lee becomes president of Washington College, Virginia Several southern states pass ordinances annulling secession, abolishing slavery, and renouncing confederate debt. Sept. Oct. Nov. govern National thanksgiving for the peace 2 Nov. Captain Waddell arrives at Liverpool, 6 Nov.; surrenders the Shenandoah to the British ment, stating that he had not heard of the end of the war till 2 Aug.; he and his crew paroled, 8 Nov.; the vessel given up to the American consul 9 Nov. Capt. Wirz, after long military trial, executed for cruelty to the federal prisoners at Andersonsville, 10 NOV. A negro convention at Charleston, appeals for justice and generosity 25 Nov. Ex-president Buchanan publishes his justification, Νον. Habeas corpus act restored in N. states 1 Dec. Close of correspondence between the British and U.S. governments respecting depredations of Alabama, Shenandoah, &c. The earl of Clarendon maintains that "no armed vessel departed during the war from a British port, to cruise against the commerce of the United States" 2 Dec. 1865 Congress and government protest against the French intervention in Mexico, Nov.; 6, 16 Dec. Opening of 39th congress; president Johnson's message conciliatory and firm (he requires from the southern states-repeal of their act of secession, abolition of slavery, and repudiation of confederate debt) 4 Dec. The radical party, opposed to the president, and to clemency to the south, predominate in the congress, and move violent resolutions against restoration of southern states to the union Dec. Estimated federal debt, 600,000,000l.; revenue, 80,000,000l. Dec. 85 members for the southern states excluded from him Feb. 1866 He proclaims the rebellion at an end . March, 3 April, 9 April, May, The veto on the admission of Colorado as a state, 15 May; set aside Fenian raids in Canada 31 May-7 June, The radical reconstruction clause termed the "constitutional amendment" (granting negro suffrage to be enforced by the different states; the whites and the blacks to be equal in the sight of the law, &c.), passed by the senate 13 June, Death of general Winfield Scott, aged 80, 29 May; and of Lewis Cass, aged 83 17 June, Continued dissension between the president and the congress July, The representatives of Tennessee re-admitted to the congress (10 states still excluded) July, The Atlantic telegraph completed (see Electric Telegraph) Mr. Peabody gives 1,000,000 dollars to promote education in the south 40th congress opened Supplementary reconstruction bill for the south passed Tenure of Office act passed 20 March, March, 9 April, Russian America purchased for 7,000,000 dollars; treaty ratified by the senate. "Protection" rife: taxation on British manufac tures 80 per cent.; much smuggling; public debt not diminishing; many strikes amongst operatives April, Jefferson Davis released on bail, 13 May; proceeded to New York, and thence to Canada, 20 May, Supplementary reconstruction bill adopted over the president's veto 15 July, Long trial of John H. Suratt, for complicity in assassination of president Lincoln; jury not agreed on verdict (discharged, 6 Nov. 1868), 10 Aug. Insubordination of gen. Sheridan, favoured by Edw. Stanton, secretary of war, who refuses to resign at the requisition of the president, 5 Aug.; suspended; succeeded by gen. Grant 12 Aug. General amnesty proclaimed by the president, 9 Sept. Removal of gen. Sheridan from the government of Louisiana, and of Sickles from N. Carolina, for insubordination to the president Aug.-Sept. National cemetery at Antietam (which see) dedicated in presence of the president 17 Sept. Sir Fred. Bruce, British ambassador, died at Boston, Russian America ceded 27 July, 28 July, Jefferson Davis's trial adjourned The congress adjourns Great meeting at Philadelphia of the National Union Convention, consisting of delegates, the (moderate men of all the parties, in every state, north and south, now termed the conservative party), whose object is to establish the national union, restore the south to its rights, and vindicate the president's policy 14 Aug. Tour of the president; he visits Philadelphia, New York, Chicago, &c.; he is very enthusiastically received; and speaks warmly, and often injudiciously 28 Aug.-18 Sept. Elections for congress go in favour of the republi Death of Martin Van Buren, ex-president Government policy declared to be "dead Nov. The president charged with being "silent and motionless;" congress absorbs all the power Dec. A bill admitting negroes to the suffrage in district of Columbia passed 9 Sept. 8 Oct. 26 Nov. Proposed impeachment of the president negatived in congress (108 to 57) Treaty for purchase of Danish West Indies (St. Thomas and St. John), for 7,500,000 dollars, signed Dec. Great general storm of snow and sleet; many perish; many wrecks 11-15 Dec. President Johnson censured; and gen. Sheridan thanked by house of representatives (see Ang. 1867) 4 Jan. 1868 General Grant replaced by Stanton (by the senate), 14, 15 Jan. The house of representatives declare that there is no valid government in the south; and transfer the jurisdiction from president Johnson to Grant, as general of the army 21 Jan. Great commercial depression; Mr. Wells, the revenue commissioner, recommends peace, retrenchment, and reform" Jan. about 1 Feb. The inland cotton tax repealed 66 Edward Thornton, new British ambassador, and Charles Dickens received by the president, 7 Feb. Angry correspondence between the president and gen. Grant 28 Jan.-14 Feb. President Johnson orders dismissal of Stanton, and appoints gen. Thomas secretary of war, 21 Feb.; declared illegal by the senate 22 Feb. The impeachment of the president voted by house 25 Feb. 1868 of representatives (126 to 47), 24 Feb.; reported at the bar of the senate by Thaddeus Stevens and Bingham Nine articles of impeachment (for issuing order for removal of E. M. Stanton from war-office, and following proceedings) adopted by representatives (127 to 47). 2 March, Bill of impeachment of Johnson sent up to the senate by the house of representatives, 4 March, Judicious speech of lord Stanley in the British house of commons on the Alabama claims, 6 March, Trial of president Johnson comes before the senate, 23 March, Impeachment opened by gen. Butler 30 March, Mr. Dickens sails from New York, after most affectionate parting 22 April, National republican convention at Chicago; announce their " platform"; approving the congress reconstruction policy; severely condemning president Johnson; denouncing repudiation of the debt; declaring for protection of naturalised citizens, &c., 20 May; and proposing general Ulysses Grant as the next president, and Mr. Colfax as vice-president 21 May, The senate reject the 11th article of the impeach. 16 May, Reject 2nd and 3rd articles; and adjourn sine die intense exciteinent among republicans, 26 May, Mr. Stanton resigns, 27 May; succeeded by gen. Schofield. 30 May, Death of the ex-president James Buchanan, I June, Chinese embassy received by the president, 5 June, Bill for re-admitting North and South Carolina, Georgia, Louisiana, Florida, and Alabama, to representation in congress, passed by the senate, 11 June, ment Convention respecting Alabama claims signed by lord Clarendon and Mr. Reverdy Johnson, 14 Jan. 1869 Prosecution of Jefferson Davis dropped; a nolle prosequi entered. Indian war reported over 6 Feb. Feb. " Alabama treaty rejected by committee of senate, 18 Feb. Suffrage bill, abolishing all distinctions of race, colour, and property, passed 21 Feb. General Schenk's bill, declaring that all national obligations shall be paid in coin, passed 3 March, Adjournment of 40th congress; meeting of 41st congress; gen. Grant assumes office : 4 March, Schenk's bill for cash payments passed by senate, 15 March, Convention respecting Alabama claim rejected by the senate 13 April, John Lothrop Motley appointed minister at London, April, Naturalisation treaty with Great Britain ratified by senate 15 April, Great peace jubilee held at Boston; colossal concert (10,371 voices, 1094 instruments, with anvils, bells, &c.) began 15 June, Wm. Pitt Fessenden, financier, died Steam-boat, Stonewall, burnt on the Mississippi; about 200 persons perish 8 Sept. 27 Oct. Free-trade agitation prevalent Oct.-Dec. Adm. Charles Stewart, "old iron-side," aged 92, died 6 Nov. Correspondence respecting Alabama claims, &c. 13 Oct. President Grant issues a proclamation against Fenianism, and attacks on Cuba . Nov. Nov. 1 Dec. Mr. Morton declines the embassy to Britain for party reasons about 25 Oct. The republican majority in the congress greatly reduced by the "fall" election (the first in which all races are duly represented) Gen. Cox, secretary of interior, dismissed; quarrel between him and the president Total debt, 2,334,308,494 dollars Annual message of the president: he regrets failure of proposal for annexing St. Domingo; and of the non-settlement of the Alabama claims; and complains of Canadian aggression 5 Dec. Population: 33,581,680 whites; 4,879,323 coloured; Indians, 25.733; Chinese, 63,196; Japanese, 55: total, 38,549,987. Mr. Motley terms his recall "an outrage" Dec. 7 Dec. George Ticknor, historian, dies 47 21 Dec. 1 Jan. 1871 26 Jan. Statue of Abraham Lincoln in the capitol at Washington, unveiled 25 Jan. 42nd congress meets (senate, republicans; 15 democrats) March, Proclamation against the Ku Klux in N. Carolina, 5 March, Commission to settle disputes with Great Britain respecting the Alabama, &c., fishery question, and the San Juan affair: for the British, the earl de Grey (since marquis of Ripon), sir Stafford Northcote, and others; for the Americans, secretary Fish, gen. Schenk, and others; announced 10 Feb. meet at Washington, 27 Feb.; sign treaty, agreeing to arbitration at Geneva, &c. (see Alabama, and San Juan), 8 May; ratified, 26 May, General Schenk warmily received at Liverpool, 3 June, An American fleet, accompanied by English and French and German ships, arrives at Corea to conclude a treaty for protection of mariners; on attempting to explore the island the Europeans are assailed from masked batteries; the Corean forts are then attacked and destroyed; and negociations renewed June, 1871 Formation of the “new departure" democrat party advocating perfect freedom of all males irrespective of race and colour; full political restoration of the southern states; and free trade, about July, Chicago destroyed by fire; great exertions to relieve the sufferers; see Chicago; about 2000 lives lost by fires in N. W. forests 8-11 Oct. Col. Hodge, paymaster of the regular army, confesses great defalcations since 10 Sept. 1864; condemned to long imprisonment Nov. European and North American railway opened at Bangor, Maine, by lord Lisgar and gen. Grant, 18 Oct. Dispute between the U.S. foreign minister, Hamilton Fish, and the Russian envoy Katakazy (for undue interference); Katakazy dismissed Νον. Grand duke Alexis of Russia warmly received at New York. 18 Nov. Congress opened; president in his message refers to peace abroad and prosperity at home 4 Dec. Formal meeting of the Alabama arbitration commission at Geneva (adjourned to 15 June) Gen. Halleck died 18 Dec. Jan. 1872 16 Jan. General amnesty bill passed American case under the treaty of Washington; claims indirect damages by Alabama and other vessels; much excitement in England Despatch from the British minister sent 2 Feb.; reply received (not divulged to parliament), Jan. 14 March, Further correspondence (see Alabama), March, April, Horace Greeley, editor of the New York Tribune, nominated president by many republicans, 4 May, New tariff, reduced duties to begin from 1 Aug.; passed 4 June, General Grant nominated for re-election as president by the republicans at Pennsylvania 6 June, Continued negotiations respecting the Alabama affair, May; nothing settled; congress adjourns The "straight-out democrats" nominate Charles O'Connor for president United States squadron at Southampton, England, visited by the prince of Wales Judge Barnard convicted of corruption, and removed from office and disqualified 13 Aug. 19 Aug. Sept. 1861 & 1865. Abraham Lincoln. 4 March. Shot 14 April; died 15 April, 1865; succeeded by vice-president, 1865. Andrew Johnson. 15 April. 1869 & 1873. Ulysses S. Grant." 4 March. UNIVERSALISTS, who believe in the final salvation of all men. This doctrine, declared in the Talmud, and ascribed to Origen, about 230, was advocated by other early fathers, but opposed by St. Augustin, about 420; and condemned by the 5th general council at Constantinople, May, June, 553. It was received by the Unitarians in the 17th century, and avowed by numerous clergymen of the church of England. James Relly, who published his "Union" in 1760, founded the sect of Universalists in Britain; and John Murray, in America, about 1770. The sect barely exists in Britain, but flourishes in America. UNIVERSAL SUFFRAGE (Plebiscitum), one of the six points of the charter (see Chartists), was adopted by the French in their constitution of 1791; and used in the election of their president in 1851, and of their emperor in 1852; and by the Italian States in voting for annexation to Sardinia in 1860, 1861, 1866, and 1870. UNIVERSITIES. The most ancient in Europe are those of Bologna, Oxford, Cambridge, Paris, and Salamanca. In old Aberdeen was a monastery, in which youths were instructed in theology, the canon law, and the school philosophy, at least 200 years before the university and King's College were founded; see Degrees. The following dates are generally given: Granada, Spain. Groningen, Friesland. 1585 Nantes 1460 Naples . 1368 Orange 1816 Orleans, France. 1450 Oxford (see Oxford) 1735 Paderborn 1537 Padua, Italy 1547 Palenza, 1209; removed to Sala manca renovated. 1614 1694 Palermo. 1638 Paris, 792; UNIVERSITY BOAT-RACE. The contest between the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, at first near Oxford, afterwards on the river Thames, began 10 June, 1829, and has been annual since 1856. In 1864, after 20 contests, the opposing parties were equal; but on 8 April, 1865, 24 March, 1866, 13 April, 1867, 4 April, 1868, and 17 March, 1869, Oxford won; the last time being the 9th in succession. Cambridge won, April, 1870, 1 April, 1871, 23 March, 1872, and 29 March, 1873. In the international boat-race between the universities of Oxford and Harvard, Massachusetts, U.S., Oxford won, 27 Aug. 1869. UNIVERSITY COLLEGE (London), see London University, and Oxford. UNIVERSITY ELECTIONS, see Dodson's Act. UNIVERSITY TESTS (Religious). A bill for their abolition was rejected by the lords, 19 July, 1869, and 14 July, 1870; passed, and received royal assent, 16 June, 1871. A similar act for Trinity College, Dublin, was passed in May, 1873. UNKNOWN TONGUES, see Irvingites, note. UNLEARNED PARLIAMENT, see Parliament, 1404. UPSAL (Sweden). The Swedish rulers were kings of Upsal till 1001. The university was founded in 1476, by Sten Sture, the "protector." URANIUM, a brittle grey metal discovered by Klaproth in 1789, in the mineral pitch-blende. It has lately been employed in the manufacture of glass for certain philosophical purposes. URANUS, a planet with eight satellites, was discovered by William Herschel, 13 March, 1781, first 1592 Vienna 1228 Wittenburg Wurtzburg 1249 Wilna 1447 Zurich 1200 - 1365 called Georgium Sidus, after George III.; next Herschel; and, finally, Uranus. It is about twice as distant from the sun as the planet Saturn. The anniversary of its first revolution (in 84 years 7 days) since its discovery, was celebrated on 20 March, 1865. Its perturbations led to the discovery of Neptune, in 1846. Uranus has 8 satellites; 6 discovered by Herschel, 2 in 1787, 2 in 1790; 2 in 1794; and i by Lassell, and 1 by Struve, in 1847. URBANISTS, see Clementines, and Clare. URBINO, the ancient Urbinum Hortense, central Italy, capital of a duchy created for Malatesta, 1474- It was treacherously seized by Cæsar Borgia, 1502; captured by Julius II., 1503; and given to Borgia, 1504; given to Lorenzo de' Medici by Leo X. 1516; after many vicissitudes recovered by the duke Francesco, 1522; on the duke's resignation annexed to the papal states, 1631; annexed to Italy, 1860. URICONIUM, see Wroxeter. URIM AND THUMMIM, LIGHT AND PERFECTION (Exodus xxviii. 30), words connected with the breastplate worn by the high priest when he entered into the holy place, with the view of obtaining an answer from God (1490 B.C.). URSULINE NUNS (so called from St. Ursula), founded originally by St. Angela of Brescia), about 1537. Several communities existed in England; and some still exist in Ireland. in South America, formerly part of the vice-royalty URUGUAY, BANDA ORIENTALE, a republic of Buenos Ayres; declared its independence, 25 Aug. 1825; recognised 4 Oct. 1828; constitution proclaimed 18 July, 1830. Population about 450,000. |
