1858, 3 per cent. Feb. 1.

soon ap16 Aug. 1862 and con7-12 Jan. 1863

1860, (Demand for gold in France), 6, Nov. 15. 1861, 7, Jan. 7; 8 (demand for money in France, India, United States, &c.) Feb. 14; 3, Nov. 7.

1862, 24, Jan.; 3, April; 24, July; 2, July 24; 3, Oct.— Dec.

1863, raised to 4 per cent., Jan. 16; to 5, Jan. 28; reduced to 4, Feb.; to 34 and 3, April; raised to 4, May; raised to 5, 6, in Nov.; to 7 and 8, and reduced to

7

in

Dec. 1864, raised to 8, Jan. 20; reduced to 7, Feb. 12; to 6, Feb. 25; raised to 7, April 16; to 8, May 2; to 9, May 5; reduced to 8, May 19; to 7, May 26; to 6, June 16; raised to 7, July 25; to 8, Aug. 4; to 9, Sept. 5; reduced to 8, Nov. 10; to 7, Nov. 24. 1865, reduced to 5}, Jan. 12; to 5, Jan. 20; raised to 5, March 2; reduced to 4, March 30; raised to 4, May 4: reduced to 34, June 1; to 3, June 15; raised to 34, July 27 to 4, Aug. 3; to 4, Sept. 28; to 5, Oct. 2; to 6, Oct. 5: to 7, Oct. 7; (three times in one week); reduced to 6, Nov. 23; raised to 7, Dec. 28. 1866, raised to 8, Jan. 4; reduced to 7. Feb. 22; to 6, March 15; raised to 7, May 3; to 8, May 8; to 9, May 11 (panic-suspension of Bank Act authorised by Government); to 10, May 12; reduced to 8, Aug. 16; to 7, Aug. 23 to 6, Aug. 30; to 5, Sept. 6; to 44, Sept. 27; to 4, Nov. 8; to 3, Dec. 20.

3,

1867, reduced to 3, Feb. 7; to 24, May 30; to 2, July 25. 1868, raised to 24 per cent. Nov. 19; to Dec. 3. 1860, raised to 4, April 1; to 4, May 6; reduced to 4, June 1o; to 3, June 24; to 3, July 15; to 24, Aug. 19; raised to 3, Nov. 4.

1870, raised to 3, July 21; to 4, July 23; to 5 (FrancoPrussian War), July 28; to 6, Aug. 4; reduced to 5, Aug. 11; to 4, Aug. 18; to 4, Aug. 25; to 34, Sept. 1; to 3, Sept. 15; to 24, Sept. 29.

1871, raised to 3, March 2; reduced to 24, April 13; to 24, June 15; to 2, July 13; raised to 3, Sept. 21; to 4, Sept. 28; to 5, Oct. 7; reduced to 4, Nov. 16; to 31, Nov. 30 to 3, Dec. 14.

1872, raised to 34, April 4; to 4, April 11; to 5, May 9; reduced to 4, May 30; to 3, June 13; to 3, June 20; raised to 3, July 18; to 4, Sept. 18; to 4, Sept. 26; to 5, Oct. 2; to 6, Oct. 10; to 7, Nov. 9; reduced to 6, Nov. 28; to 5, Dec. 12.

1873, reduced to 44, Jan. 9; to 4, Jan. 23; to 34, Jan. 30; raised to 4, March 26; to 44, May 7; to 5, May 10; to 6, May 17; to 7, June 4; reduced to 6, June 12.

AVERAGE AMOUNT OF BANK OF ENG. NOTES IN CIRCULATION. £18,215,220

1718. 1778

1790

1815 1820. 1830

Assets-Securities Bullion

£1,829.930

1835.

7,030,680 1840

17,231,000

1800

15,450,000 1850

19,776,814

1810.

23,904,000 1855.

19,616,627

26,803,520 1857

21,036,430

27,174,000 1859.

22,705,780

20,620,000

DEC. 27, 1856.

Nov. 11, 1857 (Time of Panic).

Liabilities

Liabilities

. £43,503,214 44,453,778 42,528,577 39,934,150

Balance. £3,716,787

14,223,390

29,415,059

14,327,618

Sept. 26, 1866

3,808,527

34,418,382

4,108,254

June 19, 1867

31,849,662

March 5, 1868

Dec. 29, 1869

3,610,694

50,134,262

3,103,301

June 2, 1870

49.799,528

3,097,069

Jan. 5, 1871

3,145,562

June 29,

34,100,342

26,609,540

Jan.

July 3,

Mar. 12, 1873

3, 1872

36,393,708

3,188,176

37,090,281

24,065,094

57,894,811

3,250,564

38,202,671*

24,778,223

59,264,695

3,716,209

BANK OF IRELAND. On 9 Dec. 1721, the Irish house of commons rejected a bill for establishing a national bank. Important failures in Irish banks occurred in 1727, 1733, and 1758: this led gradually to the establishment of the Bank of Ireland at St. Mary's abbey, Dublin, 1 June, 1783. The business was removed to the late parliament house, in College-green, in May, 1808. Branch banks of this establishment have been formed in most of the provincial towns in Ireland, all since 1828. Irish banking act passed, 21 July, 1845.

BANKS OF SCOTLAND. The old bank of Scotland was set up in 1695, at Edinburgh, and began I Nov., the second institution of the kind in the empire: lending money to the crown was pro

BANK OF SAVINGS, see Savings Banks.

1826, a number of these banks have been estabBANKS, JOINT STOCK. Since the act of lished. In 1840, the amount of paper currency issued by joint-stock banks amounted to 4,138,6187.; the amount in circulation by private banks, same year, was 6,973,613.-the total amount exceeding eleven millions.* In Ireland similar banks have

*THE ROYAL BRITISH BANK was established in 1849,

by Mr. John McGregor, M.P., and others, under sir R. Peel's joint-stock banking-act, 7 & 8 Vict. c. 113 (1844); as an attempt to introduce the Scotch banking system of cash credits into England. On 3 Sept. 1856, it stopped payment occasioning much distress and ruin to many small tradesmen and others. In consequence of strong evidence of the existence of fraud in the management of the bank, elicited during the examination before the court of bankruptcy, the government instructed the attorney-general to file ex-officio informations against the manager, Mr. H. Innes Cameron, and several of the directors. They were convicted 27 Feb. 1858, after 13 days' trial, and sentenced to various degrees of imprisonment. Attempts to mitigate the punishment failed

BANK HOLIDAYS ACT passed 25 May, 1871.

BANK HOLIDAYS.-England and Ireland: Easter Monday; Monday in Whitsun-week; first Monday in August; 26 December (if a week day) Scotland: New Year's day; Christmas day (if either falls on Sunday, the following Monday to be a bank holiday); Good Friday; first Monday in May and August.

17 July, 1788

1812

BANKRUPT (signifying either bank or bench broken), a trader declared to be unable to pay his just debts. The laws on the subject (1543, 1571 et seq.) were consolidated and amended in 1825, 1849, 1852, 1854, 1861, 1868, and 1869. See Debtors. Lord Chancellor Thurlow refused a bankrupt his certificate, because he had lost five pounds at one time in gaming. Enacted that members of the house of commons becoming bankrupt, and not paying their debts in full, should vacate their seats New Bankruptcy Court erected by 2 Will. IV. c. 56. 1831 Bills for reforming bankruptcy law were in vain brought before parliament. Bill by the lord chancellor Westbury (formerly sir R. Bethell), 24 & 25 Vict. c. 134, passed (1861); great changes made; the court for relief of insolvent debtors abolished, and increased powers given to the commissioners in bankruptcy, &c. ; the new orders issued By the Bankruptcy Act passed 9 Aug. 1869, a new bankruptcy court was established in place of the commissioners', which sat last time, when above 300 petitions of bankruptcy were received, 31 Dec. 1869. The new judge, the hon. James Bacon,

sat

1859, 1860

12 Oct. 1861

1 Jan. 1870

Justice Giffard, the judge of the Bankruptcy Appeal Court, decided (in the case of the duke of Newcastle) that a peer can be made a bankrupt, Nov. 1869, which decision was affirmed on appeal to the house of lords in the following year; other petitions against peers have been filed. It was decided that bankrupts cannot sit in the house of peers 10 Feb. 1871 BANKRUPTCY DISQUALIFICATION ACT disqualifies a peer from sitting or voting in parliament, passed 13 July, (May, 1858); but all were released except Cameron and Esdaile, in July, 1858. In April, 1860, dividends had been paid to the amount of 158. in the pound. The attorney-general brought in a bill called the Fraudulent Trustees' Act, 20 & 21 Vict. c. 54, to prevent the recurrence of such transactions.-On 19 April, 1860, a deficiency of 263,000l. was discovered in the Union Bank of London. Mr. George Pullinger, a cashier, confessed himself guilty of forgery and fraud, and was sentenced to 20 years' imprisonment.-On 18 Feb. 1861, it was discovered that John Durden, a clerk of the Commercial Bank of London, had robbed his employers of 67,000l., of which 46,000l. might be recovered.-In Dec. 1864, J. W. Terry and Thomas Burch, manager and secretary of the Unity Bank, were committed on a charge of conspiracy for fabricating accounts; but acquitted on their trial.

United Kingdom

BANNATYNE CLUB, named after George Bannatyne (the publisher), was established in 1823 by sir Walter Scott and others, for printing works illustrative of the history, antiquities, and literature of Scotland, of which about 113 volumes were issued: dissolved, 1860.

baron and knight, anciently conferred by the king BANNERET, KNIGHT, a dignity between under the royal standard on the field of battle. Its origin is of uncertain time: Edmondson dates it 736; but it was probably created by Edward I. John Chandos is said to have been made a banneret by the Black Prince and the king of Castile at Najara, 3 April, 1367. The dignity was conferred on John Smith, who rescued the royal standard at Edgehill fight, 23 Oct. 1642. It fell into disuse, but was revived by George III. for sir William Erskine, in 1764.

BANNERS were common to all nations. The Jewish tribes had standards or banners-Num. ii. (1491 B.C.) The standard of Constantine bore the inscription, In hoc signo vinces-"By this sign thou shalt conquer," under the figure of the cross. See Cross. The magical banner of the Danes (said to have been a black raven on a red ground) was taken by Alfred when he defeated Hubba, 878. St. Martin's cap, and afterwards the celebrated auriflamma, or oriflamme, were the standards of France about 1100; see Auriflamma, Standards, &c.

BANNOCKBURN (Stirlingshire), the site of two battles: (1) between Robert Bruce of Scotland and Edward II. of England, 24 June, 1314. The army of Bruce consisted of 30,000; that of Edward of 100,000 men, of whom 52,000 were archers. The English crossed a rivulet to the attack, and Bruce having dug and covered pits, they fell into them, and were thrown into confusion. The rout was complete: the English king narrowly escaped, and Sauchieburn, near here, James III. was defeated 50,000 were killed or taken prisoners. (2) At and slain on 11 June, 1488, by his rebellious nobles.

*According to a return to parliament made at the close of Feb. 1826, there had become bankrupt in the four months preceding, 59 banking-houses, comprising 144 partners; and 20 other banking establishments had been declared insolvent. Every succeeding week continued to add from seventy to a hundred merchants, traders, and manufacturers to the bankrupt list. This was the period of bubble speculation, and of unprecedented commercial embarrassment and ruin.

BANNS, in the feudal law, were a solemn proclamation of any kind: hence arose the present custom of asking banns, or giving notice before marriage; said to have been introduced into the English church about 1200. The proper time of publishing banns in the church was the subject of much discussion in 1867.

BANQUETING-HOUSE, Whitehall, London, built by Inigo Jones, about 1619.

BANTAM (Java). Here a British factory was established by captain Lancaster, in 1603. The English and Danes were driven from their factories by the Dutch in 1683. Bantam surrendered to the British in 1811, but was restored to the Dutch at the peace in 1814.

BANTINGISM, see Corpulence.

BANTRY BAY (S. Ireland), where a French fleet, bringing succour to the adherents of James II, attacked the English under admiral Herbert, I May, 1689: the latter retired to form in line and were not pursued. A French squadron of seven sail of the line and two frigates, armed en flute, and seventeen transports, anchored here for a few days, without effect, Dec. 1796. MUTINY of the Bantry Bay squadron under admiral Mitchell was in Dec. 1801. In Jan. 1802, twenty-two of the mutineers were tried on board the Gladiator, at Portsmouth, when seventeen were condemned to death, of whom eleven were executed; the others were sentenced to receive each 200 lashes. The executions took place on board the Majestic, Centaur, Formidable, Téméraire, and L'Achille, 8 to

18 Jan. 1802.

BAPAUME, N. FRANCE, the site of severe indecisive engagements between the French army of the north under Faidherbe, and the Germans under Manteuffel; the French retreated, 2, 3 Jan. 1871.

BAPTISM, the ordinance of admission into the church, practised by all Christian sects except Quakers. John the Baptist baptized Christ, 30. (Matt. iii.) Infant baptism is mentioned by Irenæus about 97. In the reign of Constantine, 319, baptisteries were built and baptism was performed by dipping the person all over. In the west sprinkling was adopted. Much controversy has arisen since 1831 (particularly in 1849 and 1850), in the church of England, respecting baptismal regeneration, which the Arches' Court of Canterbury decided to be a doctrine of the church of England. See Trials, 1849, and note. Demanding fees for baptisms was made unlawful by an act passed 18 July, 1872.

BAPTISTS (see Anabaptists). A sect distinguished by their opinions respecting (1) the proper subjects, and (2) the proper mode of baptism: the former they affirm to be those who are able to make a profession of faith; the latter to be total immersion. There are seven sections of BaptistsArminian, Calvinistic (or Particular), &c. The first Baptist church formed in London was about 1608. They published their confession of faith in 1643; revised in 1689. In 1851 they had 130 chapels in London and 2789 (with sittings for 752,353 persons) in England and Wales. Rhode Ísland, America, was settled by Baptists in 1635.

BAR SUR AUBE, N. E. France. Here the French, under Oudinot and Macdonald, were defeated by the allies, 27 Feb. 1814.

BARBARY, in N. Africa, considered to comwith their dependencies. Piratical states (nomiprise Algeria, Morocco, Fez, Tunis, and Tripoli, nally subject to Turkey) were founded on the coast by Barbarossa, about 1518.

BARBERS lived in Greece in the 5th century, and at Rome in the 3rd century B.C. In England, formerly, the business of a surgeon was united to the barber's, and he was denominated a BARBERSURGEON. A London company was formed in 1308, and incorporated, 1462. This union was partially dissolved in 1540, and wholly so in 1745. No person using any shaving or barbery in London shall occupy any surgery, letting of blood, or other matter, except only drawing of teeth." 32 Hen. VIII. 1540.

BARCA (N. Africa), the Greek Barce, a colony of Cyrene. It was successively subjugated by the Persians, Egyptians, and Saracens. In 1550 the conquered pashalik of Tripoli. sultan Solyman combined Barca with the newly

BARCELONA (N. E. Spain), an ancient maritime city, said to have been rebuilt by Hamilcar Barca, father of the great Hannibal, about 233 B.C. It was held by the Romans, Goths, Moors, and Franks, and, with the province of which it is the capital, was made an independent country about A.D. 864, and incorporated with Aragon, 1164, the last count becoming king. The city has suffered much by war. The siege by the French in 1694, was relieved by the approach of the English fleet, commanded by admiral Russell; but the city was taken by the earl of Peterborough in 1706. It was bombarded and taken by the duke of Berwick and the French in 1714, and was taken by Napoleon in 1808, and retained till 1814. It revolted against the queen in 1841, and was bombarded and taken in Dec. 1842, by Espartero.

BARCLAY, CAPTAIN, see Pedestrianism. BARDESANISTS, followers of Bardesanes, of Mesopotamia, who embraced the errors of Valentinus, after refuting them, and added denial of the incarnation, resurrection, &c., about 175.

BARDS. Demodocus is mentioned as a bard by Homer; and we find bards, according to Strabo, among the Romans before the age of Augustus. The Welsh bards formed an hereditary order, regulated, it is said, by laws, enacted about 940 and

1078. They lost their privileges at the conquest by Edward I. in 1284. The institution was revived by the Tudor sovereigns; and their Eisteddfodds (or meetings) have been and are frequently held; at Swansea, Aug. 1863; at Llandudno, Aug. 1864; in the vale of Conway, 7 Aug. 1865; at Chester, 4 Sept. 1866; at Carmarthen, 3 Sept. 1867; at Ruthin, 5-7 Aug. 1868; at Rhyl, 8-12 Aug. 1870; at Portmadoc, Aug. 1872. The Gwyneddigion Society of Bards was founded in 1770. Turlogh O'Carolan. the last of the Irish bards, died in 1737. Chambers. BAREBONE'S PARLIAMENT. Cromwell, supreme in the three kingdoms, summoned 122 persons, such as he thought he could manage, who, with six from Scotland, and five from Ireland, met, as a parliament, 4 July, 1653. It obtained its appellation from a nickname given to one of its members, a leather-seller, named "Praise-God Barbon." The majority evinced much sense and spirit, proposing to reform abuses, improve the administration of the law, &c. The parliament was suddenly dissolved, 13 Dec. 1653, and Cromwell made lord protector.

BAREILLY, province of Delhi (N. W. India). ceded to the East India company by the ruler of Oude in 1801. A mutiny at Bareilly, the capital, was suppressed in April, 1816. On May, 1858, it was taken from the cruel sepoy rebels.

BARFLEUR (N. France), where William, duke of Normandy, equipped the fleet by which he conquered England, 1066. Near it, William, duke of Normandy, son of Henry 1., in his passage from Normandy, was shipwrecked, 25 Nov. 1120, when the prince, his bride, and many others perished. Barfleur was destroyed by the English in the campaign in which they won the battle of Crecy, 1346. The French navy was destroyed near the cape by admiral Russell, after the victory of La Hogue, 19 May, 1692.

BARI (S. Italy), the Barium of Horace, was, in the 9th century, a stronghold of the Saracens, and was captured by the emperor Louis II., a descendant of Charlemagne, in 871. In the 10th century it became subject to the eastern empire, and remained so till it was taken by Robert Guiscard, the Norman, about 1060. A great ecclesiastical council was held here on 1 Oct. 1098, when the filioque article of the creed and the procession of the Holy Spirit were the subjects of discussion.

BARING ISLAND, Arctic Sea, discovered by captain Penny in 1850-1, and so named by him after sir Francis Baring, first lord of the admiralty in 1849.

BARIUM (Greek, barys, heavy), a metal found abundantly as carbonate and sulphate. The oxide baryta was first recognised as an earth distinct from lime by Scheele, in 1774; and the metal was first obtained by Humphry Davy, in 1808. Watts.

BARK, see Jesuits' Bark.

BARLAAMITES, followers of Barlaam, a learned Calabrian monk of the order of St. Basil, who maintained various peculiar tenets, attacked the Greek monks, supported the Latin against the Greek church in a controversy at Constantinople, 1337, and acted as the emperor's envoy in an attempt to reconcile the churches in 1339. He died about 1348.

BARMECIDES, a powerful Persian family, celebrated for virtue and courage, were massacred through the jealousy of the caliph Haroun-al

Raschid, about 802. His visir Giafar was a Barmecide. The phrase Barmecide (or imaginary) feast originated in the story of the barber's sixth brother, in the Arabian Nights' Entertainments.

BARNABITES, an order of monks, established in Milan about 1530, were much engaged in instructing youth, relieving the sick and aged, and converting heretics.

BARNARD'S, SIR JOHN, ACT (7 Geo. II., c. 8), entitled, "an act to prevent the infamous practice of stock-jobbing," was passed in 1734, and repealed in 1860. Sir John Barnard (born 1685, died 1764) was an eminent lord mayor of London."

BARNET, Hertfordshire. Here, at Gladsmore heath, Edward IV. gained a decisive victory over the Lancastrians, on Easter-day, 14 April, 1471, when the earl of Warwick and his brother the mar

quis of Montacute, or Montague, and 10,000 men were slain. A column commemorative of this battle has been erected at the meeting of the St. Alban's and Hatfield roads.

BAROMETERS. Torricelli, a Florentine, knowing that water did not rise in a pump through what was supposed to be nature's abhorrence of a vacuum, imitated the action of a pump with mercury, and made the first barometer, about 1643. Pascal's experiments (1646) enhanced the value of the discovery by applying it to the measurement of heights. Wheel barometers were contrived in 1668; pendent barometers in 1695; marine in 1700; and many improvements have been made since. In the aneroid barometer (from a, no, and neros, watery) no liquid is employed; the atmospheric pressure being exerted on a metallic spring. Its invention (attributed to Conté, in 1798, but due to Vidi, who died in April, 1866), excited much attention in 1848-9. 1860, by the duke of Northumberland and others. Barometers were placed at N.E. coast stations in

BARON, formerly the only title in our peerage, now the lowest. Its original name in England, Varasour, was changed by the Saxons into Thane, and by the Normans into Baron. Many of this rank had undoubtedly assisted in, or been summoned to parliament (in 1205); but the first precept found is of no higher date than the 49 Hen. III. 1265. The first raised to this dignity by patent was John de Beauchamp, created baron of Kidderminster, by Richard II., 1387. The barons took arms against king John, and compelled him to sign the great charter of our liberties, and the charter of our forests, at Runnymede, near Windsor, June, 1215. Charles II. granted a coronet to barons on his restoration, 1660.

BARONETS, the first in rank among the gentry, and the only knighthood that is hereditary, were instituted by James I., 1611. The rebellion in Ulster seems to have given rise to this order, it having been required of a baronet, on his creation, to pay into the exchequer as much as would maintain thirty soldiers three years at eightpence a further required that a baronet should be a gentleday in the province of Ulster in Ireland." It was man born, and have a clear estate of 1000l. per annum. The first baronet was sir Nicholas Bacon (whose successor is therefore styled Primus Baronettorum Anglia), 22 May, 1611. The baronets of Ireland were created in 1619; the first being sir Francis Blundell.-Baronets of Nova Scotia were created. 1625; sir Robert Gordon the first baronet. -All baronets created since the Irish union in 1801 are of the United Kingdom.

BARONS' WAR, arose in consequence of the faithlessness of Henry III. and the oppression of his favourites in 1258. The barons, headed by Simon de Montfort, earl of Leicester, and Gilbert de Clare, earl of Gloucester, met at Oxford in 1262, and enacted statutes to which the king objected. In 1263 their disputes were in vain referred to the decision of Louis IX. of France. War broke out, and on 14 May, 1264, the king's party was totally defeated at Lewes; and De Montfort became the virtual ruler of the kingdom. The war was renewed; and at the battle of Evesham, 4 Aug. 1265, De Montfort was slain, and the barons were defeated; but they did not render their final submission till 1268. A history of this war was published by Mr. W. H. Blaauw, in 1844; 2nd ed., 1871.

*

BAROSSA, see Barrosa.

BARRACKS (from "Baraque-Hutte que font les soldats en campagne pour se mettre à couvert,") were not numerous in these countries until about 1789. A superintendent-general was appointed in 1793, since when commodious barracks have been built in the various garrison towns and central points of the empire.-A report, censuring the condition of many barracks, was presented to parliament in 1858; and great improvements were effected under the direction of Mr. Sidney (afterwards lord) Herbert; see Aldershot.

BARRICADES, mounds formed of trees and earth, for military defence. During the wars of the League in France, in 1588, the people made barricades by means of chains, casks, &c., and compelled the royal troops to retire. During the war of the Fronde, a barricade was erected in Paris on 27 Aug. 1648. Barricades composed of overturned vehicles, &c., were erected in Paris in the insurrections of 27-30 July, 1830, and 23-26 June, 1848, when sanguinary conflicts took place.

BARRIER TREATY, by which the Low Countries were ceded to the emperor Charles VI., was signed by the British, Imperial, and Dutch ministers, 15 Nov. 1715.

BARRISTERS are said to have been first appointed by Edward I., about 1291, but there is earlier mention of professional advocates. They are of various ranks, as king's or queen's counsel, serjeants, &c., which see. Students for the bar must keep a certain number of terms at the inns of court, previously to being called; and by the regulations of 1853 must pass a public examination. Irish students must keep eight terms in England.

BARROSA, or BAROSSA (S. Spain). The British army, commanded by major-general sir Thomas Graham, afterwards lord Lynedoch, totally defeated the French under marshal Victor, 5 March, 1811. The French leaving nearly 3000 dead, six pieces of cannon, and an eagle, the first that the British had taken; the loss of the British was 1169 men killed and wounded.

BARROW ISLAND (Arctic Sea), discovered by Captain Penny in 1850-51, and named by him in honour of John Barrow, Esq., son of sir John.

BARROW-ON-FURNESS (Lancashire), in 1847, was a village with a population of about 330, which, in 1867, had increased to above 17,000, in consequence of the large manufacture of iron from the ore (hæmatite) found there. On 19 Sept. 1867, new docks were opened in the presence of the dukes of Devonshire and Buccleuch, Mr. Gladstone, and others.

BARROWS, circular or oblong mounds, found in Britain and other countries, were ancient sepulchres. Sir Richard Hoare caused several barrows near Stonehenge to be opened; in them were found Celtic ornaments, such as beads, buckles, and brooches, in amber, wood, and gold: Nov. 1808. Many barrows were opened and discoveries made in Yorkshire, 1866-70, under the superintendence of the Rev. Wm. Greenwell.

BARS in music appear in the madrigals of Bonini, 1607. Their common use in this country is attributed to Henry Lawes, about 1653. Eng. Cyc.

BARTHOLOMEW, ST., THE APOSTLE, martyred 71. The festival (24 Aug. o. s., 3 Sept. N. s.) is said to have been instituted 1130. Monastery of St. Bartholomew (of Austin Friars)

. 1102

about 1123

founded by Rahere, a minstrel of Henry II. The hospital founded by him. Refounded after the dissolution of monasteries (it then contained 100 beds, with 1 physician and 3 surgeons), 1544; incorporated

William Harvey, the physiologist, physician here

Earliest record of medical school
Hospital rebuilt by subscription
Medical college founded

1546

1609-43

1662

1729

1843

1861

1869

The hospital (since enlarged) contained 580 beds, and relieved about 70,000 patients Improvements suggested Bartholomew the Great, St., near Smithfield. The building of the church, said to have begun 1102, restored by subscription and reopened 29 March, 1868 Bartholomew Fair. The charter was granted by Henry I., 1133, and was long held in Smithfield, which see. The shows were discontinued in 1850, and the fair was proclaimed for the last time in 1855. In 1858 Mr. H. Morley published his "History of Bartholomew Fair," with many illustrations. The MASSACRE OF ST. BARTHOLOMEW commenced at Paris on the night of the festival 24 Aug. 1572 According to Sully, 70,000 Huguenots, or French Protestants, including women and children, were murdered throughout the kingdom by secret orders from Charles IX., at the instigation of his mother, the queen dowager, Catherine de Medicis. La Popélionère calculates the victims at 20,000;

Adriani, De Serres, and De Thou say 30,000; Davila states them at 40,000; and Péréfixe makes the number 100,000. Above 500 persons of rank, and 10,000 of inferior condition, perished in Paris alone, besides those slaughtered in the provinces. Pope Gregory XIII. ordered a Te Deum to be performed, with other rejoicings.

BARTHOLOMEW, ST., a West Indian island, held by Sweden. It was colonised by the French in 1648; and has been several times taken and restored by the British. It was ceded to Sweden by France in 1785; captured by the English and restored, 1801.

BARTHOLOMITES, a religious order expelled from Armenia, settled at Genoa 1307, where is preserved in the Bartholomite church the image which Christ is said to have sent to king Abgarus. The order was suppressed by pope Innocent X. 1650.