Great battle between Llewelyn and the English: Llewelyn slain, after the battle, by Adam Frankton 11 Dec. Prince David surrenders, and is executed Wales finally subdued by Edward I. The first English prince of Wales, son of Edward, born at Caernarvon castle (see Princes of Wales, P. 715) 25 April, 1284 Statute of Wales (see p. 713) enacted 19 March, 1284 Many insurrections suppressed and the leaders executed 1287-1320 Great rebellion of Owain Glyndwr, or Owen Glendower (descendant of the last prince, Llewelyn), commences 1400 Radnor and other places taken by Owain Glyndwr 1401 Allies with the Scots and the Percies; besieges 1845 27 March, 1873 Rhodri, or Roderic; heroic defender. Cynan and Howel, sons; incessant war. 844. Roderic the Great, son. PRINCES OF GWYNEDD OR NORTH WALES AND FREQUENTLY OF ALL WALES. 877. Anarawd, son of Roderic. 915. Idwal Voel. 943. Howel Dha the Good, prince of all Wales. 948. Iefan and Iago; sons of Idwal. 972. Howel ap Iefan, the Bad. 984. Cadwallon, brother. 985. Meredith ap Owen ap Howel Dha. 992. Idwal ap Meyric ap Edwal Voel: able, brave. 998. Aedan, a usurper. 1015. Llewelyn ap Sitsyllt, good sovereign. 1023. Iago ap Idwal ap Meyric. 1039. Griffith ap Llewelyn ap Sitsyllt; killed. 1067. Bleddyn." 1073. Trahaern ap Caradoc. 1079. Griffith ap Cynan; able; warlike; generous. 1137. Owain Gwynedd; energetic, successful warrior. 1169. Howel, son. 1169. David ap Owain Gwynedd, brother; married sister of Henry II. 1194. Llewelyn, the Great. 1240. David ap Llewelyn. 1246. Llewelyn ap Griffith, last prince of the blood; slan after battle, 11 Dec., 1282 ENGLISH PRINCES OF WALES. 1284. Edward Plantagenet (afterwards king Edward II) son of Edward I., born in Caernarvon Castle the 25th April, 1284. It is asserted that in. ediately after his birth he was presented by his father to the Welsh chieftains as their future sovereign, the king holding up the royal infant in his arms, and saying, in the Welsh lan * At the commencement of the civil war, Pembroke castle was the only Welsh fortress in the possession of the parliament, and it was entrusted to the commard of col. Laugharne. In 1648, he, and colonels Powel and Poyer, embraced the cause of the king, and de Pembroke their head quarters; after the defeat at St. Fagan's, they retired to the castle, followed by an army led by Cromwell. They capitulated, after having endured great sufferings from want of water. Laugharne Powel, and Poyer were tried by a court-martial, and condemned to death; but Cromwell having been indrad to spare the lives of two of them, it was ordered that they should draw lots for the favour, and three papers were folded up, on two of which were written the works, "Life given by God;" the third was left blank. The latter was drawn by colonel Poyer, who was sh accordingly on the above-mentioned day. Pranant. + WALES, PRINCESS OF This title was held, some authors say, during the early period of her life, by the princess Mary of England, eldest daughter of Henry VIII, and afterwards queen Mary I. She was created, they state, by her father princess of Wales, in order to conciliate the Welsh people and keep alive the name, and was the only princess of Wales in her own right; a rank she enjoyed until the birth of a son to Henry, who was afterwards Edward VI., born in 1537. This is however denied by Banks. 1471. Edward (afterwards Edward V.), son of Edward IV. 1483. Edward, son of Richard III.; died in 1484. 1489. Arthur, son of Henry VII; died in 1502. 1503. Henry, his brother (afterwards Henry VIII.). Edward, his son (afterwards Edward VI.) was duke of Cornwall, and not prince of Wales. 1610. Henry Frederic, son of James I.; died 6 Nov. 1612. 1616. Charles, his brother (afterwards Charles I.). Charles, his son (afterwards Charles II.), never created prince of Wales. 1714. George Augustus (afterwards George II.). 1729. Frederic Lewis, his son; died 20 March, 1751. 1751. George, his son (afterwards George III.). 1762. George, his son (afterwards George IV.): born 12 Aug. 1841. Albert-Edward, son of queen Victoria: born 9 Nov. Baptized, king of Prussia a sponsor, 15 Jan. 1842. Travelled on the continent, and studied at Oxford and Edinburgh, in 1859. Visited Canada, with the dignity of a viceroy, and the United States, 1860. Entered the university of Cambridge in Jan. : attended the camp at the Curragh, Dublin, July to Sept.; opened New Middle Temple Library, 31 Oct. 1861. Ordered to be prayed for as Albert-Edward, instead of Albert, 8 Jan. ; visited the continent, Syria, and Egypt, March-June; Germany and Italy, Aug-Dec. 1862. Admitted to the house of peers, 5 Feb.; a privy councillor, 8 Dec. 1863. Married to princess Alexandra of Denmark, 10 March, 1863. Visited Denmark and Sweden, Sept.-Oct. 1864; Russia, Nov.-Dec. 1866. Visited International Exhibition, Paris, May, 1867. Sail for the continent, 17 Nov.; call at Paris; tinople, April; at Sebastopol, 13-17 April ; at Athens, 19-24 April; land at Dover, 13 May 1869. Inaugurated Victoria Embankment (Thames) 13 July, 1870 Opened Workmen's International Islington, 16 July, 1870. Exhibition, Attacked with typhoid fever, about 19 Nov. 1871; 27 Feb. sailed for the continent, 11 March; Opened new grammar school at Yarmouth, 6 June; Issue: Albert-Victor, born 8 Jan. 1864; George-Frederick, born 3 June, 1865; Alexander John, born 7 April, died 8 April, 1871. WALHALLA or VALHALLA (the Hall of Glory), a temple near Ratisbon, erected by Louis, king of Bavaria, to receive the statues and memorials of the great men of Germany, commenced 18 Oct. 1830, and inaugurated 18 Oct. 1842, The name is derived from the fabled meeting-place of Scandinavian heroes after death. WALKING, see Pedestrianism. WALLACE MONUMENT, at Abbey Craig, near Stirling, was inaugurated 27 Aug. 1869, and soon after given into the charge of the magistrates of Stirling. It cost about 13,000l. The telescope there was presented by the Scotch inhabitants of Ipswich 24 June, 1865. WALLACHIA, see Danubian Principalities. On 23 Dec. 1861, the union of Wallachia and Moldavia, under the name of Roumania, was proclaimed at Jassy and Bucharest. WALLER'S PLOT. Edmund Waller, the poet, and others, conspired to disarm the London militia and let in the royalists, May, 1643. The plan was detected and punished, June-July, 1643. Waller betrayed his confederates, and was suffered to emigrate. WALLIS'S VOYAGE. Captain Wallis sailed from England on his voyage round the world, 26 July, 1766; and returned to England, 19 May, 1768. WALLOONS, descendants of the ancient inhabitants of the Low Countries. Some of them fled to England from the persecution of the duke of Alva, the governor of the Low Countries for Philip II. of Spain, 1566. A church was given to them by queen Elizabeth at Sandwich, and they still have one at Canterbury. Their language is considered to be based on that of the ancient Gauls. WALLS, see Roman Walls, China. WALNUT-TREE has long existed in England. The black walnut-tree (Juglans nigra) was brought to these countries from North America before 1629. WALPOLE'S ADMINISTRATIONS. Mr. Walpole (afterwards sir Robert, and earl of Oxford) was born in 1676; became secretary-at-war in 1708; was expelled the house of commons on a charge of misappropriating the public money, 1711; committed to the Tower, 17 Jan. 1712; became first lord of the treasury and chancellor of the exchequer in Oct. 1715. He resigned, on a disunion of the cabinet, in 1717, bringing in the sinking fund bill on the day of his resignation. On the earl of Sunderland retiring in 1721, he resumed his office, and held it till Feb. 1742. He died 18 March, 1745. F SECOND WALPOLE ADMINISTRATION (APRIL, 1721). Sir Robert Walpole, first lord of the treasury. Thomas, lord Parker, created earl of Macclesfield, lord chancellor. Henry, lord Carleton (succeeded by William, duke of Devonshire), lord president. Evelyn, duke of Kingston (succeeded by lord Trevor), privy seal. James, earl of Berkeley, first lord of the admiralty. Charles (viscount Townshend), and John, lord Carteret (the latter succeeded by the duke of Newcastle), secretaries of state. Duke of Marlborough (succeeded by the earl of Cadogan), ordnance. George Treby (succeeded by Henry Pelham), secretary-at war. Viscount Torrington, &c. Near Welwyn, in Hertfordshire, there was the largest walnut-tree on record; it was felled in 1627, and from it were cut nineteen loads of planks; and as much was besides which there were thirty loads of roots and sold to a gunsmith in London as cost rol. carriage; branches. When standing it covered 76 poles of ground; a space equal to 2299 square yards, statute measure. WALRUS. One placed in the Zoological Gardens in 1853 lived a few days only; another was placed there in the autumn of 1867, and died 25 Dec. WALTZ, the popular German national dance, was introduced into England by baron Neuman and others in 1813. See Raikes. WANDEWASH (S. India), Here the French, under Lally, were severely defeated by colonel Eyre Coote, 22 Jan. 1760. WANDSWORTH, near London. Here was organised a "presbytery," 20 Nov. 1572. In Gar ratt-lane, near this place, a mock election of a mayor of Garratt was formerly held, after every general election of parliament, to which Foote's dramatic piece, The Mayor of Garratt (1763), gave no small celebrity. WAR, called by Erasmus "the malady of princes.' Osymandyas of Egypt, the first warlike king, passed into Asia, and conquered Bactria, the Osiris of the priests. It is computed that, up to 2100 B.C. Usher. He is supposed by some to be the present time, no less than 6,860,000,000 of men have perished on the field of battle; see Battla, and Secretaries. 1560 France 1564 Peace of Ryswick, 20 Sept. 1097 Edward IV. had stood godfather, was persuaded by Margaret, duchess of Burgundy, sister to Richard III, to personate her nephew Richard, Edward V.'s brother, which he did first in Ireland, where he landed, 1492. The imposture was discovered by Henry VII. 1493. Some writers consider that Warbeck was not an impostor. Warbeck attempted to land in Kent, with 600 men, 169 were taken prisoners, and executed, July, 1495Recommended by the king of France to James IV. of Scotland, who gave him his kinswoman, lord Huntley's daughter, in marriage, when he assumed the title of Richard IV. James IV. invaded England in his favour, 1496. Left Scotland, and went to Bodmin, in Cornwall, where 3000 joined him, Sept. 1497. On the approach of Henry took sanctuary at Benalien; surrendered; taken to London, Oct. 1497. Said to have been set in the stocks at Westminster and Cheapside, and sent to the Tower, June, 1499 Accused of plotting with the earl of Warwick to escape out of the Tower, by murdering the lieutenant, Aug: the plot failed, and he was hanged at Tyburn, 23 Nov.; the earl beheaded, 28 Nov. 1499. WARBURG (N. Germany). Here the French were defeated by the duke of Brunswick and the allies, 31 July, 1760. WARDIAN CASES. In 1829, Mr. N. B. ing in a closed glass bottle, in which he had placed Ward, from observing a small fern and grass growa chrysalis covered with moist earth, was led to cenafford to plants light, heat, and moisture, and exstruct his well-known closely glazed cases, which clude deleterious gases, smoke, &c. They are particularly adapted for ferns. In 1833 they were first employed for the transmission of plants to Sydney, &c., with great success, and professor Faraday lectured on the subject in 1838. London in their wards, where they elect annually WARDMOTES, meetings of the citizens of their common councilmen. The practice is said to have begun in 1386. They had previously assembled in Guildhall. WARRANTS, GENERAL, do not specify the name of the accused. They were declared to be illegal by lord chief justice Pratt, 6 Dec. 1763, in relation to the seizure and committal of Mr. Wilkes for a libel on the king; see North Briton. WARRIOR, see under Nary of England, 1860. WARSAW, the metropolis of Poland. The diet was transferred to this city from Cracow in 1566, and it became the seat of government in 1689. Population in 1859, 162,777. The Poles defeated in three days' battle by the cannon 31 March, 1683 The Russian garrison here expelled with the loss of Aug. 1807 Battle of Grochow, near Warsaw, in which the Rus- (See Poland, 1861-5.) WASIUM (named from the royal house of Wasa or Vasa), a supposed new metal, discovered by F. Bahr, of Stockholm, in 1862. In Nov. 1863 Nicklès declared it to be a compound of didymium, yttrium, and terbium. WASTE LANDS. The inclosure of waste lands and commons, in order to promote agriculture, first began in England about the year 1547, and gave rise to Ket's rebellion, 1549. Inclosures were again promoted by the authority of parliament, 1785. The waste lands in England were estimated in 1794 to amount to 14 millions of acres, of which there were taken into cultivation, 2,837.476 acres before June, 1801. In 1841, there were about 6,700,000 acres of waste land, of which more than half was thought to be capable of improvement; see Agriculture. WATCH OF LONDON, at night, appointed 1253, proclaimed the hour with a bell before the introduction of public clocks. Hardie. The old watch was discontinued, and a new police (on duty day and night) commenced, 29 Sept. 1829; see Police. WATCHES are said to have been first invented at Nuremberg, 1477, although it is affirmed that 20-25 Oct. 1860 Robert, king of Scotland, had a watch about 1310. WARTBURG, a castle in Saxony (N. Germany), where Luther was conveyed for safety after the diet of Worms, April, 1521, and where he translated the Bible into German. WARWICK CASTLE (Warwickshire), the seat of the Beauchamps, Nevilles, Plantagenets, Dudleys, Riches, and Grevilles, successively, and frequently besieged; suffered much by fire, 3 Dec. 1871, some of the more ancient part being destroyed. WASHING MACHINES. Several have been invented by Americans. At an hotel in New York hundreds of garments are washed in a few minutes by steam, and dried by a centrifugal machine (1862). The ingenious machines of Messrs. Hornsby, of Norwich, appeared in the great exhibition of London, 1862. WASHINGTON (in Columbia district, partly in Virginia and partly in Maryland, on the bank of the Potomac, N.E. Virginia), the capital of the United States, founded in 1791, and made the seat of government in 1800. The house of representatives opened. 30 May, 1808 1846 Watches first used in astronomical observations by 1500 1530 Authors assert that the emperor Charles V. was Spring pocket-watches (watches properly so-called) have had their invention ascribed to Dr. Hooke by the English, and to M. Huyghens by the Dutch. Dr.Derham, in his Artificial Clockmaker, says that Dr. Hooke was the inventor; and he appears certainly to have produced what is called the pendulum watch about 1658; manifest, among other evidences, from an inscription on one of the doublebalance watches presented to Charles II., "Rob. Hooke, inven. 1658; T. Tompion, fecit, 1675." Repeating watches invented by Barlowe. Harrison's first time-piece produced (see Harrison), 1735 Watches and clocks were taxed in The tax was repealed in 1798. See Clocks. 1676 . 1797 WATER. Thales of Miletus, founder of the Ionic sect, considered water to be the original principle of everything, about 594 B.C. Stanley. In the Roman Church water was first mixed with the sacramental wine, A.D. 122. Lenglet. Cavendish and Watt demonstrated that water is Water was first conveyed to London by leaden pipes, 21 Henry III. 1237. Stow. It took nearly fifty years to complete it; the whole being finished, and Cheapside conduit erected, only in The New River water brought to London from Amwell in Hertfordshire, at an immense expense, by sir Hugh Myddelton, in. The city was supplied with its water by conveyances of wooden pipes in the streets and small leaden ones to the houses, and the New River Company was incorporated, 1620. So late as queen Anne's time there were water-carriers at Aldgatepump. The water-works at Chelsea completed, and the company incorporated London-bridge ancient water-works destroyed by fire. and other gases, and combine them with the material of the road) was partially used in the parish of St. Mary-le-bone in 1868, and also in Liverpool, Boston, 1285 and other towns. The plan was ordered to be tried in Westminster in July, 1870. 1613 1722 29 Oct. 1779 An act to supply the metropolis with water, 15 & 16 A company was formed to carry out Dr. Normandy's Commissioners for metropolitan water supply appointed, 27 April, 1867; report signed 9 June, 1869 London supplied by nine companies: the New River (the best), East London, Chelsea, Grand Junction, Southwark and Vauxhall, Kent, West Middlesex, Lambeth, and South Essex; who deliver about 108,000,000 gallons daily New schemes for supplying London with water, 1867: 1. Mr. Bateman; from the sources of the Severn. 2. Messrs. Hemans and Hassard; from the Cumberland lakes. 3 Mr. Telford Macneill; Thames water filtered through Bagshot sand. 4. Mr. Bailey Denton; storage reservoirs near the sources of the Thames. 5. Mr. Remington; from the Derbyshire and Staffordshire hills. 1867 WATER-BED, CLOCKS, see Beds, Clocks. WATER-COLOUR PAINTING was gradually raised from the hard dry style of the last century to its present brilliancy, by the efforts of Nicholson, Copley Fielding, Sandby, Varley, the great Turner, Pyne, Cattermole, Prout, &c., within the present century. The Water-Colour Society's exhibition was begun in 1805. WATER-GLASS, a name given to a liquid mixture of sand (silex) and one of the alkalies (potash or soda). Glauber (De Lithiase) mentions a similar mixture in 1644. Dr. Von Fuchs, the modern inventor, gave an account of his process in 1825; and Mr. Frederick Ransome, of Ipswich, ignorant of Von Fuchs's discovery, patented a mode of preparing water-glass in 1845, which he has since greatly improved upon. In 1857, M. Kuhlmann, of Lille, published a pamphlet setting forth the advantageous employment of water-glass in hardening porous stone and in stereochromy (which see). It has been applied to the exterior of many buildings in France and England. The memoirs of Von Fuchs and Kuhlmann were translated and printed in England, in 1859, by direction of the prince consort. WATERING STREETS. Mr. Cooper's plan for using solutions of chloride of lime or of sodium (which dry slowly and attract moisture and ammonia WATER-MILLS, used for grinding corn, are said to have been invented by Belisarius, the general of Justinian, while besieged in Rome by the Goths. 555. The ancients parched their corn, and pounded it in mortars. Afterwards mills were invented, which were turned by men and beasts with great labour; yet Pliny mentions wheels turned by water. See Telo-dynamic transmitter. WATERFORD (S. Ireland), built 879, was totally destroyed by fire in 981. Rebuilt and considerably enlarged by Strongbow in 1171, and still further in the reign of Henry VII., who granted considerable privileges to the citizens. Richard II. landed and was crowned here in 1399; in 1690, James II. embarked from hence for France, after the battle of the Boyne; and William III. resided here twice, and confirmed its privileges. Memorable storm here, 18 April, 1792. The cathedral of Waterford, dedicated to the blessed Trinity, was first built by the Ostmen, and by Malchus, the first bishop of Waterford, after his return from England from his consecration, 1096. This see was united with that of Lismore in 1363. It was valued in the king's books, by an extent returned 29 Henry VIII., at 721. 8s. id. Irish per annum. By stať. 3 & 4 Will. IV., c. 37 (the Irish Church Temporalities act), the see of Waterford and Lismore was united with the see of Cashel and Emly, 14 Aug. 1833. The interior of the cathedral, organ, &c., were destroyed by fire, 25 Oct. 1815. WATERLOO, in Belgium, the site of the great battle, on Sunday, 18 June, 1815, between the French army, of 71,947 men and 246 guns, under Napoleon, and the allies, commanded by the duke of Wellington; the latter, with 67,661 men and 156 guns, resisted the various attacks of the enemy from about ten in the morning until five in the afternoon. About that time, 16,000 Prussians reached the field of battle; and by seven, the force under Blucher amounted to above 50,000 men, with 104 guns. Wellington then moved forward his whole army. A total rout ensued, and the carnage was immense. Of the British (23,991), 93 officers and 1916 men were killed and missing, and 363 officers and 4560 men wounded-total, 6932; and the total loss of the allied army amounted to 4206 killed, 14,539 wounded, and 4231 missing, making 22,976 hors de combat. Napoleon, quitting the wreek of his army, returned to Paris; and, finding it impossible to raise another, abdicated. P. Nicolas. By the side of the chapel of Waterloo, which was uninjured by shot or shell on 18 June, 1815, Marlborough cut off a large division of the French forces, 17 Aug. 1705 The conquerors on the same field are the only British commanders whose career brought them to dukedoms. WATERLOO BRIDGE, LONDON. A bridge over this part of the Thames was repeatedly suggested during the last century, but no actual preparations to carry it into effect were made till 1806, when Mr. G. Dodd procured an act of parliament, and gave the present site, plan, and dimensions of the bridge; but, in consequence of some disagreement with the committee, he was superseded by Mr. John Rennie, who completed this noble structure. It was commenced 11 Oct. 1811, and opened 18 June, 1817, on the anniversary of the battle of Waterloo, when the prince regent, the duke of |