BARTON AQUEDUCT (near Manchester) was constructed by James Brindley, to carry the Bridgwater canal over the Irwell, at a height of 39 feet above the river; completed in 1761. BASEL (Basle, French Bâle), a rich city in Switzerland. The 18th general council sat here from Dec. 1431 to May, 1443. Many important reforms in the church were proposed, but not carried into effect: among others the union of the Greek and Roman churches. The university was founded in 1460. Treaties of peace between France, Spain, and Prussia were concluded here in 1795. It was made a free imperial city 1392, but joined the Swiss confederation 1501. BASHI-BAZOUKS, irregular Turkish troops, partially employed in the Crimean war, 1854-6. BASIENTELLO (S. Naples). Here the army of Otho II., in an ambuscade, was nearly cut to pieces by the Greeks and Saracens 13 July, 982; the emperor barely escaped. BASILIANS, an order of monks, which obtained its name from St. Basil (who died 380); was reformed by pope Gregory, in 1569.-A sect, founded by Basil, a physician of Bulgaria, which rejected the books of Moses, the eucharist, and baptism, and are said to have had everything in common, 1110. Basil was burnt alive in 1118. BASILICA, a body of law, in Greek, including the Institutes of Justinian, the Pandects, &c., arranged by order of the emperor Basil the Macedonian, and his son Leo the Philosopher, 875-911. The term basilica (a palace) was applied to places of worship by the early Christian em perors. BASILIKON DORON (Royal Gift), precepts on the art of government, composed by James I. of England for his son Henry, and first published at Edinburgh in 1599. The collected works of this monarch were published at London, 1616-20, in one vol. fol. BASQUE PROVINCES, N. W. Spain (Biscay, Guipuscoa, and Alava). The Basques, considered to be descendants of the ancient Iberi, were termed Vascones by the Romans, whom they successfully resisted. They were subdued with great difficulty by the Goths about 580, and were united to Castile in the 13th and 14th centuries. Their language is conjectured to be of Tartar origin. BASQUE ROADS (W. France). Four French ships of the line, riding at anchor here, were attacked by lords Gambier and Cochrane (the latter commanding the fireships), and all, with a great number of merchant and other vessels, were destroyed, 11, 12 April, 1809. Cochrane accused Gambier of neglecting to support him, and thereby allowing the French to escape. At a court-martial, 26 July-4 Aug., lord Gambier was acquitted. BASSANO (N. Italy). Here the Austrians, under Wurmser, were defeated by the French under Massena, 8 Sept. 1796. BASSETT, or BASSETTE, or Pour et Contre, a game at cards, said to have been invented by a noble Venetian, in the 15th century; introduced into France, 1674. BASSETERRE-ROADS, St. Christopher's, West Indies. Here the French admiral, the comte de Grasse, was repulsed with loss in three desperate attacks on the British fleet, commanded by sir Thomas Graves, 25, 26 Jan. 1782. BASSORAH, BUSSORAH, or BASRAH (Asia Minor), a Turkish city, founded by the caliph Omar, about 635. It has been several times taken and retaken by the Persians and Turks. BASS ROCK, an isle in the Firth of Forth (S. Scotland), was granted to the Lauders, 1316; purchased for a state prison, 1671; taken by the Jacobites, 1690; surrendered, 1694; granted to the Dalrymples, 1706. BASS'S STRAIT, AUSTRALIA. Mr. Bass, surgeon of the Reliance, in an open boat from Port Jackson, in 1796, penetrated as far as Western Port, and affirmed that a strait existed between New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land. LieuLand, and named the strait after Mr. Bass, 1799. tenant Flinders circumnavigated Van Diemen's BASTARD, a child not born in lawful wedlock. An attempt in England, in 1236, to legitimate bastard children by the subsequent marriage of the parents, failed. The barons assembled in the parmutari ("We will not have the laws of England liament of Merton answered: Nolumus leges Angliæ changed.") Women concealing their children's birth deemed guilty of murder, 21 James I., 1624. In Scotland bastard children could not dispose of their moveable estates by will until 1836. A new act, facilitating the claims of mothers, and making several provisions for proceeding in bastardy cases, was passed 1845. The Bastardy Laws Amendment Act was passed 10 Aug. 1872. BASTARNE, a warlike tribe in Podolia and Moldavia, hired by Perseus, king of Macedon, in his wars with Rome, 168 B.C. They were driven across the Danube by M. Crassus for their encroachments, 30. BASTILLE, Paris, a castle built by Charles V., king of France, in 1369, for the defence of Paris wards used as a state prison. Henry IV. and his against the English; completed in 1383, and afterveteran army assailed it in vain in the siege of Paris, during the war (1587-1594). "The man with the iron mask," the most mysterious prisoner known, died here, 19 Nov. 1703; see Iron Mask. On 14-15 July, 1789, the Bastille was pulled down by the populace; the governor and other officers were conducted to the Place de Grève; their hands and heads were cut off, and the heads carried on pikes through the streets. BATALHA, Portugal. The monastery here was built by John I., of Portugal, as a token of gratitude for his victory over John I. of Castile, at Aljubarrota, 14 Aug. 1385, securing the independence of his kingdom. The restoration of the monastery began in 1839. BATAVIA AND BATAVIAN REPUBLIC, see Holland. BATAVIA, the capital of Java, and of all the Dutch settlements in the East Indies, built by that people about 1619. Taken from the French (who had seized it) by sir Samuel Auchmuty, 26 Aug. 1811; restored to the Dutch in 1814. BATH (Somerset), named "Aquæ solis" by the Romans about 44 A.D., then remarkable for its hot springs. Coel, a British king, is said to have given this city a charter, and the Saxon king Edgar was found in 1506 in the baths of Titus, erected was crowned here, 973. BATH AND WELLS BISHOPRIC OF. The see of Wells, whose cathedral church was built by Ina, king of the West Saxons, in 704, was established in 905, Adelme first bishop. John de Villula, bishop, transferred his seat from Wells to Bath in 1091. Tanner. Disputes between the monks of Bath and the canons of Wells about the election of a bishop, were compromised in 1135. Henceforward the bishop was to be styled from both places; the precedency to be given to Bath. The see is valued in the king's books at 5317. 18. 3d. per annum. Present income, 5000l. Recent Bishops. 1802. Richard Beadon, died 21 April, 1824 1824. George Henry Law, died 22 Sept. 1845 1845. Richard Bagot, died 5 May, 1854 1854. Robert John, baron Auckland resigned 6 Sept. 1869 1869. Lord Arthur Charles Hervey, elected 10 Nov. 1869 BATH ADMINISTRATION. Mr. Pelham and his friends having tendered their resignation to king George II., 10 Feb. 1746, the formation of a new ministry was undertaken by William Pulteney, earl of Bath. This expired on 12 Feb., while yet incomplete, and received the name of the "Shortlived" administration. The members of it were: the earl of Bath, first lord of the treasury; lord Carlisle, lord privy seal; lord Winchelsea, first lord of the admiralty; and lord Granville, one of the secretaries of state, with the seals of the other in his pocket, "to be given to whom he might choose." Mr. Pelham and his colleagues returned to power. BATH, ORDER OF THE, said to be of early origin, but formally constituted 11 Oct., 1399, by Henry IV., two days previous to his coronation in the Tower; when he conferred the order upon forty-six esquires, who had watched the night before, and bathed. After the coronation of Charles II. the order was neglected until 18 May, 1725, when it was revived by George I., who fixed the number of knights at 37. The prince regent (afterwards George IV.) created classes of knights grand crosses (72), knights commanders (180), with an unlimited number of companions 2 Jan. 1815 By an order, the existing statutes of this order were annulled; and by new statutes, the order, hitherto exclusively military, was opened to civilians Dr. Lyon Playfair and other promoters of the Great Exhibition received this honour CONSTITUTION. 25 May, 1847 1851 1st Class. Knights grand cross, 2nd Class. Knights commanders, roo 3rd Class. Companions, BATHS were early used in Asia and Greece, and introduced by Agrippa into Rome, where many were constructed by Augustus and his successors. The therma of the Romans and gymnasia of the Greeks (of which baths formed merely an appendage) were sumptuous. The marble group of Laocoon about 80, and the Farnese Hercules in those of Caracalla, erected, 211. In LONDON, St. Agnes Le Clere, in Old -street-road, St. Chad's-well, Gray's-in-road, derives its name Turkish sweating baths became popular The Oriental baths in Victoria-street, Westminster, completed PUBLIC BATHS AND WASH-HOUSES. The first established by Mr. Bowie in the neighbour- The public baths and wash-houses in Liverpool 1679 1697 . 1743 1860 1862 1844 1844 1846 Sept. 1854 BATON ROUGE, Louisiana, United States, was captured by the Federals, 5 Aug. 1862, after a fierce conflict; see United States, 1862. BATTERIES along the coasts were constructed by Henry VIII. (who reigned 1509-47). The ten floating batteries with which Gibraltar was attacked, in the siege of that fortress, were invented by D'Arcon, a French engineer. They resisted the heavy shells and 32-pound shot, but ultimately yielded to red-hot shot, 13 Sept. 1782; Gibraltar. Formidable floating batteries are now erected. See Navy. see BATTERING-RAM, Testudo Arietaria, with other military implements, are said to have been invented by Artemon, a Lacedæmonian, and employed by Pericles, about 441 B. C. Sir Christopher Wren employed a battering-ram in demolishing the walls of old St. Paul's cathedral, 1675. BATTERSEA PARK; an act of parliament passed in 1846, empowered her majesty's commissioners of woods to form a royal park in Batterseafields. Acts to enlarge their powers were passed in 1848, 1851, and 1853. The park and the new bridge connecting it with Chelsea were opened in April, 1858. BATTLE-ABBEY, Sussex, founded by William I., 1067, on the plain where the battle of Hastings was fought, 14 Oct. 1066. It was dedicated to St. Martin, and given to Benedictine monks, who were to pray for the souls of the slain. The original name of the plain was Hetheland; see Hastings. After the battle of Hastings, a list was taken of William's chiefs, amounting to 629, and called the BATTEL-ROLL; and among these chiefs the lands and titles of the followers of the defeated Harold were distributed. BATTLE, WAGER OF, a trial by combat formerly allowed by our laws, where the defendant in an appeal of murder might fight with the appellant, and make proof thereby of his guilt or innocence; see Appeal. BATTLE-AXE, a weapon of the Celts. The Irish were constantly armed with an axe. Burns. At the battle of Bannockburn king Robert Bruce clove an English champion down to the chine at one blow with a battle-axe, 1314. The battle-axe guards, or beaufetiers, vulgarly called beef-eaters, and whose arms are a sword and lance, were first raised by Henry VII. in 1485. They were originally attendants upon the king's buffet; see Yeoman of the Guard. Arbela (Alexander defeats Darius) Fabius defeats the Tuscans BATTLEFIELD, BATTLE OF, see Shrews-Ipsus (Seleucus defeats Antigonus, who is slain) bury. Gauls defeat Romans at Arretium, 284; defeated by Vadimonian Lake (Etruscans defeated). Beneventum (Romans defeat Pyrrhus) . Myle n. (Romans defeat Carthaginians) Panormus (Asdrubal defeated by Metellus) Egates n. (Romans defeat Carthaginians). Ladocea (Acherans defeated) . Clusium or Pisa (Gauls defeated) 29 April, 1429 Sellasia (Macedonians defeat Spartans). 13 Aug. 1704 Saguntum (taken by Hannibal). Caphy (Acherans defeat Etolians) 8 July 1709 17 Oct. 1777 20 Sept. 1792 Ticinus and Trebia (ditto) . Waterloo . 18 June 1815 Thrasymene (ditto) BEFORE CHRIST. Cannæ (Victory of Hannibal) Abraham defeats kings of Canaan (Gen. xiv.) Joshua subdues five kings of Canaan (Josh. x.) Gideon defeats the Midianites (Judges vii.) 1913 Munda (Scipio defeats Hasdrubal) 1451 Marcellus and Hannibal (former killed) 1245 1193 1184 1143 94T 669 Halys (Medes and Lydians stopped by eclipse) 584 or 585 Second Punic War. Ticinus (Hannibal defeats Romans Raphia (Antiochus defeated by Ptol. Philopater. Metaurus (Nero defeats Hasdrubal, who is killed) Zama (Scipio defeats Hannibal) Abydos (siege of) Pancas (Antiochus defeats Egyptians, &c.) * Cynoscephala (Romans defeats Macedonians) Boii defeated at the Vadimonian lake Thermopyla (Greeks defeated) 2 Aug. 216 209 Trojan war commenced 207 Troy taken and destroyed 202 Jephthah defeats Ammonites 200 Ethiopians defeated by Asa (2 Chron. xiv.) 198 Horatii vanquish Curiatii 197 191 Thymbra (Cyrus defeats Cræsus) 191 Lake Regillus (Romans defeat Latins) 548 Magnesia (Scipio defeats Antiochus) 190 499 Marathon (Greeks defeat Persians) Pydna (Romans defeat Perseus). 22 June, 168 28 or 29 Sept. 490 Thermopyla (heroism of Leonidas) Eleasa (Judas Maccabæus killed) . 161 Salamis n. (Greeks defeat Persians) 7-9 Aug. 20 Oct. 33 480 Himera (Gelon defeats Carthaginians) Mycale (Greeks defeat Persians) Leucopetra (Mummius defents Achaians) Carthage taken by Publius Scipio 147 146 479 Mummius takes Corinth 22 Sept. Allobroges defeated by Q. Fabius Maximus. Eurymedon n. (ditto: Cimon) 121 466 Metellus defeats Jugurtha Tanagra (Spartans defeat Athenians). 109 457 Enophyta (Athenians defeat Baotians). Arausio (Cimbri defeat Romans) 105 Coronea (Boeotians defeat Athenians). 456 447 Romans totally defeat Veientes Aquæ Sextiæ (Aix; Marius defeats the Teutones). Cimbri and Romans (defeated by Marius). 102 ΙΟΙ 437 426 Charonea (Sylla defeats Mithridates' army). Sacriportus (Marius defeated by Sylla) 86 82 424 Amphipolis (Spartans repulse Athenians: Cleon and Cabeira (Lucullus defeats Mithridates) 71 Brasidas killed) Petelia (Spartacus defeated by Crassus) 422 Mantinea (Spartans defeat Athenians) Tigranocerta (Lucullus defeats Tigranes) 418 Athenians defeated before Syracuse. Pistoria (Catiline defeated). 62 413 Cæsar defeats Cassivelaunus in Britain Carrhæ (Crassus defeated by Parthians) Pharsalia (Corsar defeats Pompey). Cunaxa (Cyrus defeated and killed by Artaxerxes) 405 401 Thapsus (Caesar defeats Pompey's friends) * Zela (Corsar defeats Pharnaces; writes, "Veni, vidi, vici ") 9 Aug. 48 47 46 395 Cnidus n. (Conon defeats Spartans) Munda (ditto) 17 March, Coronea (Argesilaus defeats Athenians and allies) 394 Mutina (Hirtius defeats Antony) 45 27 April, 43 Allia (Brennus and the Gauls defeat Romans) 16 July Volsci defeated by Camillus Philippi (Brutus and Cassius defeated) 42 390 381 Myla, n. (Agrippa defeats Pompey the Younger) Actium n. (Octavius defeats Antony). 36 2 Sept. 31 61 Civitella (Normans defeat Leo IX.) 1053 70 Dunsinane (Macbeth defeated) 1054 78 Aquileia (Maximus slain) Aquileia (Eugenius slain). May, 378 9 Aug. 28 July, 6 Sept. 378 388 394 Pollentia (Stilicho defeats Alaric). 29 Mar 403 84 356, 357 366 Fulford (Norwegians defeat English) Dorylæum (Crusaders defeat Turks) Tinchebray (Robert of Normandy defeated) Ourique (Portuguese defeat Moors) Jaen (Moors defeated by Spaniards) Carcano (Frederic I. defeated by Italians) Alnwick (William the Lion defeated) Legnano (Italians defeat emperor) Tiberias (Saladin defeats Crusaders) 20 Sept. 1066 1080 25 Sept. 1066 . 14 Oct. 13 Nov. 1093 1096 I July, 1097 12 Aug. 1099 1106 Aug. 1119 17 July, 1134 (David I. 22 Aug. 1138 .25 July, 1139 2 Feb. 1141 . 1157 9 Aug. 1160 . 12 July, 1174 29 May, 1176 3, 4 July, 1187 Ascoli (Tancred defeats emperor Henry VI.'s army) Arsouf (Richard I. defeats Saracens) 1190 12 July, 1191 6 Sept. 15 July, 1194 Arcadiopolis (Bulgarians defeat emperor Isaac) Alarcos (Moors defeat Spaniards). 19 July, 1195 Aylesford (Britons defeat Sarons; Horsø killed) . Crayford, Kent (Hengist defeats Britons) 455 Gisors (Richard I. defeats French) 20 Sept. 1198 457 Tolosa (Moors defeated). 16 July, 1212 Muret (Albigenses defeated) 12 Sept. 1213 27 Sept. 489 Bouvines (French defeat Germans) 27 July, 1214 Tolbiach or Zulpich (Cloris defeats Alemanni) Vougle (Clovis defeats Visigoths). 496 507 Lincoln (French defeated). 20 May, 1217 Baddesdown hill (Britons defeat Sarons) ? 493, 511 Corte Nuova (Frederick II. defeats Milanese) Taillebourg (French defeat Henry III.) 27 Nov. 1237 20 July, 1242 Veseronce (Gondemar defeats Clodomir) 524 Victories of Belisarius in Africa, &c. 533-4 Carizmians defeated twice Fossalta (Ghibelines defeated) 26 May, 1249 1250 Mansourah (Louis IX. and Crusaders defeated). Evesham (Barons defeated; De Montfort . Benevento (Chas. of Anjou defeats Manfred) Courtray (Flemings defeat count of Artois) . Auberoche (earl of Derby defeats French). 840 Crecy (English defeat French) 870 Durham, Nevil's Cross (Scots defeated) La Roche Darien (Charles of Blois defeated) Poitiers (English defeat French) Cocherel (Du Guesclin defeats Navarre) Auray (Du Guesclin defeated). 871 29 July, 1014 May, 1016 3 Oct. 1263 14 May, 1264 killed) 4 Aug. 1265 26 Feb. 1266 23 Ang. 1268 26 Aug. 1278 11 Dec. 1282 . 1292 27 April, 1296 10 Sept. 1297 2 July, 1298 22 July, 11 July, 1302 24 Feb. 1303 March, 1311 24 June, 1314 15 Nov. 1315 10 Aug. 1316 Oct. 1318 16 Mar. 1322 28 Sept. 5 11 Aug. 1332 19 July, 1333 or 30 Oct. 1340 Najara (Navarrete, Logrono) (Black Prince Henry of Trastamare) Rosbecque (French defeat Flemings) Aljubarrota (Portuguese defeat Spaniards) Otterburn (Chevy Chase; Scots victors). Nicopolis (Turks defeat Christians). 19 Aug. 1344 26 Aug. 1346 17 Oct. 1347 19 Sept. 1356 16 May, 1364 29 Sept. defeats 3 April, 1367 14 March, 1369 27 Nov. 1382 14 Aug. 1385 9 July, 1386 10 Aug. 1388 Amurath I. Homeldon Hill (English defeat Scots) Shrewsbury (Percies, &c. defeated) Bramham moor (Henry IV. defeats rebels) Sept. 1389 28 Sept. 1396 . 7 May, 1402 28 July, 14 Sept. 23 July, 1403 19 Feb. 1408 . 1247 28 Montiel (Peter of Castile defeated) Ancyra (Timour defeats Bajazet) Nancy (Charles the Bold killed) Bosworth (Richard III. defeated) Stoke (Lambert Simnel taken) St. Aubin (Orleans defeated) Sauchieburn, near Bannockburn (James by rebels) Fornovo (French defeat Italians) Seminara (French defeat Spaniards) Blackheath (Cornish rebels defeated). Seminara (Gonsalvo defeats French) Cerignola (Gonsalvo defeats French) Garigliano (Gonsalvo defeats French) Agnadello (French defeat Venetians). Ravenna (Gaston de Foix, victor, killed) Novara (Papal Swiss defeat French) Guinegate (Spurs) (French defeated). Flodden (English defeat Scots) Marignano (French defeat Swiss) Bicocca, near Milan (Lautrec defeated). Pavia (Francis I. defeated). Frankenhausen (Anabaptists defented) . Mohacz (Turks defeat Hungarians) Cappel (Zwinglius slain) . 4 Sept. 1456 . 23 Sept. 1459 10 July, 1460 31 Dec. 2 Feb. 1461 17 Feb. Edgehill fight (issue doubtful) 29 March, 15 May, 1464 16 July, 1465 26 July, 1469 13 March, 1470 14 April, 1471 4 May, Bradock-down (Parliamentarians defeated) Chalgrove (Hampden killed) Atherton Moor (Royalists rictorious) Landsdown (Royalists victorious) Devizes or Roundaway-down (ditto) Gainsborough (Cromwell victor). Newbury (fav. to Royalists) Cheriton or Alresford (ditto) 3 March, 1476 22 June, 5 Jan. 1477 22 Aug. 1485 16 June, 1487 Cropredy Bridge (Charles I. victor) Marston Moor (prince Rupert defeated) Newbury (indecisive) 27 Aug. 1634 10 Aug. 1640 23 Oct. 1642 19 May, 1643 3-5 Aug. 1644 1645 23 Sept. 1642 23 Oct. Jan. 1643 29 March, 16 May, 18 June, 30 June, 5 July, 13 July, 27 July, 20 Sept. 29 March, 1644 Tippermuir (Montrose defeats Covenanters). Philiphaugh (Covenanters defeat Montrose) Preston (Cromwell victor) Drogheda (taken by storm) 21 April, 1503 28 April, . 27 Dec. 14 May, 1509 11 April, 1512 6 June, 1513 16 Aug. .9 Sept. 13-15 Sept. 1515 29 April, 1522 Assens (Christian III. defeats Danish rebels) Gravelines n. (Span. & Eng. deft. French). Carberry Hill (Mary of Scotland defeated) Jarnac (Huguenots defeated) 24 Feb. 1525 15 May, 29 Aug. 1526 .11 Oct. 1531 1535 13 May, 1534 12 July, 1537 25 Nov. 1542 14 April, 1544 24 April, 1547 10 Sept. Aug. 1549 .3 Aug. 1554 10 Aug. 1557 Jan. 1558 7 13 July, Dungan-hill (Irish defeated) Rathmines (Irish Royalists defeated). Corbiesdale (Montrose defeated). Worcester (Cromwell defeats Charles II.) Daventry (Lambert defeated by Monk) Arras, France (Turenne defeats Conde). Dunkirk (ditto) Estremoz (Don John def. by Schomberg). Choczim (Sobieski defeats Turks) Turckheim (ditto) Salzbach (Turenne killed). Drumclog (Covenanters defeat Claverhouse) Bothwell Brigg (Monmouth defeats 5 June, 1646 8 Aug. 1647 17 Aug. 1648 2 Aug. 1649 12 Sept. . 27 April, 1650 3 Sept.... 3 Sept. 1651 1652 21 April, 1660 1654 14 June, 1658 8 June, 1663 1 Aug. 1664 1665 28 Nov. 1666 6 Sept. 1669 11 Nov. 1673 11 Aug. 1674 4 Oct. 31 Dec. 5 Jan. 1675 27 July, i June, 1679 Covenanters) 22 June, 12 Sept. 1683 6 July, 1685 12 Aug. 1687 27 July, 1689 30 July, Vienna (Turks defeated by Sobieski) Landen (William III. defcated) Marsaglia (Pignerol) (French victors) Zenta (prince Eugene defeats Turks) 1 July, 1690 1 July, |