BARTON AQUEDUCT (near Manchester) was constructed by James Brindley, to carry the Bridgwater canal over the Irwell, at a height of 39 feet above the river; completed in 1761.

BASEL (Basle, French Bâle), a rich city in Switzerland. The 18th general council sat here from Dec. 1431 to May, 1443. Many important reforms in the church were proposed, but not carried into effect: among others the union of the Greek and Roman churches. The university was founded in 1460. Treaties of peace between France, Spain, and Prussia were concluded here in 1795. It was made a free imperial city 1392, but joined the Swiss confederation 1501.

BASHI-BAZOUKS, irregular Turkish troops, partially employed in the Crimean war, 1854-6.

BASIENTELLO (S. Naples). Here the army of Otho II., in an ambuscade, was nearly cut to pieces by the Greeks and Saracens 13 July, 982; the emperor barely escaped.

BASILIANS, an order of monks, which obtained its name from St. Basil (who died 380); was reformed by pope Gregory, in 1569.-A sect, founded by Basil, a physician of Bulgaria, which rejected the books of Moses, the eucharist, and baptism, and are said to have had everything in common, 1110.

Basil was burnt alive in 1118.

BASILICA, a body of law, in Greek, including the Institutes of Justinian, the Pandects, &c., arranged by order of the emperor Basil the Macedonian, and his son Leo the Philosopher, 875-911. The term basilica (a palace) was applied to places of worship by the early Christian em

perors.

BASILIKON DORON (Royal Gift), precepts on the art of government, composed by James I. of England for his son Henry, and first published at Edinburgh in 1599. The collected works of this monarch were published at London, 1616-20, in one vol. fol.

BASQUE PROVINCES, N. W. Spain (Biscay, Guipuscoa, and Alava). The Basques, considered to be descendants of the ancient Iberi, were termed Vascones by the Romans, whom they successfully resisted. They were subdued with great difficulty by the Goths about 580, and were united to Castile in the 13th and 14th centuries. Their language is conjectured to be of Tartar origin.

BASQUE ROADS (W. France). Four French ships of the line, riding at anchor here, were attacked by lords Gambier and Cochrane (the latter commanding the fireships), and all, with a great number of merchant and other vessels, were destroyed, 11, 12 April, 1809. Cochrane accused Gambier of neglecting to support him, and thereby allowing the French to escape. At a court-martial, 26 July-4 Aug., lord Gambier was acquitted.

BASSANO (N. Italy). Here the Austrians, under Wurmser, were defeated by the French under Massena, 8 Sept. 1796.

BASSETT, or BASSETTE, or Pour et Contre, a game at cards, said to have been invented by a noble Venetian, in the 15th century; introduced into France, 1674.

BASSETERRE-ROADS, St. Christopher's, West Indies. Here the French admiral, the comte de Grasse, was repulsed with loss in three desperate

attacks on the British fleet, commanded by sir Thomas Graves, 25, 26 Jan. 1782.

BASSORAH, BUSSORAH, or BASRAH (Asia Minor), a Turkish city, founded by the caliph Omar, about 635. It has been several times taken and retaken by the Persians and Turks.

BASS ROCK, an isle in the Firth of Forth (S. Scotland), was granted to the Lauders, 1316; purchased for a state prison, 1671; taken by the Jacobites, 1690; surrendered, 1694; granted to the Dalrymples, 1706.

BASS'S STRAIT, AUSTRALIA. Mr. Bass, surgeon of the Reliance, in an open boat from Port Jackson, in 1796, penetrated as far as Western Port, and affirmed that a strait existed between New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land. LieuLand, and named the strait after Mr. Bass, 1799. tenant Flinders circumnavigated Van Diemen's

BASTARD, a child not born in lawful wedlock. An attempt in England, in 1236, to legitimate bastard children by the subsequent marriage of the parents, failed. The barons assembled in the parmutari ("We will not have the laws of England liament of Merton answered: Nolumus leges Angliæ changed.") Women concealing their children's birth deemed guilty of murder, 21 James I., 1624. In Scotland bastard children could not dispose of their moveable estates by will until 1836. A new act, facilitating the claims of mothers, and making several provisions for proceeding in bastardy cases, was passed 1845. The Bastardy Laws Amendment Act was passed 10 Aug. 1872.

BASTARNE, a warlike tribe in Podolia and Moldavia, hired by Perseus, king of Macedon, in his wars with Rome, 168 B.C. They were driven across the Danube by M. Crassus for their encroachments, 30.

BASTILLE, Paris, a castle built by Charles V., king of France, in 1369, for the defence of Paris wards used as a state prison. Henry IV. and his against the English; completed in 1383, and afterveteran army assailed it in vain in the siege of Paris, during the war (1587-1594). "The man with the iron mask," the most mysterious prisoner known, died here, 19 Nov. 1703; see Iron Mask. On 14-15 July, 1789, the Bastille was pulled down by the populace; the governor and other officers were conducted to the Place de Grève; their hands and heads were cut off, and the heads carried on pikes through the streets.

BATALHA, Portugal. The monastery here was built by John I., of Portugal, as a token of gratitude for his victory over John I. of Castile, at Aljubarrota, 14 Aug. 1385, securing the independence of his kingdom. The restoration of the monastery began in 1839.

BATAVIA AND BATAVIAN REPUBLIC, see Holland.

BATAVIA, the capital of Java, and of all the Dutch settlements in the East Indies, built by that people about 1619. Taken from the French (who had seized it) by sir Samuel Auchmuty, 26 Aug. 1811; restored to the Dutch in 1814.

BATH (Somerset), named "Aquæ solis" by the Romans about 44 A.D., then remarkable for its hot springs. Coel, a British king, is said to have

BATH AND WELLS BISHOPRIC OF. The see of Wells, whose cathedral church was built by Ina, king of the West Saxons, in 704, was established in 905, Adelme first bishop. John de Villula, bishop, transferred his seat from Wells to Bath in 1091. Tanner. Disputes between the monks of Bath and the canons of Wells about the election of a bishop, were compromised in 1135. Henceforward the bishop was to be styled from both places; the precedency to be given to Bath. The see is valued in the king's books at 5317. 18. 3d. per annum. Present income, 5000l.

Recent Bishops. 1802. Richard Beadon, died 21 April, 1824 1824. George Henry Law, died 22 Sept. 1845 1845. Richard Bagot, died 5 May, 1854 1854. Robert John, baron Auckland resigned 6 Sept. 1869 1869. Lord Arthur Charles Hervey, elected 10 Nov. 1869

BATH ADMINISTRATION. Mr. Pelham and his friends having tendered their resignation to king George II., 10 Feb. 1746, the formation of a new ministry was undertaken by William Pulteney, earl of Bath. This expired on 12 Feb., while yet incomplete, and received the name of the "Shortlived" administration. The members of it were: the earl of Bath, first lord of the treasury; lord Carlisle, lord privy seal; lord Winchelsea, first lord of the admiralty; and lord Granville, one of the secretaries of state, with the seals of the other

in his pocket, "to be given to whom he might choose." Mr. Pelham and his colleagues returned to power.

BATH, ORDER OF THE, said to be of early origin, but formally constituted 11 Oct., 1399, by Henry IV., two days previous to his coronation in the Tower; when he conferred the order upon forty-six esquires, who had watched the night before, and bathed. After the coronation of Charles II. the order was neglected until 18 May, 1725, when it was revived by George I., who fixed the number of knights at 37.

The prince regent (afterwards George IV.) created classes of knights grand crosses (72), knights commanders (180), with an unlimited number of companions

2 Jan. 1815

By an order, the existing statutes of this order were annulled; and by new statutes, the order, hitherto exclusively military, was opened to civilians Dr. Lyon Playfair and other promoters of the Great Exhibition received this honour

CONSTITUTION.

25 May,

1847

1851

1st Class. Knights grand cross, 2nd Class. Knights commanders, roo 3rd Class. Companions, BATHS were early used in Asia and Greece, and introduced by Agrippa into Rome, where many were constructed by Augustus and his successors. The therma of the Romans and gymnasia of the Greeks (of which baths formed merely an appendage) were sumptuous. The marble group of Laocoon

about 80, and the Farnese Hercules in those of Caracalla, erected, 211.

In LONDON, St. Agnes Le Clere, in Old -street-road,
was a spring of great antiquity; baths said to
have been forined in 1502.

St. Chad's-well, Gray's-in-road, derives its name
from St. Chad, the fifth bishop of Lichfield 667.
A bath opened in Bagnio-court, now Bath-street,
Newgate-street, London, is said to have been the
first bath in England for hot bathing
Old Bath-house, Coldbath-square, in use
Peerless (Perilous) Pool, Baldwin-street, City-road,
mentioned by Stow (died 1605); enclosed as a
bathing place

Turkish sweating baths became popular

The Oriental baths in Victoria-street, Westminster, completed

PUBLIC BATHS AND WASH-HOUSES.

The first established by Mr. Bowie in the neighbour-
hood of the London docks

The public baths and wash-houses in Liverpool
founded (through the instrumentality of Catherine
Wilkinson, who in 1832 began to lend her room
and appliances to poor people for washing)
Acts passed to encourage the establishment of public
baths and wash-houses, "for the health, comfort,
and welfare of the inhabitants of populous towns
and districts," in England and Ireland
537,345 bathers availed themselves of the baths in
London, and in this period there were 85,260
washers in the quarter ending.
Public baths and wash-houses have since been estab-
lished throughout the empire.

1679

1697

. 1743 1860

1862

1844

1844

1846

Sept. 1854

BATON ROUGE, Louisiana, United States, was captured by the Federals, 5 Aug. 1862, after a fierce conflict; see United States, 1862.

BATTERIES along the coasts were constructed by Henry VIII. (who reigned 1509-47). The ten floating batteries with which Gibraltar was attacked, in the siege of that fortress, were invented by D'Arcon, a French engineer. They resisted the heavy shells and 32-pound shot, but ultimately yielded to red-hot shot, 13 Sept. 1782; Gibraltar. Formidable floating batteries are now erected. See Navy.

see

BATTERING-RAM, Testudo Arietaria, with other military implements, are said to have been invented by Artemon, a Lacedæmonian, and employed by Pericles, about 441 B. C. Sir Christopher Wren employed a battering-ram in demolishing the walls of old St. Paul's cathedral, 1675.

BATTERSEA PARK; an act of parliament passed in 1846, empowered her majesty's commissioners of woods to form a royal park in Batterseafields. Acts to enlarge their powers were passed in 1848, 1851, and 1853. The park and the new bridge connecting it with Chelsea were opened in April, 1858.

BATTLE-ABBEY, Sussex, founded by William I., 1067, on the plain where the battle of Hastings was fought, 14 Oct. 1066. It was dedicated to St. Martin, and given to Benedictine monks, who were to pray for the souls of the slain. The original name of the plain was Hetheland; see Hastings. After the battle of Hastings, a list was taken of William's chiefs, amounting to 629, and

called the BATTEL-ROLL; and among these chiefs the lands and titles of the followers of the defeated Harold were distributed.

BATTLE, WAGER OF, a trial by combat formerly allowed by our laws, where the defendant in an appeal of murder might fight with the appellant, and make proof thereby of his guilt or innocence; see Appeal.

BATTLE-AXE, a weapon of the Celts. The Irish were constantly armed with an axe. Burns. At the battle of Bannockburn king Robert Bruce clove an English champion down to the chine at one blow with a battle-axe, 1314. The battle-axe guards, or beaufetiers, vulgarly called beef-eaters, and whose arms are a sword and lance, were first raised by Henry VII. in 1485. They were originally attendants upon the king's buffet; see Yeoman of the Guard.

Arbela (Alexander defeats Darius)
Pandosia (Alexander of Epirus defeated and killed)
Cranon (Antipater defeats Greeks)
Caudine Forks (Roman army captured).
Gaza (Ptolemy defeats Demetrius)
Eenomus or Himera (Carthaginians defeat Agathocles) 311
Vadimonian Lake (Etruscans defeated).
Sentinum (Romans defeat Samnites)

Fabius defeats the Tuscans

bury.

Gauls defeat Romans at Arretium, 284; defeated by
Dolabella

Vadimonian Lake (Etruscans defeated).
Corus (Lysimachus defeated and killed).
Pandosia (Pyrrhus defeats Romans)
Asculum (ditto).

Beneventum (Romans defeat Pyrrhus) .
First Punic War begins

Myle n. (Romans defeat Carthaginians)
Xantippus defeats Regulus

Panormus (Asdrubal defeated by Metellus)
Drepanum n. (Carthaginians defeat Romans)
Lilybæum taken by Romans

Egates n. (Romans defeat Carthaginians).

Ladocea (Acherans defeated) .

Clusium or Pisa (Gauls defeated)

29 April, 1429

Sellasia (Macedonians defeat Spartans).

13 Aug. 1704

Saguntum (taken by Hannibal).

Caphy (Acherans defeat Etolians)

8 July 1709

17 Oct. 1777

20 Sept. 1792

Ticinus and Trebia (ditto) .

Waterloo

.

18 June 1815

Thrasymene (ditto)

BEFORE CHRIST.

Cannæ (Victory of Hannibal)

Abraham defeats kings of Canaan (Gen. xiv.) Joshua subdues five kings of Canaan (Josh. x.) Gideon defeats the Midianites (Judges vii.)

1913

Munda (Scipio defeats Hasdrubal)

1451

Marcellus and Hannibal (former killed)

1245

1193

1184

1143

94T

669

Halys (Medes and Lydians stopped by eclipse) 584 or 585

Second Punic War. Ticinus (Hannibal defeats

Romans

Raphia (Antiochus defeated by Ptol. Philopater.

Metaurus (Nero defeats Hasdrubal, who is killed) Zama (Scipio defeats Hannibal)

Abydos (siege of)

Pancas (Antiochus defeats Egyptians, &c.) * Cynoscephala (Romans defeats Macedonians) Boii defeated at the Vadimonian lake Thermopyla (Greeks defeated)

2 Aug.

216

209

Trojan war commenced

207

Troy taken and destroyed

202

Jephthah defeats Ammonites

200

Ethiopians defeated by Asa (2 Chron. xiv.)

198

Horatii vanquish Curiatii

197

191

Thymbra (Cyrus defeats Cræsus)

191

Lake Regillus (Romans defeat Latins)

548

Magnesia (Scipio defeats Antiochus)

190

499

Marathon (Greeks defeat Persians)

Pydna (Romans defeat Perseus).

22 June, 168

28 or 29 Sept.

490

Thermopyla (heroism of Leonidas)

Eleasa (Judas Maccabæus killed) .

161

Salamis n. (Greeks defeat Persians)

7-9 Aug. 20 Oct. 33

480

Himera (Gelon defeats Carthaginians)

Mycale (Greeks defeat Persians)
Platea (ditto: Pausanias)

Leucopetra (Mummius defents Achaians) Carthage taken by Publius Scipio

147

146

479

Mummius takes Corinth

22 Sept.

Allobroges defeated by Q. Fabius Maximus.

Eurymedon n. (ditto: Cimon)

121

466

Metellus defeats Jugurtha

Tanagra (Spartans defeat Athenians).

109

457

Enophyta (Athenians defeat Baotians).

Arausio (Cimbri defeat Romans)

105

Coronea (Boeotians defeat Athenians).

456

447

Romans totally defeat Veientes

Aquæ Sextiæ (Aix; Marius defeats the Teutones). Cimbri and Romans (defeated by Marius).

102

ΙΟΙ

437

426

Charonea (Sylla defeats Mithridates' army). Sacriportus (Marius defeated by Sylla)

86

82

424

Amphipolis (Spartans repulse Athenians: Cleon and

Cabeira (Lucullus defeats Mithridates)

71

Brasidas killed)

Petelia (Spartacus defeated by Crassus)

422

Mantinea (Spartans defeat Athenians)

Tigranocerta (Lucullus defeats Tigranes)

418

Athenians defeated before Syracuse.

Pistoria (Catiline defeated).

62

413

Cæsar defeats Cassivelaunus in Britain Carrhæ (Crassus defeated by Parthians) Pharsalia (Corsar defeats Pompey).

Cunaxa (Cyrus defeated and killed by Artaxerxes)

405 401

Thapsus (Caesar defeats Pompey's friends) *

Zela (Corsar defeats Pharnaces; writes, "Veni, vidi, vici ")

9 Aug.

48

47

46

395

Cnidus n. (Conon defeats Spartans)

Munda (ditto)

17 March,

Coronea (Argesilaus defeats Athenians and allies)

394

Mutina (Hirtius defeats Antony)

45

27 April,

43

Allia (Brennus and the Gauls defeat Romans) 16 July Volsci defeated by Camillus

Philippi (Brutus and Cassius defeated)

42

390

381

Myla, n. (Agrippa defeats Pompey the Younger) Actium n. (Octavius defeats Antony).

36

2 Sept.

31

61

Civitella (Normans defeat Leo IX.)

1053

70

Dunsinane (Macbeth defeated)

1054

78

Aquileia (Maximus slain)

Aquileia (Eugenius slain).

378

388

394

Pollentia (Stilicho defeats Alaric).

29 Mar

403

84

366

Fulford (Norwegians defeat English)
Stanford Bridge (Harold defeats Tostig)
Hastings (William I. defeats Harold)
Fladenheim (emperor Henry defeated)
Alnwick (Scots defeated, Malcolm slain)
Crusades commence

Dorylæum (Crusaders defeat Turks)
Ascalon (Crusaders victorious)

Tinchebray (Robert of Normandy defeated)
Brenneville (Henry I. defeated French)
Fraga (Moors defeat Spaniards)
Northallerton, or Battle of the Standard
and Scots defeated).

Ourique (Portuguese defeat Moors)
Lincoln (Stephen defeated)

Jaen (Moors defeated by Spaniards)

Carcano (Frederic I. defeated by Italians) Alnwick (William the Lion defeated) Legnano (Italians defeat emperor) Tiberias (Saladin defeats Crusaders)

20 Sept. 1066

1080

25 Sept. 1066 . 14 Oct. 13 Nov. 1093 1096 I July, 1097 12 Aug. 1099 1106 Aug. 1119 17 July, 1134 (David I.

22 Aug. 1138 .25 July, 1139 2 Feb. 1141 . 1157

9 Aug. 1160

. 12 July, 1174

29 May, 1176 3, 4 July, 1187

Ascoli (Tancred defeats emperor Henry VI.'s army)
Acre taken by Crusaders.

Arsouf (Richard I. defeats Saracens)
Fréteville (Richard I. defeats Philip II.).

1190

12 July, 1191

6 Sept.

15 July, 1194

Arcadiopolis (Bulgarians defeat emperor Isaac) Alarcos (Moors defeat Spaniards).

19 July, 1195

Aylesford (Britons defeat Sarons; Horsø killed) . Crayford, Kent (Hengist defeats Britons)

455

Gisors (Richard I. defeats French)

20 Sept. 1198

457

Tolosa (Moors defeated).

16 July, 1212

Muret (Albigenses defeated)

12 Sept. 1213

Bouvines (French defeat Germans)

27 July, 1214

Tolbiach or Zulpich (Cloris defeats Alemanni) Vougle (Clovis defeats Visigoths).

496 507

Lincoln (French defeated).

20 May, 1217

Baddesdown hill (Britons defeat Sarons)

Corte Nuova (Frederick II. defeats Milanese) Taillebourg (French defeat Henry III.)

27 Nov. 1237

20 July, 1242

Veseronce (Gondemar defeats Clodomir)

524

Victories of Belisarius in Africa, &c.

533-4

Carizmians defeated twice

Fossalta (Ghibelines defeated)

26 May, 1249 1250

Mansourah (Louis IX. and Crusaders defeated).
Largs (Scots defeat Northmen)
Lewes (English barons victorious)

Evesham (Barons defeated; De Montfort

.

Benevento (Chas. of Anjou defeats Manfred)
Tagliacozzo (Charles defeats Conradin)
Marchfeld (Austrians defeat Bohemians).
Llandewyer (Llewellyn of Wales defeated)
Zagrab (defeat of Charles Martel)
Dunbar (king of Scots defeated and taken)
Cambuskenneth (Wallace defeats English)
Golheim (Adolphus of Nassau defeated)
Falkirk (Wallace defeated)

Courtray (Flemings defeat count of Artois)
Roslin, Scotland (Comyn defeats English)
Cephisus (Brienne, duke of Athens defeated)
Bannockburn (Bruce defeats English) .
Morgarten (Swiss defeat Austrians).
Athenry (Irish defeated)
Foughard or Dundalk (Ed. Bruce defeated)
Boroughbridge (Edward III. defts. Burons)
Mühldorf (Bavarians defeat Austrians)
Duplin (Edward Baliol defeats Mar)
Halidon Hill (Edward III. defts. Scots)
Tarifa (Moors defeated).

.

Auberoche (earl of Derby defeats French). 840 Crecy (English defeat French) 870 Durham, Nevil's Cross (Scots defeated) La Roche Darien (Charles of Blois defeated) Poitiers (English defeat French) Cocherel (Du Guesclin defeats Navarre) Auray (Du Guesclin defeated).

871

3 Oct. 1263 14 May, 1264 killed)

4 Aug. 1265 26 Feb. 1266 23 Ang. 1268

26 Aug. 1278 11 Dec. 1282

. 1292

27 April, 1296 10 Sept. 1297

2 July, 1298

22 July,

11 July, 1302 24 Feb. 1303 March, 1311 24 June, 1314 15 Nov. 1315 10 Aug. 1316 Oct. 1318 16 Mar. 1322 28 Sept.

5

11 Aug. 1332

19 July, 1333

or 30 Oct. 1340

Najara (Navarrete, Logrono) (Black Prince Henry of Trastamare)

Rosbecque (French defeat Flemings)

Aljubarrota (Portuguese defeat Spaniards)
Sempach (Swiss defeat Austrians)

Otterburn (Chevy Chase; Scots victors).
Nafels (Swiss defeat Austrians).
Cossova (Turks defeat Albanians, and
killed)

Nicopolis (Turks defeat Christians).
Nesbit (Scots defeated)

19 Aug. 1344 26 Aug. 1346 17 Oct.

1347

19 Sept. 1356 16 May, 1364 29 Sept. defeats

3 April, 1367 14 March, 1369

27 Nov. 1382

14 Aug. 1385

9 July, 1386 10 Aug. 1388

Amurath I.

Homeldon Hill (English defeat Scots) Shrewsbury (Percies, &c. defeated) Bramham moor (Henry IV. defeats rebels)

Sept. 1389 28 Sept. 1396

. 7 May, 1402

28 July, 14 Sept.

23 July, 1403

19 Feb. 1408

. 1247

28

Montiel (Peter of Castile defeated)

Ancyra (Timour defeats Bajazet)

Nancy (Charles the Bold killed)

Bosworth (Richard III. defeated)

Stoke (Lambert Simnel taken)

St. Aubin (Orleans defeated)

Sauchieburn, near Bannockburn (James by rebels)

Fornovo (French defeat Italians) Seminara (French defeat Spaniards) Blackheath (Cornish rebels defeated). Seminara (Gonsalvo defeats French) Cerignola (Gonsalvo defeats French) Garigliano (Gonsalvo defeats French) Agnadello (French defeat Venetians). Ravenna (Gaston de Foix, victor, killed) Novara (Papal Swiss defeat French) Guinegate (Spurs) (French defeated). Flodden (English defeat Scots) Marignano (French defeat Swiss)

Bicocca, near Milan (Lautrec defeated). Pavia (Francis I. defeated).

Frankenhausen (Anabaptists defented) . Mohacz (Turks defeat Hungarians) Cappel (Zwinglius slain)

.

4 Sept. 1456

. 23 Sept. 1459

10 July, 1460

31 Dec.

2 Feb. 1461 17 Feb.

Edgehill fight (issue doubtful)

29 March,

15 May, 1464 16 July, 1465 26 July, 1469 13 March, 1470 14 April, 1471 4 May,

Bradock-down (Parliamentarians defeated)
Bramham Moor (Fairfax defeated)
Stratton (Royalists victorious)

Chalgrove (Hampden killed)

Atherton Moor (Royalists rictorious)

Landsdown (Royalists victorious)

Devizes or Roundaway-down (ditto) Gainsborough (Cromwell victor). Newbury (fav. to Royalists)

Cheriton or Alresford (ditto)

3 March, 1476 22 June,

5 Jan. 1477 22 Aug. 1485

16 June, 1487

Cropredy Bridge (Charles I. victor) Marston Moor (prince Rupert defeated) Newbury (indecisive)

27 Aug. 1634

10 Aug. 1640 23 Oct. 1642 19 May, 1643 3-5 Aug. 1644 1645

23 Sept. 1642 23 Oct.

Jan. 1643

29 March,

16 May,

18 June,

30 June,

5 July, 13 July, 27 July,

20 Sept.

29 March, 1644

Tippermuir (Montrose defeats Covenanters).
Naseby (Charles I. totally defeated)
Alford (Montrose defeats Covenanters).
Kilsyth (ditto).

Philiphaugh (Covenanters defeat Montrose)
Benburb (O'Neill defeats English)

Preston (Cromwell victor)

Drogheda (taken by storm)

21 April, 1503 28 April, . 27 Dec.

14 May, 1509 11 April, 1512 6 June, 1513 16 Aug. .9 Sept.

13-15 Sept. 1515 29 April, 1522

Assens (Christian III. defeats Danish rebels)
Lauffen (Hessians defeat Austrians)
Abancay (Almagro defeated Alvarado)
Solway Moss (English defeat Scots)
Ceresuola (French defeat Imperialists)
Mühlberg (Chas. V. defeats Protestants)
Pinkey (English defeat Scots).
Ket's rebellion suppressed by Warwick
Marciano (Florentines defeat French)
St. Quentin (Span. & Eng. deft. French)
Calais (taken).

Gravelines n. (Span. & Eng. deft. French).
Dreux, in France (Huguenots defeated).
St. Denis (ditto).

Carberry Hill (Mary of Scotland defeated)
Langside (ditto)

Jarnac (Huguenots defeated)
Moncontour (Coligny defeated)
Lepanto, n. (Don John defcats Turks)
Dormans (Guise defeats Huguenots)

24 Feb. 1525 15 May,

29 Aug. 1526 .11 Oct. 1531 1535

13 May, 1534 12 July, 1537 25 Nov. 1542 14 April, 1544 24 April, 1547 10 Sept. Aug. 1549 .3 Aug. 1554 10 Aug. 1557 Jan. 1558

7

13 July,

Dungan-hill (Irish defeated)

Rathmines (Irish Royalists defeated).

Corbiesdale (Montrose defeated).
Dunbar (Cromwell defeats Scots)

Worcester (Cromwell defeats Charles II.)
Galway (surrendered)

Daventry (Lambert defeated by Monk)

Arras, France (Turenne defeats Conde). Dunkirk (ditto)

Estremoz (Don John def. by Schomberg).
St. Gotthard (Montecuculi defeats Turks)
Villa Viciosa (Portuguese defeat Spaniards)
Pentland hills (Covenanters defeated)
Candia (taken by Turks)

Choczim (Sobieski defeats Turks)
Seneffe (French and Dutch, indecisive)
Ensisheim (Turenne defeats Imperialists)
Mulhausen (ditto)

Turckheim (ditto)

Salzbach (Turenne killed).

Drumclog (Covenanters defeat Claverhouse) Bothwell Brigg (Monmouth defeats

5 June, 1646

8 Aug. 1647 17 Aug. 1648

2 Aug. 1649 12 Sept.

. 27 April, 1650

3 Sept....

3 Sept. 1651 1652

21 April, 1660

1654

14 June, 1658 8 June, 1663 1 Aug. 1664 1665

28 Nov. 1666 6 Sept. 1669 11 Nov. 1673

11 Aug. 1674

4

Oct. 31 Dec.

5 Jan. 1675 27 July,

i June, 1679 Covenanters) 22 June, 12 Sept. 1683 6 July, 1685 12 Aug. 1687 27 July, 1689 30 July,

Vienna (Turks defeated by Sobieski)
Sedgemoor (Monmouth defeated).
Mohacz (Turks defeated)
Killiecrankie (Highlanders def. Mackay)
Newtown-butler (Jacobites defeated)
Boyne (William III. defeats James II.)
Fleurus (Charleroi, Luxembourg victor)
Athlone taken by Ginckel.
Aughrim (James II.'s cause ruined)
Salenckemen (Louis of Baden def. Turks)
Enghein or Steenkirk (William III.

Landen (William III. defcated)

Marsaglia (Pignerol) (French victors) Zenta (prince Eugene defeats Turks)

1 July, 1690 1 July,