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Narva (Charles XII. defeats Russians)
Carpi, Modena (Allies defeat French)
Chiari (Austrians defeat French)
Clissau (Charles XII. defeats Poles)
Santa Vittoria (French victors)
Friedlingen (French defeat Germans)
Pultusk (Suedes defeat Poles)
Hochstadt (French defeat Austrians)
Donauwerth (Marlborough victor)
Gibraltar (taken by Rooke)
Blenheim or Hochstadt (Marlborough

Mittau (taken by Russians)

Cassano (prince Eugene; indecisive) Tirlemont (Marlborough successful). Ramillies (Marlborough defeats French) Turin (French defeated by Eugène) Kalitsch (Russians defeat Swedes)

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1 May, 1703 20 Sept. 2 July, 1704 24 July,,, victor), (o. s.) 2 Aug.

14 Sept. 1705

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16 Aug.

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18 July, 23 May, 1706 7 Sept. 19 Nov.

Almanza (French defeat Allies) 14 (0. s.) or 25 April, 1707
Oudenarde (Marlborough victor).

Liesna, Lenzo (Russians defeat Swedes)
Lisle (taken by the Allies)

Pultowa (Peter defeats Charles XII.)
Dobro (Russians defeat Swedes)
Malplaquet (Marlborough victor)
Almenara (Austrians defeat French)
Saragossa (ditto)

Villa Viciosa (Austrians defeated)

Arleux (Marlborough forces French lines)
Bouchain (taken by Marlborough)

Denain (Villars defeats Allies)
Friburg (taken by French)
Preston (rebels defeated) .

Dunblane or Sheriff-Muir (indecisive)
Peterwardein (Eugène defeats Turks)
Belgrade (ditto).

Bitonto (Spaniards defeat Germans)

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. 11 July, 1708 autumn,

Dec.

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8 July, 1709

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AMERICAN WAR.

Lexington (Gage victor, with great loss)
Bunker's Hill (Americans repulsed)
Long Island (Americans defeated)
White Plains (Howe defeats Americans)
Rhode Island (taken by Royalists)
Princeton (Washington defeats British)
Brandywine (Howe defeats Washington).
Germanstown (Burgoyne's victory)
Saratoga (he is compelled to surrender)
Briar's Creek (Americans defeated)
Camden (Cornwallis defeats Gates)
Arcot (Hyder defeats British)
Guildford (Cornwallis defeats Gates)
Camden (Americans defeated)
Porto Novo (Coote defeats Hyder)
Eutaw Springs (Arnold defeats Americans).
York Town (Cornwallis surrenders)

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Nov. 28 Sept. 1770

19 June, 1773

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1774

19 April, 1775

17 June,

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27 Aug. 1776 28 Oct. 8 Dec.

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3 Jan. 1777 11 Sept.

3, 4 Oct. 7 Oct.

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3 March, 1779 16 Aug. 1780 31 Oct. 15 March, 1781 25 April,

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. 20 Sept. 11 Sept. 28 July, 1710 20 Aug. 10 Dec.

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5 Aug. 1711

13 Sept.

24 July, 1712

7

Nov. 1713

. 12, 13 Nov. 1715

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13 Νον.

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5 Aug. 1716

16 Aug. 1717

27 May, 1734 29 June, 19 Sept.

22 July, 1739

10 April, 1741

Attack on Gibraltar fails

Bednore (taken by Tippoo Sahib)

Martinesti (Austrians defeat Turks)
Ismail (taken by storm by Suwarrow)
Bangalore (taken by storm)

Arikera (Tippoo defeated).
Seringapatam (ditto)

12 April, 1782

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13 Sept. 30 April, 1783 . 22 Sept. 1789 22 Dec. 1790 21 March, 1791 15 May,

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6 Feb. 1792

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June, 1735

Jemappes (French victorious)

6 Nov. ""

St. Amand (French defeated by English).

. 8 May, "

23 May, 26 July,

Lincelles (Lake defeats French).

18 Aug. 7, 8 Sept.,,

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11 Sept.

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16 June, 1743 30 April, 1745

Hohenfreiburg (Prussians defeat Austrians) 4 June,,,

SCOTS' REBELLION.

Preston Pans (rebels defeat Cope)
Clifton Moor (rebels defeated)
Falkirk (rebels defeats Hawley).
Culloden (Cumberland defeats rebels)

St. Lazaro (Sardinians defeat French)
Placentia (Austrians defeat French)
Raucoux (Saxe defeats Allies)
Bergen-op-Zoom (taken)

Laffeldt (Saxe defeats Cumberland)
Exilles (Sardinians defeat French)
Fort du Quesne (Braddock killed)
Calcutta (taken by Surajah Dowlah)

SEVEN YEARS' WAR, 1756-63.

Prague (Frederick defeats Allies)
Kollin (Frederick defeated)

Plassey (Clive's victory)
Norkitten (Russians defeated)

Rosbach (Frederick defeats French).
Breslau (Austrians victors).

Lissa (Frederick defeats Austrians).

Creveldt (Ferdinand defeats French)
Zorndorff (Frederick defeats Russians)

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Valenciennes (ditto)

Dunkirk (duke of York defeated)
Quesnoy (reduced by Austrians)
Pirmasens (Prussians defeat French)
Wattignies (French defeat Coburg)
Toulon (retaken by British)
Cambray (French defeated)

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16 April,

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Troisville, Landrecy (taken by Allies) Tourcoing (Moreau defeats Allies)

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30 April,

18-22 May,

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Espierres (taken by Allies)

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Howe's naval victory

I June,

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15 Sept. 1747

2 July,,,

.19 July,

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9 July, 1755

20 June, 1756

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Charleroi or Fleurus (French defeat Allies)

Bois-le-Duc (duke of York defeated)

Nimeguen (French victorious) 28 Oct., Praga (Warsaw taken by Suwarrow)

Bridport's victory off l'Orient, n.

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17 Sept.
IO Oct. ""

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4 Nov. 22 June, 1795 21 July,

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20 Sept. "

23, 24 Nov.

Neresheim (Moreau def. archduke Charles)

Castelnuovo (ditto).

Bassano (ditto)

Biberach (ditto)

1 Aug. 12 Aug. 13 Sept.

Lonato and Castiglione (ditto)

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Arcola (Bonaparte victorious)

23 June, 31 July, 15 Aug.

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15 Oct.

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3 Nov.

Schweidnitz (Frederick II. def. Austrians) Johannisberg (French defeat Prussians) Freiberg (Prussians defeat Austrians)

22 Jan. 1760

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15 July, 1761 16 May, 1762 30 Aug. 29 Oct.

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Rivoli (ditto)

Cape St. Vincent, n. (Spaniards defeated) Tagliamento (Bonaparte def. Austrians) Camperdown, n. (Duncan defeats Dutch)

IRISH REBELLION BEGINS

Kilcullen (rebels successful)
Naas (rebels defeated)

Tara (rebels defeated).

Oulart (rebels successful)

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Athens (taken)

Navarino (Allies destroy Turkish fleet).

Brahilow (Russians and Turks).

Akhalzikh (ditto)

Varna (surrenders to Russians)
Silistria (ditto)

Kainly (Russians defeat Turks)
Baikan (passed by Russians)
Adrianople (Russians enter)
Algiers (captured by French)
Paris (Days of July)

Grochow (Poles defeat Russians)

Praga (Poles defeat Russians)

Wawz (Skrzynecki defeats Russians)
Seidlice (Poles defeat Russians)
Ostrolenka (ditto)
Wilna (Poles and Russians)
Warsaw (taken by Russians)
Homs (Egyptians defeat Turks).
Beylau (Ibrahim defeats Turks)
Konich (Egyptians defeat Turks)
Antwerp citadel taken by Allies
Hernani (Carlists defeated).
St. Sebastian (ditto)

Bilboa (siege raised; British Legion).
Hernani (Carlists repulsed)

Irun (British Legion defeats Carlists). Valentia (Carlists attacked)

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30 June,
1 July,
26 July,
20 Aug.

5 July, 1830

27, 28, 29 July,

Herera (Don Carlos defeats Buereno). Constantina (Algiers; taken by French) St. Eustace (Canadian rebels defeated). Pennecerrada (Carlists defeated) Prescott (Canadian rebels defeated) Aden (taken)

Ghiznee (taken by Keane)

Sidon (taken by Napier)

.

19, 20 Feb. 1831 25 Feb.

AFGHAN WAR. (See India.)

Kotriah (Scinde; English victors).

Beyrout (Allies defeat Egyptians).

Acre (stormed by Allies)

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31 March, 10 April, 26 May,

18 June,

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8 July, 1832

7 Sept.

29 July,

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21 Dec. 23 Dec. 5 May, 1836 . 1 Oct.

24 Dec.

16 March, 1837

Inkermann (ditto)

Eupatoria (Turks defeat Russians).

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13-15 June,

7 July,

29, 30 July,

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5 Aug.

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25 Oct.

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5 Nov. 17 Feb. 1855

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Malakhoff tower (Allies and Russians; indec. night

Unsuccessful attempt on Malakhoff

Redan (Allies and Russians)

Tchernaya or Bridge of Traktír (Allies def. Russians)

Malakhoff taken by the French
Ingour (Turks defeat Russians)
Baidar (French defeat Russians)

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17 May,

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15 July,

24 Aug.

15 Aug. 25 Aug. 14-20 Sept.

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13 Oct.

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27 Sept; 10 Oct.

.14 Dec.

Cawnpore (victory of Campbell)

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6 Dec.

22 June,

1838

Futteghur (ditto)

17 Nov.

Calpi (victory of Inglis)

2 Jan. 1858

19 Jan. 1839

4 Feb.

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23 July,

27 Sept. 1840

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3 Nov.

Bajghur (Mitchell defeats Tantia Topee).

17 June,

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15 Sept.

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1 Dec.

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Dhoodea Khera (Clyde defeats Beni Mahdo) 24 Nov. Gen. Horsford defeats the Begum of Oude and Nana Sahib

10 Feb. 1859

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Malegnano (ditto)

4 June, 8 June,

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Solferino (ditto)

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6 Sept. 17 Feb. 1843 29 Dec.

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14 Aug. 1844 18 Dec. 1845

21, 22 Dec.

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28 Jan. 1846 10 Feb. 21-23 Sept. 8, 9 May,

22 Feb. 1847 9 May,

19, 20 Aug.

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9 April, 1848

23 April, 29 May,

.23 July,

29 Sept.
7 Nov.

. 21 Feb.

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13 Jan. 1849 27 Feb. 23 March,

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21 June,

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2 & 10 July, 17 July, 31 July,

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10 Aug.

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25 July, 1850

19 July, 1853

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Temeswar (Haynau defeats Hungarians).

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Fort Donnelson (taken by Federals)
Pea Ridge, Arkansas (Federals victors) 6-8 March,
Hampton roads n. (Merrimac repulsed by Monitor)

Pittsburg Landing, or Shiloh (favourable to Confederates)

Williamsburg (Federals repulsed)
Puebla (Mexicans defeat French)

Richmond (successful sorties of Confederates)
Orizaba (Mericans defeat French)
Winchester (Federals repulsed)

Near Orizaba (French defeat Mericans)
Fairoaks (before Richmond, indecisive).

Chickahominy (severe conflicts before Richmond;
Confederates retreat)

Baton Rouge (taken by Federals)

25 June to 1 July,

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Neubrunn, Helmstadt, Gerchsheim Roszbrunn, Wurzburg, Baireuth

Monte Rotondo (Garibaldians victors). Mentana (Garibaldi defeated)

Arogee or Fahla (Abyssinians defeated). Magdala stormed

Russians defeat Bokharians and occupy

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27 Oct. 1867 3 Nov. 10 April, 1868 13 April, Samarcand,

Alcolea (Spanish royalists defeated) Villeta (Lopez defeated by Brazilians), &c. Lopez defeated

25 May, 27, 28 Sept. 11 Dec.

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12, 16, 18, 21 Aug. 1869

Aquidaban (Lopez defeated and killed) I March, 1870

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8 Feb. 16 Feb.

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9 March,

6, 7 April,

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5 May,

14 May,

5 May,

18 May,

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pulsed

31 May,

Wissembourg (French defeated)

I June,

Worth (ditto)

Saarbruck or Forbach (ditto)

Courcelles or Pange (ditto).

5 Aug.

Strasburg (ditto)

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Vionville or Mars-la-Tour (ditto).

16 Aug.

16 Aug.

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29 Aug.

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Metz (ditto).

31 Aug.

31 Aug.

17 Sept.

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Sedan (ditto)

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8, 9 Oct. 13 Dec.

31 Aug., 1 Sept.

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Before Paris (French defeated)

30 Sept.

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repulsed)

5 Oct.

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Cedar Mountain (favourable to Confederates) 9 Aug.
Severe conflicts on the Rappahannock
Bull Run (defeat of Federals)

Aspromonte (Garibaldi and his volunteers captured

by Royal Italian Troops)

29 Dec. 1862-3 Jan. 1863

Antietain (severe; Confederates retreat)
Perryville (Confederates worsted)
Fredericksburg (Federals defeated by Lee)
Murfreesburgh (indecisive)
Nashville (Confederates defeated)
Chancellorsville (Confederates victors).
Winchester (Ewell defeats Federals).
Gettysburg (severe but indecisive)

Gravelotte or Rézonville (ditto) Beaumont (ditto).

Thoury (Germans surprised and St. Rémy (French defeated) Before Metz (ditto).

Artenay (ditto)

6 Oct.

7

Oct.

10 Oct.

10 Oct.

11 Oct.

14 Oct.

18 Oct.

Beaugency (ditto)

Pont à Noyelles (French claim a victory) Bapaume (indecisive)

advances)

Cedar Creek (ditto)

.

Franklin (ditto).

Nashville (Thomas, Federal, defeats Hood) 14-16 Dec.

15-18 June, 19 Sept. 19 Oct. 30 Nov.

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Nuits (French defeated)

Five Forks (Lee totally defeated)

1 April, 1865

Farmville (Lee finally defeated)

6 April,

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Le Mans (indecisive)

Le Mans (Chanzy def. by pr. Fred. Chas.), Belfort (Bourbaki defeated)

St. Quentin (Faidherbe defeated)

Paris (Trochu's grand sortie repulsed)

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BAUTZEN, a town in Saxony, near which desperate battles were fought 20, 21, and 22 May, 1813, between the French, commanded by Napoleon, and the allies under the emperor of Russia and the king of Prussia. The struggle commenced on the 19th, with a contest on the outposts, which cost each army a loss of above 2000 men. On the 20th (at Bautzen) the French were more successful; and on the 21st (at Wurschen) the allies were compelled to retire; but Napoleon obtained no permanent advantage. Duroc was killed at Reichenbach by a cannon-ball, on 22 May.

1799.

since 1743). The French take Munich; he treats with them, 1796; d. 1799.

Maximilian-Joseph II.; elector; territories changed by treaty of Luneville, 1801 enlarged when made king, by treaty of Presburg. Dec. 1805.

BAVARIA (part of ancient Noricum and Vin- 1778. Charles Theodore (the elector palatine of the Rhine delicia), a kingdom in South Germany, conquered from the Celtic Gauls (Boii) by the Franks between 630 and 660. The country was afterwards governed by dukes subject to the French monarchs. Tasillon II. was deposed by Charlemagne, who established margraves in 788. The margrave Leopold, 895, father of Arnulph the Bad, is styled the first duke.

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Population (after cessions, 1866), Munich)

An international exhibition in a opened

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crystal palace 20 July, 1869

6 Oct.

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9 Dec. 14 Feb. 1870

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The chambers dissolved, as, through a party struggle, no president was elected Resignation of the ministry, 25 Nov. ; only partially accepted by the king Vote of want of confidence in prince Hohenlohe, the president, 12 Feb.; he resigns The king announces his intention of joining Prussia in the war with France about 20 July, The Bavarian contingent highly distinguishes itself in the war; Otho, duke of Bavaria, killed near Beglie 27 Jan. 1871 [See Franco-Prussian war.] The king, in a letter to the king of Saxony, proposes that the king of Prussia should be made emperor of Germany. about 5 Dec. Dr. Dollinger excommunicated for opposing papal infallibility, 18 April; elected rector of the university of Munich 29 July, Government protests against papal infallibility (see Germany) 27 Sept.

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"Old Catholic" church opened at Munich, end of Sept.

The king charges Von Gasser to form an Ultramontane ministry, opposed to German unity, 3 Sept.; he fails.

DUKES.

1071. Guelf I., an illustrious warrior.

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Sept. 1872

1101. Guelf II.; son; married the countess Matilda, 1089.

1120. Henry the Black; brother. 1126. Henry the Proud; son. (He competed with Conrad of Hohenstaufen for the empire, failed, and was deprived of Bavaria.)

1138. Leopold, margrave of Austria; d. 1142. 1142. Henry of Austria; brother; d. 1177. 1154. Henry the Lion (son of Henry the Proud), an

cestor of the Brunswick family, restored by the emperor Frederick Barbarossa, but expelled by him 1180; (see Brunswick); d. 1195.

1180. Otho, count of Wittelsbach, made duke; d. 1183.

1183. Louis; son.

KINGS OF BAVARIA.

1805. Maximilian-Joseph I. He deserted Napoleon, and had his enlarged territories confirmed to him. Oct. 1813; grants a constitutional charter, 22 Aug. 1818; d. 13 Oct. 1825.

1825.

Louis I., 13 Oct.; abdicated 21 March, 1848 ;* died 29 Feb. 1868.

1848. Maximilian-Joseph II.; son; born 28 Nov. 1811; died 10 March, 1864.

1864. Louis II. (son); born 25 Aug. 1845; heir: his brother Otho, born 27 April, 1848. Bavaria, a hereditary constitutional monarchy, joined the German empire, 15 Nov. 1870.

BAY ISLANDS (the chief, Ruatan), in the bay of Honduras, central America, belonged to Spain till 1821; then to Great Britain, which formed them into a colony in 1852, but ceded them to Honduras, 28 Nov. 1859, see Honduras.

BAYEUX TAPESTRY, said to have been wrought by Matilda, queen of William I. It is 19 inches wide, 214 feet long, and is divided into compartments showing the events from the visit of Harold to the Norman court to his death at Hastings; it is now preserved in the public library of Bayeux near Caen. A copy, drawn by C. Stothard, and coloured after the original, was published by the Society of Antiquaries in 1821-3.

BAYLEN (S. Spain), where on 20 July, 1808, the French, commanded by generals Dupont and Wedel, were defeated by the Spaniards under Reding, Coupigny, and other generals.

BAYONET, the short dagger fixed at the end of fire-arms, said to have been invented at Bayonne, in France, about 1647, 1670, or 1690. It was used at Killiecrankie in 1689, and at Marsaglia by the French, in 1693, "with great success, against the enemy unprepared for the encounter with so formidable a novelty." The ring-bayonet was adopted by the British, 24 Sept. 1693.

BAYONNE (S. France), an ancient city. It was held by the English from 1295 till it was taken by Charles VII. The queens of Spain and France met the cruel duke of Alva here, June, 1556, it is supposed to arrange the massacre of St. Bar

1231. Otho II., the Illustrious: son; gained the palati- tholomew. Charles IV. of Spain abdicated here in

nate; assassinated 1231.

1253. Louis II., the Severe; son; d. 1294.

favour of "his friend and ally" the emperor Napoleon, 4 May, and his sons, Ferdinand prince of

1294. Louis III.; son (without the palatinate) emperor; Asturias, don Carlos, and don Antonio renounced

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1550. Albert III.; son; d. 1573.

1579. William II.; son; abdicated, 1596; d. 1626. 1596. Maximilian the Great; son; the first ELECTOR of Bavaria, 25 Feb. 1623; the palatinate restored, 1648; d. 27 Sept. 1651.

1651. Ferdinand-Mary; d. 26 May, 1679. 1679. Maximilian Emanuel; son; allies with France, 1702; defeated at Blenheim, 1704; restored to his dominions, 1714; d. 26 Feb. 1726. 1726. Charles Albert; son; elected emperor, 1742; defeated, 1744 d. 20 Jan. 1745

1745. Maximilian-Joseph I.; son; as elector; d. 30 Dec. 1777; end of younger line of Wittelsbach.

their rights to the Spanish throne, 6 May, 1808. In the neighbourhood of Bayonne was much desperate fighting between the French and British armies, 9-13 Dec. 1813. Bayonne was invested by the British, 14 Jan. 1814; on 14 April, the French made a sally, and attacked the English with success, but were at length driven back. The loss of the British was considerable, and lieut.-gen. sir John Hope was wounded and taken prisoner.-A Franco-Spanish industrial and fine arts exhibition was opened at Bayonne in July 1864.

The abdication of Charles-Louis was mainly caused by his attachment to an intriguing woman, known throughout Europe by the assumed name of Lola Montes. who, in the end, was expelled the kingdom for her interference in state affairs, and afterwards led a wandering life. She delivered lectures in London, in 1859; thence proceeded to the United States; and died at New York, 17 Jan. 1861.

G

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