Feb. 25, 1863, a uniform national banking system. An additional act was passed June 8, 1864. In Jan, 1866, there were 1,579 National Banks. Capital, $403,350,000. Circulation, $213,000,000. These Banks deposit bonds with the U. S. Treasury to the extent of one third of their capital. There are 14 cities containing 218 Banks, which are selected as points of redemption. Jan. 1867, the national bank-note circulation was $291,093,294; total currency of the United States (circulation and deposits), $1,496,672,065. BANK PAYMENTS. Suspension of specie payments by the banks of New England and New York, May 10-16, 1837; legalized for one year by legislature of New York. Banks of Philadelphia, Baltimore, &c., also suspended same month. Specie payments generally suspended in the U. S. 1861. BANKRUPT LAW, U. S. A general bankrupt law was passed by Congress, April 4, 1800, and repealed 1803. Another was passed Aug. 19, 1841, and repealed 1843. An act "establishing a uniform system of Bankruptcy in the U. S.," passed Congress, March, 1867, and is now in operation (July, 1867), the "Registers in Bankruptcy" throughout the Union having been appointed by Chief Justice Chase, as prescribed in the law. BAPTISTS IN U. S. In 1858 they had 12,000 churches with about 1,000,000 members. In 1762, they had 56 churches only; 1792, 1,000; 1812, 2,432; 1832, 5,322; 1852, 9,500. In 1866 (Baptist Almanac) they had 592 associations, 12,702 churches, 7,867 ordained ministers and 1,049,300 members. Port Hudson, La., (7,000 prisoners surrender to Chattanooga, Ga., (Feds. victorious).... Nov. 23-26, 1868 .....April 8, 1864 Federal " Red River Expedition" under Gen. ...May 5-6, 1864 BASTARDS IN THE U. S. A bastard has no inheritable blood in him, and therefore no estate can descend to him. But be may take by testament, if properly described, after he has obtained a name by reputation. This rule has been somewhat mitigated in some of the States, where, by statute, various inheritable qualities have been conferred upon bastards. They may be legitimated by the subsequent marriage of their father and mother. Bouvier. BATTLES, U. S. In the War for the Union, 1861-5Fort Sumter, Charleston, S. C., bombarded by the Confederates.... .April 12, 1861 Wilson's Creek, Missouri, (Federals retreat and Gen. Lyon killed.).. ......Aug. 10, 1861 Carthage, Mo. (Fed. victory)........July 10, 1861 Rich Mountain, Va., (Fed. victory)..July 11, 1861 Bull Run, Va., (Feds. defeated).......July 21, 1861 Lexington, Mo. (Feds, surrender)....Sept. 20, 1861 Balls Bluff, Va., (Feds. defeated, Gen. Baker' killed).. ......Oct. 21, 1861 Mill Spring, Ky. (Feds. victorious)....Jan. 19, 1862 Roanoke Island, N. C. (Feds. capture 46 guns, 2,500 prisoners)... ..Feb. 7-8, 1862 Fort Donelson, Tenn., (Feds. capture 13,300 prisoners, 55 guns.).......... .Feb, 16, 1862 Pea Ridge, Ark., (Feds. victorious)... ...March 6, 7, 8, 1862 Shiloh, Tenn., (Rebels retreat after desperate fighting).. ................... April 6-7, 1862 Island No. 10, Miss. River, surrenders to U. S. forces, with 125 guns, 6,000 prisoners. April 7, 1862 Williamsburg, Va., (Rebs, retreat) May 5, 1862 Winchester, Va., (Feds. retreat)......May 25, 1862 Fair Oaks, Va., (Feds. defeated).... May 31, 1862 Seven Pines, Va., (Feds. victorious)...June 1, 1862 Seven Days' Battles near Richmond (Feds. repulsed)... .... June 26-July 1, 1862 Bull Run, Va, (Feds defeated)......Aug. 30, 1862 Antietam, Md. (Rebs, defeated)....Sept. 17, 1862 Fredericksburg, Va., (Feds. defeated). Dec. 13, 1862 Murfreesboro, Tenn., "Stone River" (inde Spottsylvania, Va., (Heavy fighting, but Keb .... ......Sept. 19, 1864 Fisher's Hill, Va., (Early again defeated). Sept. 22, 1864 ....Oct. 19, 1864 Cedar Creek, Va., (Early totally defeated after gaining some success).. Sherman starts on his march across Georgia, Nov. 14, 1864 Franklin, Tenn., (Rebs, defeated)....Nov. 30, 1864 Nashville, Tenn., (Rebs. completely routed, cisive; Rebs. retreat. Fed. loss very losing 60 guns)......... Dec. 15-19, 1864 heavy)...............Dec. 31, 1862 to Jan. 8, 1863 Sherman enters Savannah, Ga........Dec. 21, 1864 Grierson's raid through Mississippi. April 17 Fort Fisher, N. C., taken by assult of U. S. to May 2, 1863 forces..... .....Jan 15, 1865 Chancellorsville, Va. (Feds. repulsed) May 2-4, 1863 Kingston, N. C., (Rebs. repulsed)...March 10, 1865 Champion Hill, Mississippi, (Feds, victorious. Grant defeats Lee at Five Forks, and conSiege of Vicksburg begins)........May 16, 1863 tinues fighting until the latter surrendered Gettysburg, Penn., (Rebs, defeated).July 1-4, 1863 at Appomatox Court House, Va.,..... Chickamauga, Ga., (Rebs. defeated)..... April 1-9, 1865 Sept. 19-20, 1863 Gen. Johnston (Rebel) surrenders to SherVicksburg, Miss. (30,000 prisoners and 220 guns man ear Raleigh, N. C............April 26, 1867 surrendered to U. S. forces under Gen. The last rebel army under Kirby Smith surGrant)..... .....July 4, 1863 renders west of the Mississippi.....May 26, 1865 For complete list of battles and skirmishes, see Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia, 1865. See Naval Battles, Atlanta, Antietam, Gettysburg, Vicksburg, Nashville, Corinth. BATTLES, AUSTRIAN AND PRUSSIAN. Battle of Custozza between Italians and Austrians, June 24, 1866. [Italians defeated]. Battle of Skalitz in Bohemia between Aus trians and Prussians, July 27, 1866. [Austrians retreat]. Great Battle of Sadowa between Austrians and Prussians, July 3, 1866. [Nearly 500,000 men engaged. Prussians com. pletely victorious.] July 15, 1866, Austrians defeated at Olmutz. July 20, 1866, Naval fight off Lissa between Italians and Austrians. [Italians lose two war ships.] BENEVOLENT SOCIETIES. The receipts of some of the principal benevolent societies of New York, for the year ending April 30, were: 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1866 Home Missonary Soc....... 202,426 185,216 46 Sunday School Union...... 234,486 See Charities, Missions, etc. In New York City, in 1866, there were about 300 religious and benevolent societies, hospitals, dispensaries, asylums, &c. Total receipts of 28 leading societies in 1866, $4,766,698.81. These are national organizations, and the proportion contributed by New York city is from 10 to 15 per cent. The American Board of Foreign Missions, founded 1810, had an income, in 1849, of $260,000, and in 1866, $446,000. American Bible Society, founded 1816, income in 1849, $284,000; in 1866, $734,000. American Tract Society founded in 1814, income, 1849, $308,428. American Home Missionary Soeiety, founded 1826, income, 1849, $157,000. American Sunday School Union, founded 1814, income, 1849, $207,600, 1860, $234,436. BIBLIOGRAPHY, THE SCIENCE OF BOOKS. The most important work on English and American bibliography is Allibone's Dictionary of Authors, 2 vols. R. 8vo. 1859-67. In 1866, Mr. John R. Bartlett published the bibliography of the American Civil War, containing 6,073 titles of books and pamphlets relating to that struggle, and issued between 1860-6. BISHOPS, U. S. A. In 1866, there were 41 Episcopal Bishops in the U. S. Methodist Episcopal Bishops in 1865, numbered 22. Lt. Gen. Polk (Confederate), Protestant Episcopal Bishop, was killed near Kenesaw Mt., Georgia, June 14th, 1864. In 1859 the Catholic Bishops numbered 45. BLIND, ASYLUMS FOR THE. The number in the U. S. in 1860 was 20. The first one was the "Perkins Institution and New England Asylum," founded at Boston in 1832, by Dr. Howe and Col. Perkins. New York Institute for the Blind, 1832. Philadelphia Institute, 1833. Institute at Columbus, Ohio, 1837. At Raleigh, N. C., 1848. Number of blind persons in the U. S. in 1860, 11,125. Estimated at about the same number in 1866. BOOK-TRADE of GREAT BRITAIN. Number of new publications in 1850, 4,400. In 1859 there were 5,507 different works entered for copyright, and 4066 volumes and pieces of music. This is an increase of 700 per cent. on the returns of 1838, about 400 per cent. on those of 1836, and about 50 per cent. on those of 1854. In 1864, there were 3,553 works published in London. UNITED STATES. The number of new books recorded as published during one year ending June 30, 1851, was 1261. No accurate statistics have been compiled in recent years. In 1855 the number of new works and new editions recorded as then first published in the U. S. was about 2400. There are in the U. S. (1860) about 3,000 booksellers and 400 publishers. In 1864, there were 2,028 distinct publications; in 1865, 1,802, of which about 80 were histories and stories of the late War. The increased value of paper and labor has raised the price of books very materially since 1863-4, an average increase of more than 60 per cent. BOSTON, the capital of Mass., founded in August, 1630. Here commenced the American Revolution. British soldiers fired on the people, 1770. The celebrated "Tea Party" here took place 1773. The port closed by parliament, 1774. British army evacuated Boston March, 1776. [See Lexington and Bunker Hill.] The cause of American freedom was nowhere more actively sustained than by the people of Boston. Benj. Franklin was born here Jan. 17, 1706. John Hancock, the first signer of the Declaration of Independence, was a Bostonian. Boston incorporated as a city, 1822. Population in 1700, 7000; in 1790, 18,038, in 1810, 33,250; in 1820, 43,298; in 1830, 61,391; in 1845, 114,366. Tonnage of vessels in 1840, 220, 243 tons. The population in 1850, was 136,881; in 1855, 160,508; in 1860, 177,902. Free Public Library, a noble institution, first opened 1858. Population in 1867, estimated at 200,000. In 1867, an act was passed by the legislature uniting Roxbury with Boston; this was vetoed by the governor. During the last twelve years, she has spent for teachers, $3,668,000; for school-houses, $1,600,000; incidentals, $1,357,000—a total of $6,629,358, which is claimed to be a larger proportionate expenditure than that of any other city in the world for educational purposes. The salary of the Principals in the several high schools is $4,000. BOUNDARY QUESTIONS, IN THE UNITED STATES. Award of the king of the Netherlands on the boundary between Maine and the British possessions, Jan. 10, 1841 (rejected by both parties). Collisions between the people of Maine and New Brunswick in the disputed territory on the Aroostook 1838-9, suspended by a mutual agreement between Sir J. Harvey, Governor of New Brunswick, Governor Fairfield, of Maine, and General Scott, of the U. S. army, March 21, 1839. This boundary settled by the Treaty of Washington, 1842. Oregon boundary-49th parallel agreed upon as the northern boundary of the United States, in Öregon, by treaty signed at Washington, June, 1846. BRAZIL. First steamship line from New York to Brazil, established through the agency of Rev. J. C. Fletcher, 186-. Kidder and Fletcher's work on Brazil (the most comprehensive) published in successive editions 1859-1867. Prof. Agassiz' scientific explorations in Brazil, 1866. Preliminary steps taken to abolish slavery in the empire, April, 1867. The plan is the gradual emancipation of the slaves in 20 years. First Steamship line to Europe.. ............. 1850| Railways commenced.. 1852 Rio Janeiro lighted with gas..... 1852 1854 BREWERIES, U. S. The number of them in the Northern States in 1860, was 969. In that year 3,235,345 barrels of ale and beer were manufactured. Number in New York State in 1865, 201. Philadelphia has a greater number of breweries than any other city. BRICKS. In the U. S. very fine bricks come from Baltimore, Philadelphia and Milwaukee, Wis. Number of brickmakers in 1860, 13,700. The time for burning bricks is 3 or 4 days; 16 cords of wood are necessary to 100,000 bricks (Prof. Mather). A patent for pres sing brick was granted in 1847 to Mr. Sawyer of Baltimore. A brick-machine patented by Mr. Gard of Chicago, 1866, 'turns out by steam power 25,000 bricks per day. Number of manufactories in U. S. in 1860, 1,595. Annual value of products, $10,253,734. BRIDGES, U. S. The famous natural bridge in Virginia, Rockbridge Co., is 100 feet long over a chasm 215 feet deep. Another in Walker Co., Alabama, 120 feet long and 70 high. There are also two in California, Calaveras Co. remarkable for their immense arches. The finest stone bridge in the U. S. is High Bridge across Harlem river, N. Y.; it is 1,450 feet long, 114 feet high, and is supported on 14 arches. The Schuylkill R, R, bridge at Philadelphia has a single span of 340 feet. The first suspension bridge in the U. S. was built by Mr. Finley about 1800. The Wheeling Bridge over the Ohio, with a span of 1,000 feet, was put up in 1848 and blown down in 1854. The R. R. suspension bridge over the Niagara was built by Mr. Roebling; completed in 1858. Its span is 821 feet; height 245 feet; 14,500 wires are used in the cables. The Covington and Cincinnati suspension bridge is 2,252 feet long. Height of pier, 80 feet; width, 45 feet; size of cable, 12 inches; cost, $1,750,000. The R. R. bridge across the Susquehanna at Havre de Grace is 3273 feet long; completed in 1865, after 4 years work of about 1,000 men. It is a trestle-work with arches, and rests on solid piers sunk in the River. Cost, $1,500,000. BROOKLYN, on Long Island, but really a suburb of New York, in 1820 had 7,175 inhab itants; in 1830, 15,292; in 1855, consolidated with Williamsburgh; in 1860, 266,661; in 1865, 296,378. In 1866, 2,178 new buildings were erected in the city. BUILDING SOCIETIES, for mutual benefit of persons of limited means who would build or buy their houses economically, are said to have originated at Kirkendbright, Scotland. A large number were organized in New York in 1848-9, but they do not appear to have been generally sustained. In 1866-7 they were again revived to a limited extent. BUNKER HILL, BATTLE OF, (near Boston,) between the British under Howe, and the Americans under Prescott and Putnam, June 17, 1775. British loss, 1,054 killed and wounded; American, 453. The latter obliged to retreat for want of powder. But this, the first important battle of the Revolution, has always justly been regarded as a great victory for the Amer ican cause, and is so commemorated by the granite obelisk on the battle-ground, of which the corner-stone was laid by general La Fayette in 1825. It was finished July 23, 1842, at the cost altogether of about $100,000, raised by voluntary contributions. The height is 220 feet. Its completion celebrated by a procession, &c., and an oration by Daniel Webster, president Tyler and 50,000 people present, June 17, 1843. BUTTONS, IN THE U. S. In 1864, $415,868 worth of buttons were imported to New York. The number of button factories in 1860, in the U. S. was 59; annual value of products, $964,350. BURGLARY. Defined to be a "breaking into and entering, in the night-time, the dwelling house of another, in which there shall be a human being, with intent to commit some crime." It is punishable by a term of years' imprisonment, which varies in the different States. с CABRIOLET. One-horse cabriolets (vulgo, cabs) were introduced in London as public conveyances in 1823, when the number in use was 12. In 1830, they had increased to 165. In 1859 there were in London 5,500 cabs, of which, about 1500 ply on Sunday. Hackney. coaches there are now almost extinct. In 1853 the legal fare was made 6d. per mile. In New York and other American cities, a clumsy style of cab was introduced in 1844-5, but not being a desirable shape they were not popular, and soon disappeared. The carriages known as the "Victoria" and "Brougham "answer the description of the Cabriolet, but the latter term is not used. "Coupées," close carriages drawn by one horse, have been lately introduced as private conveyances, (1867), and a few have appeared in New York for public use. CABINET, U. S. See Administrations. CAIRO, U. S. A town at the southern limit of Illinois, situated at the junction of the Mississippi and Ohio, an important military post during the war. First occupied by Illinois troops, April, 1861. Expeditions into the States of Tennessee and Kentucky fitted out at this point, also part of the gunboat flotilla of the Western waters. CALABRIA. See Naples. CALIFORNIA, LOWER, discovered by Grigalon, sent by Cortes, the conqueror of Mexico, 1534; explored by Cortes himself, 1536, and by his subordinate Ulloa, 1538. First settlement by Viscaino and a small colony sent out by Philip II. of Spain, 1596. Viscaino explored the coast and founded St. Diego and Monterey, and was the first Spaniard in Upper California, 1602. CALIFORNIA, UPPER, discovered by Francis Drake, and named New Albion, 1596. The Spanish colonists having been expelled by the ill-used natives, the country was granted by Charles II. of Spain to the Jesuits in 1697. Jesuit missions and Presidios established in New California, 1769. Eighteen missions established up to 1798. California a province of Mexico, 1824; the Mexican governor expelled from Monterey, 1836. California explored by the United States expedition, under Wilkes, co-operating with that of Fremont, overland, in 1841-3. Another expedition under Fremont, 1845-6. Mexican war began 1845. San Francisco taken possession of by Com. Montgomery, July 8, 1845. Com. Stockton takes possession of Upper California May, August, 1846, and institutes United States military gov ernment. Movements of General Kearney, Lieutenant Emory, &c, 1846. California secured to the United States by the treaty with Mexico, 1848. Gold placers first discovered on the grounds of Captain Sutter, February, 1848. Great emigration from the United States commenced November, 1848. Convention at Monterey for forming a state constitution, Aug. 31, 1849. Constitution adopted by popular vote, and P. H. Burnet chosen first governor, Dec. 1849. In 1831 the population (Mexican) was estimated at 23,000. By the census of 1850 the number was 92,597; by that of 1852 it was 264,435, of whom only 22,193 were white females. In 1856 the population was 518,380, of whom 336,380 were Americans; 15,000 Mexicans; 10,000 Irish; 10,000 Germans; 2,000 English, and 15,000 various (white) nationalities; 50,000 Chinese; 65,000 Indians. From 1849 to 1847 inclusive, 75,301 Chinese arrived at San Francisco, of whom 17,524 returned during the same time. Population in 1860, 380,000; in 1866, nearly 500,000. In 1865 there were 947 schools in the State and over 100 newspapers and periodicals. From 1848 to 1864, her mines produced $816,500,000. Of this $511,600,000 has been coined at the mints. In 1866, the export of gold was $44,360, 000. Over 18,000,000 bushels of cereals were produced in 1863; 17,000,000 vines were growing in 1866, giving 1,252,000 gallons of superior wine. CALORIC ENGINE. First reduced to practice by John Ericsson in London in 1833, and then considered a success, but not made practically available till 1852. In that year it was introduced in a ship of 2,000 tons, which it propelled from New York to Alexandria in the Potomac, and back in very rough weather February, 1853. This achievement created great excitement in the scientific world, but the speed attained was not commercially sufficient. Subsequently Ericsson devised an engine that for all purposes requiring a moderate power, has proved entirely successful, and is now extensively used in the United States, Cuba, Canada, and in most South American and European States. It is inexplosive, entirely free from danger, consumes but little fuel, and requires no water. Innumerable motors have been planned and patented by men of science during the last hundred years, but the only one (other than steam engines) that has become an article of use and commerce is Ericsson's Caloric Engine, patented in the United States, Dec. 14, 1858. It establishes an epoch in the history of motive power. CANALS IN THE UNITED STATES. Act for commencing the Great Erie Canal in New York, passed chiefly through the influence of De Witt Clinton, 1817. The canal (363 miles long) completed; a grand celebration, 1825. Chesapeake and Delaware Canal opened, &c., July 4, 1829. The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal (Md.), cost $10,000,000, completed The Lachine Canal, in Canada, 32 miles, cost $235,934 per mile; the Erie Canal cost $19,679 per mile. Number of miles completed in 1858, 388; cost $90,000,000. Tolls received from U. S. canals in 1866, $4,436,639. Number of boats, 485. By the Erie Canal 2,235,700 tons of produce from the West were brought to tide-water. CANCER. A hospital to receive persons suffering from this fearful disease was founded by Miss Burdett Coutts, at Brompton, near London, on May 30, 1859. Experiments to cure it by acetic acid in progress in New Haven and New York (1866–7). CANNON, U. S. In 1820 the maximum size of guns in American forts was a 24pounder; in 1850 the largest was a 10-inch bore, carrying balls of 124 lbs. A volume of reports of experiments in gunmaking was published by the U. S. Ordnance Department in 1856. Just before the rebellion Capt. Parrott invented at West Point a rifled gun of great efficiency. The 10-pounder has a range of 5,000 yards. The 300-pounder can throw a shot of 250 lbs. 54 miles. The guns invented by Major Rodman during the war have a smooth chamber; calibre, from 8 to 20 inches. The first 20-inch gun was cast at Pittsburg in 1864; weight, 116,000 lbs.; weight of shot, 1000 lbs.; charge, 100 lbs. of powder. The guns generally in use in the navy were invented by Capt. Dahlgren, U. S. N. The 9 and 11-inch bores are unequalled for powerful effect in close action. An enormous Columbiad is mounted at Fortress Munroe, carrying shot of 525 lbs. weight. From 1861 to 1866 the Ordnance Department (U. S.) provided 7892 cannon for the army and navy. Steel cannon were first manufactured in the U. S. by Mr. N. Niard of New York, June, 1861. CAPITOL OF THE UNITED STATES. The corner-stone of the original edifice was laid by Washington, Sept. 18, 1793. It was burnt by the British 1814; restored 1818. Cornerstone of the new wings laid by Pres. Fillmore, July, 1851. The present structure is 751 feet long, and covers 34 acres. The colossal Statue of Freedom, by Crawford, was raised to the top of the dome Dec. 2, 1863. The iron dome cost $900,000. Up to Nov., 1862, the cost of the marble and the cutting and setting of the same was $2,402,000. CAROLINA. See N. and S. Carolina. CARPET MANUFACTURE. The value of carpets manufactured in Mass. in 1855 was $1,362,000. Carpets imported into the U. S. in 1857, valued at $2,181,290. In 1866 there. were 200 carpet manufactories in the country, but of these "only six were capable of producing the fine class of carpeting required in the best houses." CASUALTIES FOR 1865. During the year 1865, there were 354 fires in the United States where the amount of loss was $20,000 or upwards, at which property was destroyed amounting, as estimated, to $43,139,000. The losses by fire from 1855 to 1865, inclusive, were $214,588,000. During the year there were 183 railroad accidents, by which 335 persons were killed and 1,427 wounded; and 32 steamboat accidents, by which 1,788 were killed and 265 wounded. During the last twelve years there were 1,413 railroad accidents, by which 2,204 were killed and 8,356 wounded; and 324 steamboat accidents, by which 5,872 were killed and 1,579 wounded. CEMETERIES. Some of the rural cemeteries of the United States, especially that at Mount Auburn, near Boston (opened in 1831), Laurel Hill, Philadelphia (183-), and Greenwood, near New York (1839), are far more beautiful in their natural features than any of those near London or Paris. NATIONAL-For soldiers of the U. S. who fell in battle or died in the service. In June, 1866, there were 41 National Cemeteries, with 104.528 graves. Ten more were to be added, containing a total of 249,397 graves. The "Antietam National Cemetery" has 8,000 graves, half of them marked "unknown." Provision made by Congress in 1867 for substantial headstones and improvements. Oration delivered by President Lincoln at the dedication of the Gettysburg Cemetery, July 4, 1864. In the suburbs of New York, several new rural cemeteries have been opened-(1840-67)—viz., Woodlawn, Calvary, The Evergreens. CFNSUS OF THE UNITED STATES has been taken at six different periods, viz., 1790, 1800, 1810, 1820, 1830, 1840, 1850, and 1860. See Population. The Census is taken by the general government every ten years; that of New York, Illinois, Wisconsin, and Florida is by |