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those States taken decennially at intermediate periods, thus giving returns every five years. Other States have different periods for a census. In 1865, it was taken in the States of Illinois, Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, Oregon, Alabama, Rhode Island, and Iowa. The number of persons employed in taking the U. S. census of 1860 was 4,481; expense to the Govern ment, $1,045,206.

CENSUS REPORTS, U. S. In 1700, the entire population of the Anglo-American col onies was 262,000; in 1750, it was 1,000,000; in 1775, 2,389,300. In 1790, the population of the United States alone was 3,929,827; and in 1860, 31,443,521. Anticipated population in 1900, 107,000,000.

The unimproved lands of the United States, in 1860, amounted to 244,101,818 acres; improved lands, 163,110,720 acres; cash value of the whole estimated at $6,645,045,007. Estimated product of our manufactures in 1860, $4,000,000,000.

Commercial railroads in the United States, 35,935 miles, costing $1,432,649,000.

City railroads, 402 miles, costing $14,862,840.

Slack-water canals and branches, 118, of which 68 cost $147,398,997.

Real and personal property estimated at $19,089,156,289.

Educational institutions reported, 113,006; teachers, 148,742; students, 5,417,880. Collegiate institutions, 445; students, 54,969. Churches, 54,000.

Newspapers, 4,051; circulation, 928,000,000 copies.

Revolutionary army, from 1775 to 1783, 231,791; vessels, 4.

In 1812, regulars, 32,360; volunteers, 6,000; militia, 30,000; navy, 8 frigates and 170 gun-boats. In 1815, 276 vessels, with 1,636 guns.

In March, 1865, we had 684 vessels of war, with 4,477 guns, many of them of large calibre; and the aggregate number of men raised for the Union armies was 2,688,000. If the Confederate forces be added, the grand total would be reached of 4,000,000 of men at arms-the largest force ever yet raised in any country or age of the world.-Christian Almanac.

CHANCERY. In the U. S. federal courts equity and law are both administered, and this system was adopted by the State of New York in her Constitution of 1846.

CHARITIES OF THE WAR IN THE U. S. A careful statement made of the amount contributed by the people of the loyal states for philanthropic purposes connected with the war, not including the donations for religious or educational objects, gives the following noble record: The total contributions from States, counties, and towns for the aid and relief of soldiers, amounted to $187,209,608 62; the contributions of associations and individuals for the care and comfort of soldiers were $24,044,865 96; for sufferers abroad, $380,040 74; for sufferers by the riots of July, for freedmen and white refugees, $639,633 13: making a grand total, exclusive of expenditures of the government, of $212,274,248 45.

CHARLESTON, S. C., was first settled in 1680. In 1690 a colony of French refugees, exiled in consequence of the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, settled in Carolina, and some of them in Charleston: from them are descended many of the most respectable of the inhabitants. At the close of 1779 the city was taken by the British, and held by them until May following. Population in 1790, 16,359; in 1810, 24,711; in 1820, 24,780; in 1830, 30,289; in 1840, 29,261-(a decrease of 1,028 in ten years) including 14,673 slaves; Population in 1860, 40,578. A severe fire destroyed the business portion of the city, December 11, 1861; 17 old hulks were sunk by U. S. forces to blockade the channel, December 21, 1861. The city surrendered to National troops, February 18, 1865.

CHATTANOOGA, Battle of, U. S. Fought on Nov. 23, 1863, between the Union armies under Gen. Grant, and the Confederates under Gen. Bragg. The Confederates were driven from every position. On the right, Hooker stormed Lookout Mountain, Thomas in the centre carried the rifle pits, Sherman forced the left after hard fighting. On the 25th the whole of Missionary Ridge was in the hands of the Union army, and the enemy completely routed. This has been regarded as one of the most brilliant achievements of the war. Union loss about 4,000; 6,000 Confederate prisoners and 42 guns were captured.

CHICAGO, ILLINOIS. The growth of this place has been of a remarkable and extraordi nary character. In 1831 it contained about a dozen families. The "town" was organized by the election of five trustees, 1833, there being in all 28 voters. First census, 1837, showed a population of 4,170. Population in 1850 was 28,269; in 1855, it was 83,509. It is now the largest primary grain depot in the world. More than 100 trains of cars arrive and depart daily. Receipts of grain in 1857 were $21,856,000. Population in 1860, 109,260; in 1865, estimated at 180,000. This city is the largest pork-packing depot in the country; 1,000,000 hogs are annually killed and packed here. Loss by fires in Chicago in 1866, $2,457,673.

CHICKAMAUGA, Battle of, U. S. A creek by this name was the scene of a severe battle between the Union and Confederate forces, Sept, 19, 20, 1863. The Union right was completely broken and retreated. The left under Gen. Thomas withstood the fierce assaults of the enemy, and saved the army from a total defeat. Gen. Bragg (Confed.) had been re inforced by Longstreet from Va. Gen. Rosecrans (Union) withdrew to Chattanooga, and acted entirely on the defensive for some time after. The entire Rebel loss, as stated in their papers, 18,000. Union loss, 16,350, and 36 guns.

CHINA TRADE. A large trade is developed with China through the city of San Francisco. "Flour, wheat, lumber, bacon, butter, cheese, lard, wine, and vegetables are exported from that city in increasing quantities." The value of exports from the U. S. to China in 1862, was $4,328,500. In 1866, 2,530,000 lbs. of tea were received through San Francisco; in the same year one shipment reached New York, via California and Panama, in 60 days. In 1867 a regular line of steamers was established between China, Japan and California, owned by the Pacific Mail Steamship Co. of New York. Anson Burlingame appointed U. S. Minister to China, 1861.

CHOLERA. The Cholera visited America again in 1865-6, and was most severe at the West, especially at Chicago, St. Louis, and Nashville. From July to Sept. 1866, there were 573 deaths from this disease in Brooklyn, and 583 in N. Y. city.

CINCINNATI, OHIO, the most populous city west of the Alleghanies in the United States, was founded in 1789, by emigrants from New England and New Jersey. Population in 1795, 500; in 1800, 750; in 1810, 2,540; in 1820, 9,642; in 1830, 24,831; in 1840, 46,338; in 1850, 115,486; in 1860, 161,044.

CIDER. In the State of New York (1865), 591,379 barrels of cider were manufactured. CIRCULATING LIBRARY. The largest circulating library in the U. S. is the Mercantile of N. Y. city. It contains 86,000 volumes, and has 10,000 members; 12,000 volumes were added in 1866, costing $15,000; 200 copies of the "Court of Joseph II." were bought to supply the demand, and liberal numbers of all new books of general interest.

CLUBS IN THE UNITED STATES. IN NEW YORK: The most important are the Athenæum, founded 1859, in 5th avenue, afterwards in Union square; now (1867) in Madison square; Century, founded in Broadway in 1848, now in 15th street; Eclectic, founded 186-; Jockey, founded 186-; New York, 18-; Travellers', 1865; Union, 5th avenue and 21st street; Union League, founded Feb. 6, 1863, incorporated Feb. 16, 1865; University, founded 1866. The Century and the Athenæum were originated as "associations for the advancement of literature and art." The Union League was started on the basis of "unconditional loyalty to the government, and to aid in the suppression of treason and rebellion. It was said to have made loyalty "fashionable in the best circles." It raised three regiments of colored troops for the U. S. volunteer forces, and otherwise rendered important services. In PHILADELPHIA, the Union League Club, founded Dec. 27, 1862, was the foremost of its kind in the U. S. It raised ten regiments for the government. It numbers 2,000 members, and has a magnificent club-house. One of the oldest clubs in Philadelphia was the Wistar. In BOSTON the Union League Club was founded in 1863.

COAL IN THE UNITED STATES. Lehigh coal from Mauch Chunk, Pennsylvania, first mined and used, 1806. According to Mr. Lyell, the coal strata in Pennsylvania, Ohio, &c., extend 700 miles. The "Statistics of Coal," by R. C. Taylor, published in Philadelphia in 1854, give a full and reliable account of coal products in all parts of the world. The anthracite coal of Pennsylvania was first used by a blacksmith in the Wyoming Valley in 1775. Bituminous coal first mined in U. S. in 1845. Total amount produced in 1860, 6,218,080 tons. Amount of all coals in 1860, 14,333,992 tons. Coal is worked in fifteen of the States. The upper seam of the Pittsburg coal fields is estimated to contain 53,516 million tons. A single lump of coal, weighing 4 tons, was sent to the Paris Exposition of 1867. The area of coal in the U. S. is 206,939 square miles; 470 miles is anthracite in Pennsylvania. The product in 1865 was 22,000,000 tons, of which 10,000,000 was anthracite.

COFFEE AND TEA. The consumption in the United States at different periods is reported by the Secretary of the Treasury thus:

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In 1867 a company was being organized to introduce the cultivation of coffee in South Florida. The duty on imports of coffee, by tariff of July, 1862, is five cents per pound.

COIN OF THE U. S. The U. S. Mint was established in 1792. The gold coinage consists of double eagles $20, eagies, half-eagles, quarter-eagles, and dollars. Gold dollars were first coined in 1849. The first deposit of California gold for coining was made by Mr. David Carter, 1,804 ounces, Dec. 8, 1848.

COINAGE of the U. S. Mint from 1793 to 1866, inclusive :

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COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES. The first established was Harvard, at Cambridge, Mass., by John Harvard, 1638; and this is now the most important and best endowed in the United States. The second was William and Mary, in Virginia, 1693. Third, Yale, at New Haven, 1700. Fourth, College of New Jersey, Princeton, 1746. Fifth, Columbia, New York, 1754. Sixth, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 1755. Seventh, Brown University, Providence, 1764. Eighth, Dartmouth, at Hanover, N. H., 1769. Ninth, Rutgers, New Brunswick, N. J., 1770. These were all prior to the Revolution. The first medical school was that at Philadelphia, founded 1764. The first law school was founded at Litchfield, Conn., 1782. In 1857 there were 118 colleges in the United States; 47 theological schools; 15 law schools; 39 medical schools. See Education, Schools, &c.

COLORADO, U. S. A territory of the U. S. organized March, 1861. Area, 104,000 square miles. Capital, Denver City. In 1862, $12,000,000 in gold was produced from its mines. Population in 1860, 34,230, and about 6,000 Indians. A bill to admit the territory as a state passed Congress, but was vetoed, May, 1883.

COLUMBIA, DISTRICT OF. A tract of country 10 miles square, ceded by Virginia and Maryland to the United States, for the purpose of forming the seat of government. It included the cities of Washington, Georgetown, and Alexandria; but in 1843 the latter was receded to Virginia. Population in 1800, 14,093; in 1840, 43,712, including 8,361 free colored persons, and 4,694 slaves. In 1850, 51,687, including 3,687 slaves; in 1860, 61,403; in 1864, 75,000, including 31,500 blacks. In 1866, 74 colored schools were in operation in the district. Its area is 60 square miles. Population in 1867, 118,800, of whom there were several thousand more women than men. Impartial suffrage bill passed by Congress, admitting colored voters in the district, 1867: first in force at the municipal election of 1867, when colored votes were cast for city officers.

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Of the 3,676 failures in 1860, 695 are set down as swindlers; their debts amounting to $10,664,000. In the Northern States, in 1862, the number of failures was 1,652; liabilities, $23,049,300. In 1865, 530; $17,625,000.

COMETS. Two new comets were discovered in 1862; one at Athens, Greece, July 2d, another at Cambridge, Mass., July 18th. Besides these, the regular return of Encke's comet took place in the beginning of the year. In 1863, five new comets were found, none of them in the U. S.; one only was visible to the naked eye with any certainty.

CONCORDANCE. Mrs. Cowden Clarke's Concordance to Shakespeare, a remarkable monument of a woman's intelligent and patient industry, was completed in 1844, after ten years' labor.

CONGRESS, U. S. A. The first Colonial Congress, composed of the delegates from nine of the colonies (Mass., R. I., Conn., N. Y., N. J., Pa., Del., Md., S. C.), met at N. Y. Dec. 7, 1765; Tim. Ruggles, Pres. The Continental Congress met at Phila. Sept. 5th, 1774; again May 10, 1775: adopted Decl. Indep. July 4, 1776; met at Balt. Dec. 29, 1776; at Phila March 4, 1777; at Lancaster, Pa., Sept. 27, 1777; at York, Pa., Sept. 30, 1777; at Phila, July 30, 1778; at Princeton, June 30, 1783; at Annapolis, Nov. 26, 1783; at Trenton, Nov. 30, 1784; at N. York, Jan. 1785; and that continued to be the place of meeting until the adop tion of the constitution, 1789: removed to Phila. 1790; to Washington, 1800. The ap 2

portionment made by Congress, March 4, 1862, under the census of 1860, increased the number of Representatives to 242. There were also 9 Delegates from the Territories, who deliberate but have no vote. The Senators in 1860 were 62 in number. Each Senator and Representative is allowed $10,000 compensation for each Congress (two years), deducting for absence (1866). In the 39th Congress there were 52 Senators and 192 Representatives, the Southern States not yet being represented. In the 40th Congress (1867), the same number, with the addition of Senators and Representatives from Tennessee.

CONGRESS, "CONFEDERATE." Delegates from seven Southern States met at Montgomery, Alabama, Feb. 4, 1861, to organize a congress; Howell Cobb, chairman. On the 8th, a constitution was adopted similar to that of the U. S. On the 9th, a President and Vice Pres. were elected for the "Confederacy," Jeff. Davis and Alex. H. Stephens. Virginia was admitted into it May 7, 1861. May 22, it adjourned to meet at Richmond, Va., on July 20, 1861. The Confederate Government was compelled to leave the city in haste, by the approach of the National army, April 3, 1865. Its Congress never assembled again.

CONNECTICUT. One of the U. States: first settled in 1633, at Windsor, by a colony from Massachusetts. Hartford settled by the English in 1635, the Dutch having previously built a fort there which they did not permanently hold. English colony founded at New Haven, 1638. The two colonies of New Haven and Hartford united by a charter of Charles II., in 1655. This charter, when in danger from the tyranny of Andros, was preserved in an oak, near Hartford, since called the Charter Oak. Conn. took an active part in the Revolu tion; a number of its towns, Danbury, N. London, &c., burnt by the British during that strug. gle. It became one of the original 13 States, adopting the constitution of the Union in 1788, by a vote of 128 to 40. Population 1713, 17,000; 1790, 237,946; 1810, 261,942; 1830, 297,655; 1840, 309,978; 1850, 370,792; 1860, 460,670.

CONSERVATIVE, U. S. A term used in American politics to denote the opposite of extreme and sectional views. In the Presidential campaign of 1860, Mr. Fillmore was known as the candidate of the "Conservative party," in distinction from the anti-slavery party of the North and the pro-slavery party of the South.

CONSTITUTION OF THE U. S. Adopted by the general convention of delegates from all the (then) States, May, 1787. Ratified by the several States at different times. See the respective States. The 50th anniversary of Washington's inauguration was celebrated in New York as a jubilee of the constitution, and John Quincy Adams pronounced an oration before the Hist. Soc'y, April 30, 1840. The great amendment to the constitution abolishing slavery in the U. S., passed Congress, Jan. 1865. Three fourths of the States, 27 in number, ratified it, and it became the law of the land, Dec. 18, 1865. Another amendinent passed Congress, June 13, 1866, declaring all men to be equal before the law; that Representatives shall be apportioned according to the whole number of persons in each State; that no person who shall have engaged in the insurrection shall hold any office under the U. S. Government; and that the validity of the National debt shall not be questioned nor the Rebel debt recognized. This amendment has not yet (1867) been ratified by three fourths of the States.

CONSULS, U. S. See Ambassadors.

CONTRABANDS, U. S. In May, 1861, some slaves coming into the lines of Gen. Butler at Fort Monroe, Va., he refused to surrender them to their owners on the ground that they were "Contraband of War." Since then the term has been used for "blacks or slaves."

CONTRIBUTIONS, IN AID OF THE GOVERNMENT OF THE U. S. (1861-65). See Charities. The contributions from States, counties, and towns for the aid and relief of Union soldiers, amounted to $187,209,608. The contributions of associations and individuals for the care and comfort of soldiers were $24,044 865: for sufferers abroad, $380,040: for sufferers by the riots of July, for freedmen and white refugees, $639,633. Total voluntary contributions of the people of the loyal States, $212,274,248. The famous Sanitary and Christian Commissions, in which hundreds volunteered their services for the relief of soldiers, were of invaluable assistance to the Government during the war.

CONVENTIONS IN THE U. S. In Feb. 1861, a Convention of distinguished men from the States met at Washington, D. C., as a Peace Conference to propose compromise measures between the North and South. Their propositions were referred to Congress, which rejected them, however.

COPYRIGHT IN UNITED STATES. The first act for the protection of literary property in the United States, passed chiefly through the influence of Noah Webster, the lexicographer, May 31, 1790. Another act in relation to it, April 29, 1802-granting copyright for 14 years, subject to renewal for 14 years if the author is living. Memorial of 56 British authors

asking for International Copyright, presented in the Senate by Mr. Clay, Feb. 1, 1837. Act to establish the Smithsonian Institute, requiring that copies of books to secure the copyright must be deposited in there as well as in the library of Congress, and office of Sec. State, Aug. 10, 1846. This act modified so that the copy must be sent to the library of Congress. The law of 1831 gives an author exclusive right to his works for 28 years, and a right of renewal to himself, his wife and children for 14 years more, making 42 years in all. No foreigner can secure a copyright unless residing in the U. S. So far (1867) the American Government has refused or failed to respond to the British offer of reciprocity in literary copyright. A treaty for this purpose was framed by Mr. Everett in 1854, but never acted upon.

COPYRIGHT OF BOOKS, PRODUCE OF. The most profitable copyrights in the U. S. have been those on school-text-books, many of which have yielded large sums to the authors. Of literary and historical works the most profitable have been the works of Prescott, Bancroft, Irving, Longfellow, Kane, Mrs. Stowe, and the several Histories of the late Rebellion.

COPYRIGHT, INTERNATIONAL. In England in 1838 and 1852 acts were passed to secure to authors, in certain cases, the benefit of international copyright (1 & 2 Vict. c. 59 & 15 Vict. c.. 12), and conventions were in consequence entered into with France, Russia, Saxony, &c. Up to 1854, American and other authors were (informally) allowed a copyright in England when their works were first or simultaneously published there; but the House of Lords, in the case of Jeffrey vs. Boosey, decided in 1854 that the privilege should be enjoyed only by authors of those nations which reciprocated it, unless the author resides in England.

CORINTH, U. S., a town in northern Mississippi; important during the war as a military position. After the battle of Pittsburg Landing Gen. Beauregard (Confed.) entrenched himself there and was partially besieged by U. S. forces under Gen. Halleck. Heavy fighting there May 27, 1862. The place was evacuated by the Rebels, May 29, 1862.

CORN (INDIAN), U. S. See Agriculture. The monthly report of agriculture for December contains a final estimate of the corn crop of 1866. The total result is 880,000,000 bushels. Corn used for fuel in Iowa in 1865. It is said to give as much heat per bushel as coal. ports of corn in 1866 amounted to $12,299,879.

Ex

COSTUME. An attempt to introduce, a semi-masculine female costume known as Bloomers (from Mrs. Bloomer, of Seneca, N. Y.) was made in 184-, but with very limited success. It was overshadowed by the other extreme, the crinoline, ascribed to the empress Eugenie, originating a few months before the birth of the heir to the French throne (about 1854). The latter was the prevailing fashion until 1866-7, when itwas superseded by a walking dress with a very small expansion.

COTTON, U. S. The exports of cotton since 1821, have thus advanced (stated in millions of pounds weight)::

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Total value of cotton exported in 39 years, 2383 millions of dollars. Value in 1859, 161 mil. lions. The ratios of cotton imported by Great Britain in the 5 years 1844-9, were as follows: U. States 784 per cent; India 104; Brazil 7; Egypt 34; W. Indies, &c. per cent. In England a cotton supply association to obtain from Africa, India, &c., was formed at Manchester about 1857. Lieut. Burton, who explored the interior of Africa in 1859, states that cotton grows there in great profusion, and a decent kind of cotton cloth is manufactured by the natives. In the U. S. the estimates show a total product of 1,750,000 bales of 400 pounds each in 1866. The estimates are made up as follows: North Carolina, 91,000 bales; South Carolina 152,000; Georgia, 205,000; Florida, 36,000; Alabama, 220,000; Mississippi, 270,000; Louisiana, 100,000; Texas, 300,000; Arkansas, 182,000; Tennessee, 148,000; other States, 87,000 bales. In 1860 the product of the U. S. was 5,198,077 bales. Revenue to the Government from the production of cotton in 1866, $18,409,655. Exports of cotton in 186€ amounted to $281,385,223. Imports of cotton manufactures in 1866, $30,166,300.

COTTON SPINDLES in operation in Europe and America, 1851. The following was the estimated number of spindles in actual operation: Great Britain, 17,000,500; France, 4,300,000; Zollverein States, 815,000; Russia, 700,000; Switzerland, 650,000; Belgium, 420,000; Spain, 300,000; Italy, 300,000. Total, 27,485,000

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