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Connecticut. Until sixty-five years of age, in Missouri. For periods varying from two to twelve years, in New Jersey, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Tennessee, Ohio, Indiana, Michigan; and for one year in Rhode Island and Vermont. THEY ARE REMOVABLE— By impeachment in fourteen States. By conviction of misconduct in a court of law, in Maryland. By joint resolution of Senate and two-thirds of Assembly, in New York.

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KANSAS. One of the United States (the 34th), organized as a territory, May, 1854, and by the same act the Missouri Compromise of 1820 was declared "inoperative and void" in both Kansas and Nebraska. Emigrant companies from Mass. began to arrive in July and founded the town of Lawrence. An association formed in Missouri, July 29, to "remove all emigrants" coming "under the auspices of northern emigrant aid societies;" another formed Aug. 12 to introduce slavery. A. H. Reeder of Pa., app. governor, arrived Oct. 6. Election for delegate to Cong., Nov. 29; the polls mobbed by armed bands from Missouri; of 2,871 votes cast 1,729 were estimated illegal. Another election March 20, 1855, similarly controlled. Reeder removed July 26. Wilson Shannon of Ohio, his successor, assumed office Sept. 1. Topeka ("free State ") Convention promulgates a Constitution Nov. 11. Collisions with bloodshed between the "free State" and "pro-slavery" people commenced at this time, and continued more or less for many months. Topeka Coust. accepted by the people Dec. 15, and under it Charles Robinson chosen governor, Jan. 15, 1856. Armed men from Geo., Alabama, &c., arrived in the territory April, 1856. Report of H. Repres. of U. S. on Kansas affairs, proving fraud and violence of pro-slavery invaders. Robinson arrested for treason, May 5, and imprisoned four months for taking office under Topeka Constitution. Raid of pro-slavery men on the town of Lawrence, May 21. Fight at Potawatamie, May 26, and several other collisions for several months. Free State legislature at Topeka dispersed by U. S. troops under Col. Sumner, July 4. Shannon removed, and John W. Geary of Pa. appointed in his stead Aug. A party led by Ex-Senator Atchison of Mo. repulsed in an attack on Osawatomie Aug. 29. Free State men driven by Missourians from Leavenworth Sept. 1. Robinson and others released on bail Sept. 8, and Geary promising protection to free State men they gave up their arms. Topeka legislature met Jan. 6, 1857; the Speaker and others arrested by U. S. Marshal. Pro-slavery legislature at Lecompton provides for a convention. Geary resigned in consequence of illegal acts of Lecompte, U. S. judge, 1857. Robert J. Walker appointed governor, and F. P. Stanton of Tenn., secretary, June. M. J. Parrott elected delegate to Cong. Lecompton Constitution promulgated, and caused great excitement Dec., 1857. Walker denounces it as a fraud, and resigns because the Const. is approved by the President. J. W. Denver of Calif. app. governor Dec., 1857. Lecompton Const. submitted to the people and repudiated by 10,226 votes. Convention at Wyandot adopts a Const. prohibiting slavery, July 27, which is ratified by the people (4,000 majority), Oct. 4. Under it Charles Robinson chosen governor Dec. 6. A famine and great suffering prevails in the territory 1860, relieved by contributions from many States. Kansas admit ted into the Union under the Wyandot Constitution Jan. 29, 1861. Population in 1859, 69,950; in 1860, 143,645. Act establishing an “Agricultural College" passed Jan., 1863. The State furnished 19,500 men to the war. Efforts to advance the internal condition of the State are being made by the legislature every year. Asylums for the deaf, blind, and insane, have been organized.

KENTUCKY, one of the United States, was first explored by Daniel Boone, an enterprising hunter, in 1770. First white settlement near Lexington, 1775. Was a part of Virginia until 1782, when it was made a separate district. Admitted into the Union 1792. Population in 1790, 73,677; in 1810, 406,511; in 1830, 688,844; in 1840, 779,828, including 182,258 slaves. Population in 1850, 771,424 and 210,981 slaves. In 1860, 933,707, and 225,902 slaves. Increase of free persons in 10 years 19 per cent., inc. of slaves 7 per cent. There was a slight decrease of the population, caused by the war, in 1865. The State sent 63,995 white and 20,400 colored soldiers (Union) to the war. Population in 1865, 1,155,668.

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LANGUAGE. Hon. George P. Marsh, in a lecture, stated that there were nearly 100,000 English words found in use by good writers, but that no single writer employed more than a very small proportion of the whole. Few scholars used as many as 10,000 English words, and ordinary people not more than 3,000. In all Shakespeare there were not 15,000 words, and in all Milton but 8,000. There were but 200 of the Egyptian hieroglyphics.

LAW. The number of lawyers in the United States, in March, 1851, was 21,979, or about one to every fifteen hundred inhabitants. Monthly Law Magazine. Estimating their average receipts at $1,000 per annum, their aggregate income would reach within a fraction of twenty-two millions of dollars. In 1851 there were in New York, 4,740 lawyers; in Pennsylvania, 1,848; in Ohio, 2,031; in Massachusetts, 1,132; in Kentucky, 1,066; and in Georgia, 908. Livingston's Law Register. See Attorneys.

LECTURES, POPULAR, IN THE U. S. They are a prominent source of entertainment and information among the American people. Lectures on all subjects, and by persons of every degree of ability, are delivered in the winter season throughout the country. Agassiz, of Harvard College, lectured on Geology for $500 a night (1867).

Prof.

LEGACY DUTY, INTERNAL REVENUE, U. S. By the Revenue laws of 1861-62-63, Legacies were included on the taxable list. A tax of 75 cents to $5 is imposed on 66 every hundred dollars of the clear value of interest in such property." In 1863, the revenue from legacies to parent, child, &c., was $25,869, to nephew, niece, &c., $11,333, to uncle, &c., $921, to corporations, strangers, &c., $18,470. Total Revenue from legacies and successions in 1864, $310,836; in 1865, $546,703; in 1866, $1,170,979.

LEXINGTON, BATTLE OF. This battle, or rather skirmish, claims distinction as being the first between Great Britain and the American colonies in the war of Independence. The British troops, under Major Pitcairn, sent from Boston to destroy the American stores at Lexington, were attacked by the Americars and 273 of them killed and wounded, April 19, 1775.

LIBEL LAW OF THE U. S. Action for libel lies against the proprietor of a newspaper, edited by another, though the publication was made without the knowledge of such proprietor.

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LIBERIA. The number of American Africans in 1860 was about 10,000; natives under jurisdiction of the republic about 250,000. In 1856 the sugar-cane was introduced, and in May, 1860, a cargo of sugar was sent to N. Y. Palm oil reported in 1859, $500,000. college, several schools, newspapers, and several churches had been established (1859). Population in 1863, 422,000, of whom 16,000 were born in the U. S., and 6,000 rescued from slave-ships. The government is Republican. Capital, Monrovia. Revenue of the Republic in 1861, $149,550.

LIBRARIES IN THE U. S. The number of volumes in the chief public and college libraries in the United States in 1849, was stated to be 1,294,000. The number of libraries is 182. Of these, 43 contain over 10,000 volumes each; 9 over 20,000; and only 2 over 50,000. In 1849, the precedence of the largest as to numbers stood thus:

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Vols. 6 Mercantile Library, New York..... 30,000* 7 Georgetown College, D. C.,......... 25,000 8 Brown University,... 24,000 50,000 9 New York State Library,........... 24,000 .....50,000 10 Yale College,...

2 Philadelphia and Loganian Lib.,....60,000 3 Boston Athenæum,..

4 Library of Congress,.

... 21,000

5 New York Society Library,..........32,000 | 11 Astor Library, New York,. ........ 20,000+ The number of volumes in the School District libraries of the State of New York, in 1849, was 1,338,848. There were 10,621 school districts, and 1,785 incorporated or private schools. The mercantile libraries, chiefly for merchants' clerks, in the large cities, are of comparatively recent date and of great utility. That in New York was founded in 1820, and contains 30,000 volumes; in Boston, founded 1820, contains 7,637 volumes; in Philadel phia, founded 1822, contains 12,200 volumes. There are similar ones in Baltimore, Cincinnati, St. Louis, Troy, &c. The public libraries containing over 5,000 volumes, were distributed according to evidence in the British Museum Report in 1849) thus:

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The abo estimate is perhaps below the mark, and does not include school, parish, and

66

16,254

46

41,000

Total

72

979,656

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town libraries, which are numerous, but of moderate extent. The city of Paris alone has 1,474,000 volumes, in large public libraries; i. e. half as many again as the whole of the United States. See Parl. Rep. Brit. Mus. ; Prof. Jewett's Rep. Smithsonian Inst. ; G. Lavermore in N. Amer. Rev., July 1850, &c.

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LIBRARIES. The Astor Library, founded by the late J. J. Astor, who left, by will, $400,000 for the establishment of a public library in New York," " which should be open at all reasonable hours, free of expense, to persons resorting thereto." The original building opened to the public Jan. 9, 1854. Another building of similar style and extent was added by W. B. Astor, 1860. The whole contained in 1860 about 120,000 volumes, including the most valuable, rare, and costly works purchasable. The free Public Library in Boston, opened Sept. 17, 1858, is a noble institution of a similar kind founded at a similar expense by several munificent citizens. It is wholly free to the public, and about 30,000 volumes are provided, which may be taken from the library by any resident of Boston. It is a remarkable fact that these 30,000 volumes had thus been freely loaned to all comers without loss or damage to the amount of $100 in 2 years. In 1864 there were 104 libraries in the U. S. of over 100,000 volumes distributed among 23 of the States and containing 2,404,000 books, or about the total number in all the public libraries of the country. The Church and Sunday School libraries were estimated to contain from 5 to 6 million volumes. In the work entitled "Private Libraries of New York " (Dr. Wynne) are found notices of over 40 collections of 4000 and 12 with 10,000 volumes (1864). In 1859 the following statistics were compiled: Number of Libraries in the U. S. with volumes reported, 1,297, estimated, 1,598; libraries of common schools, 18,000; Sunday Schools, 30,000; total, 50,890 libraries, number of volumes, 12,720,686. See Circulating Libraries.

LICENSE TAX, U. S. Levied by act of Congress, July 1, 1862. Total receipts from this source in 1863, $6,824,178; in 1864, $7,145,389; in 1865, $12,613,478; in 1866, $18,038,098. In 1865, the largest amount was received from wholesale dealers, $5,428,345. Retail dealers in liquors paid $2,807,225. Receipts from bowling alleys were the smallest, $19,749.

LIGHTHOUSES. In 1859, there were 491 light stations on the coasts of the U. S. including the Pacific and the lakes, the annual cost to gov. being $932,000. The No. of buoys and beacons was about 5000. A large number of the lighthouses from Cape Henry to the Rio Grande were destroyed by the Confederates in the late war.

LITERATURE, AMERICAN. See Books.

LOANS, U. S. The following are the principal loans of the Government in support of the war against the Rebellion.

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LONGEVITY, IN THE U. S. In 1860 there were 2960 persons over 100 years of age. In the State of N. Y. (1865) there were 108.

LOTTERIES. In N. Y. and Pa. Lotteries have been declared by law to be "public nuisances," and to be indictable as such. The Am. Art Union was pronounced illegal, as a lottery, 1851. About 1820 there was a lottery at Natchez for building a Presbyterian church. At other times colleges, roads, ferries, hospitals, &c. have been aided by lotteries. They were still tolerated in Maryland, Georgia, and perhaps other States (1861) The "Crosby Opera House" Association, in 1866, was a lottery, in which the "opera house" at Chicago was the principal prize. All who invested received a prize equivalent to their amount immediately on payment. The proprietors made large profits, as subscriptions came in from all parts of the country.

LOUISIANA. One of the U. S. first explored by the French, and received its name in 1862, from M. La Salle, in honor of Louis XIV., and a settlement was attempted in 1684, but failed. In 1699 a more successful attempt was made by M. Iberville, who entered the Miss., and founded a colony. His efforts were followed up by one Crozat, a man of wealth, who held the exclusive trade of the country for a number of years. About the year 1717, he transferred his interest in the province to a chartered company, at the head of which was the notorious John Law, whose national bank and Mississippi speculation involved the ruin of half

the French nobility. In 1731, the company resigned the concern to the crown, who, in 1762, ceded the whole of Louisiana to Spain. In 1800, Spain reconveyed the province to the French, of whom it was purchased by the United States, in 1803, for $15,000,000. The pur chase included the territory of the United States W. of the Mississippi. In 1812 the present State of Louisiana formed a constitution, and was admitted into the Union. Population in 1810, 76,556; in 1820, 153, 407; in 1830, 215, 575; in 1840, 352,411, including 168, 452 slaves. Population in 1850, 517,762. In 1855, by state census, 557,774, including 241.000 slaves. In 1860, 666,413, including 312,186 slaves. Ordinance of secession from the U. S. passed by Convention, Jan. 26, 1861. Motion to submit the question to the people was defeated by a large majority. The principal portion of the State came under the authority of the Government before the close of the war. Number of men furnished to the Union army, mostly blacks, 40,000. Debt of the State in 1867, $13,358,000.

LUNATICS, U. S. The number of asylums in 1860 was 47; number of insane persons, 24,000; number of idiots, 18,865. Only about one half could be accommodated in the public institutions.

LYNCH LAW, U. S. "A common phrase used to express the vengeance of a mob, inflicting an injury, and committing an outrage upon a person suspected of some offence. In England this is called Lidford Law."-Bouvier.

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MAGAZINES, U. S. See Periodicals, Reviews, and Magazines.

MAINE, one of the United States; first permanent settlement in, at Bristol. The district was granted in 1635 to Sir Ferdinand Gorges, who appointed a governor and council. It was purchased of the heirs of Gorges in 1652, by the State of Massachusetts, for $5,334; annexed to Massachusetts, under charter from William and Mary, in 1691; became a separate State in 1820. Population in 1790 was 96,540; in 1810, 228,705; in 1840, 501,793; in 1850, 583,169-increase in 10 years, 16 per cent.; in 1860, 619,958-increase in 10 years, 6 per cent. The State sent 71,558 men to the war in 1861-5.

MARRIAGE, LAWS OF, U. S. The common law requires no particular ceremony to the valid celebration of marriage. Only the consent of the parties is necessary. In the State of New York marriage is valid if declared before witnesses. In Maine, Connectient, Massachusetts, and other States, the marriage must be made in the presence of a magistrate or minister.

MARYLAND, one of the middle United States, was originally included in the patent of Virginia, granted under charter to Calvert, Lord Baltimore, in 16:32; named in honor of Henrietta Maria, Queen of Charles I.; first colony were Catholics who settled at St. Mary's, on the Potomac, 1634; free toleration of all religions and creeds granted by Lord Baltimore; Constitution settled in 1650, and again in 1776; the State bore an active part in the Revolution; adopted the Federal Constitution April 28, 1788, by 63 to 12. Population in 1790 was 319,728; in 1810, 380,546; in 1840, 469,232, including 89,485 slaves; in 1850, 583,034, including 74,723 free colored, and 90,368 slaves. Increase in ten years, 24 per cent. In 1860, the population was 646,183, and 85,382 slaves. Increase of free persons in ten years, 11 per cent.; decrease of slaves, 6 per cent. In 1865 the Legislature passed an act refusing all who fought against the Union the right to vote.

MASSACHUSETTS, one of the United States. First settled at Plymouth by a colony of English Puritans from Holland, who landed Dec. 22, 1620. This was called the Plymouth colony. The Massachusetts colony at Salem and Charlestown, in 1628, and Boston, 1630. These colonies united in 1692. The American Revolution originated here, at Boston and vicinity, and this State bore an important and honorable part in the contest. See Boston, Bunker Hill, Lexington, &c. Present State Constitution formed in 1780; revised and altered in 1820; slavery abolished in 1783; Shay's rebellion in this State in 1786; Federal Consti tution adopted Feb. 6, 1788, by 187 against 168. Population in 1721, 94,000; in 1790, 388,727; in 1810, 472,040; in 1820, 523,287; in 1840, 737,699; in 1850, 994,514; increase in 10 years, 34 per cent. Population in 1855 (state census), 1,132,869, increase in 5 years, 16 per cent. These returns placed Mass. the 6th in the Union in population. In 1860 the population was 1,231,494. Increase in 10 years, 24 per cent. industrial production in 1855, 295 millions of dollars. Exports, 1859, 18 inillions. Railroads, 1,602 miles, which cost 63 millions. Number of troops sent to the war in 1861-5, 159,165, of whom about 6,500 were blacks. Population in 1865, 1,267,829. 3

Total

MATCHES, U.S. The tax on matches, imposed Aug. 1864, is one cent per hundred. The revenue from this source, in 1865, was about $1,000,000.

MEDICAL COLLEGES, U. S.

There were 54 medical schools and colleges in the U. S. in 1862. The oldest is the University of Penn. at Phila., 1765. MERCHANTS' EXCHANGES, U. S. Organizations of business men established in the principal cities of the country, for mutual acquaintance and discussion.

METHODISTS. The first Methodist organization in the U. S. was at Baltimore, 1784, Wesley sanctioning it as the "Meth. Episcopal Church of America." Introduced in S. Carolina and Georgia, 1785. Secession of Anti-Episcopal branch, 1830. Secession (on account of the slavery question), of the "Methodist Episcopal Church South," 1844. The northern branch had, in 1860, 956,555 members, and 13,000 preachers, under 51 “annual conferences,” 24 colleges, 2 biblical institutes, and 120 seminaries. The "M. E. Church South," in 1845, had 6 bishops, 24 conferences, 330,710 white members, 124,811 colored members, 2,978 Indians. In 1859, the total membership was 721,023, with 21 colleges for males, 28 colleges and 27 high schools for females; and a publishing house at Nashville, which issued 600 mil lion pages in 5 years. The Meth. Prot. Church, in 1858, had 90,000 members, and 2,000 ministers. Number of Methodists in the U. S. in 1863, 1,650,000; number of churches 11,638; ministers, 10,911.

MEXICO. In July, 1863, an assembly of notables in the city of Mexico declared Mexico a moderated monarchy, and offered the crown to Maximilian, arch-duke of Austria, who accepted it; entered the city of Mexico June, 1864; defeated the liberals in several engagements. In the spring of 1867, the French troops who had been sent in 1861, to enforce certain claims made by France, and by whose assistance Maximilian had established himself in Mexico, were withdrawn. The liberals after this regained their lost ground, besieged Maximilian in Quere taro, and compelled his surrender. The Juarez government declared him to be a usurper, and sentenced him to be shot. His execution took place against the protest of all foreign ministers, June 19, 1867. Miramon and Mejia executed as traitors at the same time. A state of anarchy has existed in Mexico for years, and Maximilian's object was to reduce the country to order under a monarchy. The contest was waged with great bitterness and cruelty. City of Mexico surrendered to the Republicans, June, 1867.

MICHIGAN, one of the United States, first settled by the French at Detroit in 1647. Many of the Hurons, a native tribe in this region, were converted to the Catholic faith by the Jesuits. The territory ceded to England by the peace of 1763; made a separate territory of the United States in 1805; admitted into the Union as a State in 1836. During the war of 1812-13, the territory was gained for a time by the British, but it was recovered by General Harrison. Population in 1810 was 4,528; in 1820, 9,048; in 1830, 31,639; in 1840, 212,267. Population in 1850, 399,654; in 1860, 754,291. Increase in 1840-50, 87 per cent.; 1850-60, 89 per cent. Population in 1864, 803,745. 600,000,000 feet of timber were sawed in the State in 1864. Number of men sent to the army in 1861-5, 90,119.

MILITIA, U. S. The militia force of the United States in 1860, as near as can be ascertained from official reports, consisted of 53,589 commissioned officers, and 2,036,520 non-commissioned officers, musicians, artificers, and privates; a total of 2,090,109 men. Since the late war, most of the States have organized their militia into a more efficient system than formerly. Volunteers in the war are exempt from duty for a certain period; in Conn. for 3 years.

MINES, U. S. The famous Hayward gold mine, in Amadon county, California, extends 1200 feet below the surface of the earth. In thirteen years, $7,000,000 have been produced from it. The greatest silver mine is known as the "Comstock lode," in Nevada, discovered in 1860. It is owned by about 100 different companies. The length of mining shafts in the West varies from 500 to 1000 feet. The annual yield of gold and silver mines in the U. S. in 1860 was nearly $150,000,000.

MINNESOTA, U. S. Made a territory, 1849; admitted into the Union as a State, 1857. Population, 1850, 6,077; 1860. 176,535; 1865, 248,848. A terrible Indian massacre occurred in this State in August, 1862. The Sioux rose in a body, and commenced a series of fiendish outrages. 500 whites were murdered in cold blood, and millions worth of property destroyed. Their depredations extended over an area of 20,000 square miles in the western part of the State. Gen. Libbey finally checked and defeated them; 2,000 prisoners were taken, of whom 38 were hung as murderers In Sept. 1862 over 8,000 fugitive whites were receiving aid in Eastern Minnesota.

MINT OF

THE UNITED STATES established at Philadelphia, 1792. Branch at New

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