Berenguer, went to Madrid to consult with the Government as to the policy to be adopted in Morocco. It was decided that military operations should be reduced to a minimum, and that the Moors should be invited to co-operate more freely in the administration of the Protectorate. General Berenguer's way of putting these ideas into practice was, however, peculiar, as his return to Morocco on April 4 was followed by sinister activity on the part of the Spanish aerial forces. On April 10 these made a raid from end to end of the coast-a stretch of 200 miles-spreading great terror in the Moorish villages. As a result twenty-two chiefs of the Beni Said submitted, but the bulk of the Riff forces were infuriated and more determined than ever to have nothing to do with the Spaniards. The spirit prevailing among the Rifis was made known to the world a month or so later, when an Englishman, Mr. John Arnall, who had been living among them, found his way to Tangier, and gave an account of his experiences. He published a manifesto of the Rifi chieftain, Abd-el-Krim, which ran as follows: "We have been driven to war by Spanish religious animosity and bad treatment. The Spaniards are conducting the war with great cruelty, and are actuated by the religious fanaticism of the Middle Ages. We are more capable of governing ourselves than are the Spaniards. We desire to form a Republic, and open the country to Europeans." Abd-el-Krim followed this

up in June by sending a delegation to visit England, France, and the Pope, and appeal to the British Red Crescent Society for medical aid for wounded soldiers and civilian victims of Spanish air raids. On their arrival in England these delegates presented letters demanding the recognition of the Riff republic, and stated that they would never recognise the Spanish Protectorate, civil or military.

On July 1 the Spanish Chamber cut down to 10,000,000l. the vote for military and naval expenditure in Morocco, and, in deference to popular clamour, recalled 20,000 men to Spain. On July 13 General Berenguer was allowed to lay down his office of High Commissioner, which he had held for three years, in order that he might defend himself against charges made against him in the Senate. He was succeeded by General Ricardo Berguette, military governor of Madrid. One of the new Governor's first acts was to liberate the native prisoners in gaol in Sheshawes. This "beau geste" initiated a policy of conciliation towards the Moors which was continued for some little time. On August 12, however, Colonel Lasquetty, chief of the native police, was ambushed and killed by the Moors while returning to Melilla from an interview with some chiefs in the interior; and relations again became more strained. At the end of August General Berguette, instead of curtailing the forward movement, as had been agreed, issued a spirited address to the Army, declaring his intention of recovering the Spanish prisoners (of whom there were about five hundred in the hands

of the Moors) and avenging their murdered comrades. Immediately afterwards, however, he returned to Madrid, and when he came back to Morocco in the first week of September, his first act was to inaugurate at Melilla amid great pomp and ceremony the new Protectorate of Spain in the Riff, which he signalised by the nomination of several Cadis. The Rifis, however, still remained irreconcilable. In October bitter complaints were made by the Spaniards that they were being allowed by the French authorities to smuggle in arms from Algeria.

During September Raisuli made a somewhat farcical "submission" which left him as independent as before. At the beginning of December he sent two of his nephews to pay homage to the Sultan's Khalifa at Tetuan. They visited the High Commissioner, and sent their uncle's salutations to the King of Spain. In the East also, during the autumn, the Spaniards achieved some minor successes, occupying Anual without opposition on November 6. But meanwhile Spain had become possessed with an intense war weariness, and considerable satisfaction greeted the announcement on December 26 that the new Government had decided to take the initiative and control of affairs in Morocco out of military hands by abolishing the post of Military High Commissioner and appointing instead a Civil Commissioner in the person of Don Miguel Villanneva. This step, however, had not yet actually been put into execution when the year closed.

EGYPT.

The year 1921 closed with the political affairs of Egypt at a complete deadlock. The negotiations for a constitutional settlement between the British and Egyptian Governments had broken down, apparently without hope of repair. The Egyptian Cabinet had resigned and no successors could be found. Zaghloul had been deported to the Seychelles by the British authorities acting under martial law. Egypt was in a state of barely suppressed rebellion against the British, and Englishmen walked in the streets of Cairo at the risk of their lives. However, although on the surface all relations between the British and the Egyptian authorities appeared to have been broken off, negotiations were still continuing. Sarwat Pasha, a member of the Cabinet that had resigned, had been offered the Premiership. He had not refused it, but made his acceptance subject to the following conditions:

(1) The granting by the Sultan of a new constitution with a Parliament to which Ministers would be responsible.

(2) The abolition of the Protectorate and the recognition by Great Britain of the independence of Egypt.

(3) Internal autonomy and the abolition of martial law. (4) The re-establishment of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the independent representation of Egypt abroad,

The adviserships and most of the foreign officials would go at the same time, and a new delegation would proceed to England to discuss the question of military guarantees.

It was known that Lord Allenby was in general sympathy with these claims, and when he left for England on an urgent summons on the last day of January interest rose to a high pitch. A month later he was back in Egypt with an agreed settlement in his hand. Sarwat's terms had been accepted practically without amendment, but it was laid down definitely that measures for the security of the communications of the British Empire in Egypt, the defence of Egypt against foreign aggression or interference, the protection of foreign interests in Egypt, the protection of minorities and the question of the Sudan would be reserved (see Public Documents). The Prime Minister in his statement to the House of Commons added that British rights and interests were vitally involved in the relations of Egypt, and the Government would not permit them to be questioned by other Powers. The British Government would regard as an unfriendly act any attempt at interference in Egyptian affairs by another Power and would consider aggression against Egyptian territory an act to be repelled by all means. This was considered satisfactory in Egypt, and Sarwat Pasha thereupon formed a Government. A fortnight later, Parliament having in the meanwhile endorsed the terms of settlement, the Sultan was proclaimed King Fuad of Egypt.

Not all the political leaders, however, acquiesced in the new status. The Wafd, or Zaghloul Pasha's followers, in particular protested and agitated until at length the violence of their manifestos led to the interference of the authorities and the arrest under martial law of their principal men. The arrests, the trial that speedily followed and the severe sentences that were imposed were taken quite calmly by the populace.

About the same time the Egyptian Government took steps to regularise the position of the ex-Khedive. They practically deprived him of Egyptian nationality and banished him from Egyptian soil, but they safeguarded his private property.

The succeeding months were for the most part occupied by the deliberations of the Commission that had been appointed for the drafting of a Constitution. This reported in October. In general it followed the terms of the Agreement, but despite the reservation regarding the status of the Sudan, the draft Constitution definitely includes that region among the dominions of the King of Egypt. The Commission also resolved, by two to one, not to accord racial or religious minorities special representation in Parliament.

A far less pleasant matter to record in this connexion is the number of assassinations and attempts at assassination that were made during the year. Fourteen such attacks were made, in consequence of which five British soldiers and officials were murdered and nine other British subjects wounded, The

victims of the assassins were, however, not confined to Englishmen. A new Political Party, the Liberal Constitutional Party, had been formed by Adly Pasha a few months earlier and had obtained support from many of the most stable and responsible elements in the country. Its programme, as its title implies, is intended to be Liberal and Constitutional, but when published did not differ much from that of the existing Government. Nevertheless it attracted the attention of enemies who, to the general consternation, murdered two of its prominent members in cold blood. Not long after this Sarwat's Cabinet, which had become increasingly unpopular, fell, mainly on account of differences with the King who had begun to lean in the direction of Zaghloul, still an exile, and was succeeded by one formed by Tewfik Pasha Nessim who was more in sympathy with the extremists than was his predecessor.

At a

Despite these political troubles the financial position of the country showed exceptionally satisfactory symptoms. time when it was the rule rather than the exception for State budgets to show serious deficiencies, that of Egypt realised a surplus of E4,000,000l. as against an anticipated deficit of E2,000,000l. when the estimates were financed. The total revenue was nearly E42,000,000l. and the expenditure E38,000,000l.

THE SUDAN.

In the Sudan all that there is to record is a small outbreak in the Fung province towards the end of the year. It was not of a serious character. More important was the discussion regarding the future status of the Sudan that arose in Egypt. Passing reference to this has been made under the heading Egypt. The most recent authoritative British statement on the subject was one made by Lord Allenby at Khartoum in April. He there assured the people of the Sudan, who had become uneasy on the matter, that whatever new arrangements might be made for Egypt the relations between the British Empire and the Sudan would remain as hitherto.

CHAPTER IX.

AMERICA: THE UNITED STATES-CANADA-ARGENTINA-BRAZIL - PERU URUGUAY

-CHILE-COLOMBIA-CUBA-MEXICO

OTHER REPUBLICS.

THE UNITED STATES.

WHEN the year 1922 opened, it found the Washington Conference on Disarmament and the problems of the Far East (see the ANNUAL REGISTER, 1921, p. 306) still in session but rapidly winding up its work. This conference which had opened,

November 11, on an extraordinary wave of high hopes and good wishes, lost something of its hold on the American imagination as its labours continued. This was partly due to the feeling that French opposition had destroyed all possibility of a radical disarmament programme, and this in turn induced a widespread cynicism, a conviction that at best treaties were but weak restraints on the egoistic course of nations. Nevertheless, President Harding and Mr. Secretary Hughes pushed the conference through to a successful conclusion on February 6, and on February 10 the President, addressing the Senate, presented for ratification by that body seven treaties and declarations, drafted by representatives of the nine Powers assembled in the conference.

These seven treaties may be summarised in Mr. Harding's own language as follows:

"1. The Covenant of limitation to naval armaments between our Republic, the British Empire, France, Italy, and Japan. "2. The treaty between the same Powers in relation to the use of submarines and noxious gases in warfare. "3. The treaty between the United States, the British Empire, France, and Japan, relating to their insular possessions and their insular dominions in the Pacific. "4. A declaration accompanying the Four-Power Treaty reserving America's rights in mandated territory. "5. An agreement supplementary to the Four-Power Treaty defining the application of the term 'insular possessions and insular dominions,' as relating to Japan. "6. A treaty between the nine Powers in the conference relating to the principles and policies to be followed in matters concerning China.

"7. A treaty between the nine Powers relating to Chinese customs tariff."

Profiting by Mr. Wilson's mistake in attempting to disregard the United States Senate in the Versailles negotiations, Mr. Harding had seen to it that the American delegation at the Washington Disarmament Conference included two influential representatives of the Senate in Mr. Henry Cabot Lodge, Republican, Chairman of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, and Mr. Underwood, floor leader of the Democrats in the Senate. With these two men supporting the treaties, there was no chance for merely partisan opposition. The socalled " irreconcilables," the men who feared "entangling alliances" with Europe, were reassured by an amendment to the Four-Power Pacific Treaty-an amendment which the

1 These nine Powers were the British Empire including Dominions, United States, France, Italy, Japan, Belgium, Holland, Portugal, and finally, China, whose interests were jealously watched and zealously defended by Mr. Wellington Koo. No delegation seemed to enjoy a better press throughout the conference than the Chinese.