1857. Conference of Copenhagen to capitalize the Sound Dues claimed by Denmark. Sixteen powers represented. Agreement with Denmark reached, to which most of the maritime powers acceded, she receiving 35,000,000 rix-dollars.

1861. Conference at Hanover to secure the Abolition of the Tax by Hanover on the Navigation of the Elbe. Seventeen powers represented. Convention signed commuting Hanoverian right for about 2,800,000 thalers.

1863. Conference of London between five powers to guarantee the neutrality of the United States of the Ionian Islands, after their reunion with Greece.

1863. Conference of Brussels, July 15, to compound with the Netherlands for the Free Navigation of the Scheldt. Convention signed by twenty-one powers, for composition of about 17,000,000 florins.

1863. Congress of German sovereigns (Prussia excepted) at Frankfort, August 16. Project of Austria for one federal state considered. 1863. Conference of Paris on a Postal Union. Led to that of Berne in 1874.

1863. Conference of four powers on Sugar Duties.

1864. Conference of Geneva, August 20, as to promoting humanity in war. Sixteen powers represented. Resulted in the Geneva Conventions of 1864 and 1868 as to the Red Cross, between thirty-one powers. A permanent international committee established. Eighth "International Red Cross Conference" held in London in June, 1907.

1864. Congress of Lima, October 28 to November 14, to abolish war in South America, substitute arbitration, and devise an alliance. Eight powers represented. Treaty of alliance signed, but never ratified.3

1864. First International Conference on Weights and Measures. Held at Berlin. Fourteen powers attended. An international central bureau established at Berlin under charge of a permanent commission, meeting annually. Twenty-seven powers now adhere to it.

1864. Conference of London as to Marine Signalling.

1864. Conference of Paris as to Marine Signalling.

1865. Monetary Conference of Paris, resulting, December 23, in the Latin Monetary Union, between four powers, lasting till 1886. Conference of Paris in 1885 of four powers substituted (November 6) another convention.

Calvo, Droit Int., I, 89.

1865. Conference of Paris on Telegraphic Correspondence. Twenty powers were represented. A convention was agreed on, and afterwards ratified, constituting "L'Union telegraphique universelle." Similar conferences followed, in 1865 at Vienna, in 1871 at Berne, in 1875 at St. Petersburg, in 1879 at London, in 1882 at Paris, in 1883 at Berlin. A permanent bureau was set up at Berne in 1869, and is still maintained. It is in correspondence with forty bureaus of as many different states, and over twenty private corporations. It issues an official Gazette, Le Journal Télégraphique.

1866. Conference of Paris as to the Navigation of the Danube. Confirmed the work as to neutralization by the European commission (see art. 108 et seq. of the Final Act of the Congress of Vienna of 1815).

1867. Monetary Conference of Paris. Twenty-two powers represented. The five franc piece recommended as the monetary unit.

1867. Conference of London, between eight powers, to neutralize Luxembourg.

1868. Conference at Geneva, to extend the operation of the Geneva Convention of 1864 to naval warfare.

1868. Parliament of the Zollverein at Berlin, April 27 to May 23. All the associated states represented.

1868. The International Military Commission met at St. Petersburg to consider Rules of War. Nineteen powers represented. The "Declaration of St. Petersburg" adopted. Use of explosive bullets condemned.

1869. Conference of Paris on the Cretan Question, January and February.

1870. International Commission on the Metric System, first met at Paris. Thirty powers represented. At a subsequent meeting in 1875, a convention agreed to, May 20, setting up at Paris an International Bureau of Weights and Measures (Le Bureau du Metre) to be maintained by pro rata contributions from the contracting powers, and managed by a permanent international committee of one from each power, meeting annually.

1871. Conference of London to consider the questions arising out of the neutralization of the Black Sea by the treaty of Paris of 1856. Its neutralization abrogated by a convention signed March 13. Six powers represented.

1872. Conference of the International Telegraphic Commission at Rome. Convention signed January 14 by twenty-one powers.

1873. sented.

Monetary Conference at Copenhagen. Three powers repre-
The Scandinavian Monetary Union formed May 27.

Re

1874. Conference of Berne, September 15, on a Postal Union. sulted in a convention forming one (October 9). Permanent international bureau maintained at Berne since 1875, which is in correspondence with about fifty postal administrations of different powers. Congresses of delegates from the powers adhering to the convention met quinquennially to perfect and improve the union, but in case of need. special international conferences may be called with the consent of twothirds of the powers adhering. That of 1891, at Vienna, acted on the subject of international telephony. An official journal published monthly in three languages, L'Union Postale.

1874. Conference of Brussels to establish Rules of War. Attended by most of the European powers. Called by Russia. Promulgated a project for a code of rules as having been "discussed" ("The Declaration of Brussels "), but they were neither adopted nor ratified.

1874. Monetary Conference of Paris between five powers.

1874. Conference of Paris as to Submarine Telegraph Cables. Convention signed, March 14, by twenty-eight powers.

1875. Congress of International Telegraphy, at St. Petersburg. International convention agreed on, December 21, between sixteen powers.

1876. Conférence Géographique Internationale of Brussels. Seven powers participated. Created the " Association internationale Africaine." 1876-1877. Conference of Constantinople on the Eastern Question. Nothing accomplished.

1876-1877. Monetary Conference at Paris between five powers.

1877. Congress of Lima on Uniform Rules of Private International Law; called on the initiative of Peru. Met Dec. 9. Nine powers participated. Extradition treaty drafted.

1878. Conference at Berne to provide against the Phylloxera. Convention signed by seven powers, September 17, ad referendum, setting up a permanent bureau at Berne. Five ratified it.

Conference of Berlin on the Eastern Question. Treaty signed. by seven powers, making Roumania and Servia kingdoms.

Met

1878. Le Congrès International de la Propriété Industrielle. at Paris, and again, by adjournment, in 1880. Reconvened in 1883, when ten powers were represented, and formed an International Union for the Protection of Industrial Property, with a permanent bureau at Berne. A convention for this purpose was confirmed at Berne in 1886, and ratified by many of the powers, going into effect in 1887.

1878. Monetary Diplomatic Conference at Paris, held on the initiative of the United States. Twelve powers represented. It set up a permanent international bureau in Berne.

1879. Conference of London as to International Telegraphy. Convention signed by nineteen powers, July 28.

1881. Conference of Berne to regulate railroad transportation. Convention agreed on at a later conference at Berne in 1890, and ratified by ten powers. Central bureau at Berne. Publishes a Zeitschrift für den internationalen Eisenbahntransport."

1881. Monetary Diplomatic Conference at Paris, held on the initiative of France and the United States. Fifteen powers represented. Adjourned July 8 to April 12, 1882. The powers agreed not to reconvene it.

1882.

graph cables.

Conference of Paris as to the neutralization of submarine teleConvention agreed to, ad referendum, but not ratified. 1882. Conference at The Hague as to the Police of the North Sea fisheries. Six powers represented. International Fisheries Convention agreed to, May 6.

1883. Conference of London (February 2 to March 10) on the Navigation of the Danube. Convention agreed to, March 10, approving rules established by the permanent European Commission on the Danube. 1883. Conference of Brussels as to the Exchange of Official and Scientific Documents. Met again in 1886 and framed a convention, establishing a bureau of international exchanges, which eleven powers have ratified.

Conference of Paris for the Protection of Submarine Telegraph Cables. Twenty-five powers represented. A convention was agreed to March 14, but reserved all rights of belligerents. Since ratified by twenty-eight powers. Went into effect May 1, 1888.

1884. Conference of Washington on a Prime Meridian. Adopted that of Greenwich.

1884-1885. The Conference of Berlin, November 15 to February 26, as to West African Affairs. Fourteen powers represented. A permanent international convention established to secure the free navigation of the Congo river. Conferences have been held since, in 1889 and 1890, at Brussels.

1885. International Congress of Commercial Law (otherwise styled Le Congrès International de Droit International) of Antwerp, September 27, called by Belgium. Considered the subjects of railroad transportation, international exchange, and a maritime code. Was adjourned first to September, 1887, and then to Brussels in September, 1888, to complete its work. Agreed on a draft code at Brussels in 1888.

Conference of Paris as to the Freedom of Trade through the Suez Canal. Eight powers represented. A permanent international commission has been established with its seat at Paris.

1886. Conference of Brussels as to Exchanges of Official Documents. Convention for the purpose agreed on in May. The Argentine Republic adhered in 1902.*

1886. Conference of Berne, between ten powers, on Literary and Artistic Property. It constituted a "Union internationale pour la protection des œuvres litteraires et artistiques," with a permanent international bureau at Berne, consolidated in 1892 with that for the protection of industrial property. Hungary acceded to the union in 1906. Publishes a monthly journal, Le Droit d'Auteur.

1887. Conference of London as to abolition of Sugar Duties. vention signed in 1888.

Con

1887. Conference as to the Liquor Traffic on the North Sea. Convention adopted November 16, 1887.

1888. Congress of Constantinople to regulate the use of the Suez Canal. Thirteen powers represented. Treaty concluded, in October, between six powers.

1888. Congress of Paris as to Sugar Bounties, April, May, and August.5

1888-1889. Congress Sud-Americano de Derecho Internacional Privado, at Montevideo. Seven powers represented.

treaties adopted. Spain in 1893 adhered ad referendum."

Eight draft

1888-1890. Union internationale pour le Publication des Tarifs Douaniers; formed at Brussels. Most of the civilized powers adhere. A permanent bureau at Brussels publishes bulletins in five languages. 1889. Conference of three powers, at Berlin, on Samoan Islands. Convention for their neutralization and police agreed on.

1889. Conference of St. Petersburg as to International Telegraphy. 1889. Conference of London on Sugar Duties. Eight powers repre

sented.

1889.

Nothing accomplished.

Conference of Berne, in September, to promote the well-being of the Working Classes.

1889. International Marine Congress as to Uniform Rules to Secure Life and Property at Sea, or "International Maritime Congress," held at Washington, on the call of the United States, October 16 to December Twenty-seven nations represented. Considered co-operative plans

1.

Annuaire de Legislation Etrangere, XXXII, 749.

'Reference to several of the prior congresses on this subject, held in 1872, 1873, 1875, 1876, 1877, and 1887, has not been made, as they were fruitless. See the Archives Diplomatiques, 3d series, 1901, II, 169.

Torres Campos, "Elementos de Derecho Internacional," 3d ed. 141.