ing in the future, would no longer, as now, consume the taxable powers of the people. Standing armies would gradually decrease, the time of service would at once be reduced, the outlay for arms, fortresses, ships of war, and barracks would be considerably less. The enormous saving thus made would free the citizens from the oppression of taxation, and at the same time provide financial means for the advancement of peaceful culture.

The need of a solution of this problem becomes every year more pressing.

Whether, and, if so, when, a far-seeing statesman will undertake to develop the idea is not very clear at the present time. But the organisation of the United States of Europe is much less difficult than was the union of the German States into the German Empire, and that it would be at least as fruitful and salutary, and even more efficacious for the development of humanity, is undoubted.

Die

wie gegenwärtig, die Steuerkräfte der Völker aufzehren. stehenden Heere würden allmählich vermindert, die Dienstzeit unbedenklich herabgesetzt, die Ausgaben für Waffen, Festungen, Kriegsschiffe, Kasernen sehr erheblich abnehmen. Die enorme Ersparniss an dannzumal unnöthigen Militärausgaben würde die Bürger von dem Steuerdrucke befreien, and zugleich finanzielle Mittel schaffen, um für die friedlichen Kulturinteressen reichlicher sorgen zu können.

Das Bedürfniss der Lösung des Problemes wird von Jahr zu Jahr dringender empfunden werden.

Ob und wann ein weitsichtiger und weitherziger Statsmann es unternehmen werde, die Idee zu verwirklichen, ist zur Zeit noch unklar. Dass aber die Organisation des europäischen Statenbundes viel weniger schwierig ist, als die Einigung der deutschen Staten zu dem deutschen Reiche gewesen ist, aber mindestens ebenso fruchtbar und heilbringend und für die Entwickelung der Menschheit noch wirksamer wäre, ist unzweifelhaft.

A HIGH TRIBUNAL OF ARBITRATION.

BY DAVID DUDLEY FIELD.

1872.

NOTICE OF DissatisfactionN, AND CLAIM OF REDRESS.

532. If any disagreement, or cause of complaint, arise between nations, the one aggrieved must give formal notice thereof to the other, specifying in detail the cause of complaint, and the redress which it seeks.

ANSWER TO BE GIVEN.

533. Every nation, which receives from another, notice of any dissatisfaction, or cause of complaint, whether arising out of a supposed breach of this Code, or otherwise, must, within three months thereafter, give a full and explicit answer thereto.

JOINT HIGH COMMISSION.

534. Whenever a nation complaining of another and the nation complained of do not otherwise agree between themselves, they shall each appoint five members of a Joint High Commission, who shall meet together, discuss the differences, and endeavour to reconcile them, and within six months after their appointment, shall report the result to the nations appointing them respectively.

HIGH TRIBUNAL OF ARBITRATION.

535. Whenever a Joint High Commission, appointed by nations to reconcile their differences, shall fail to agree, or the nations appointing them shall fail to ratify their acts, those nations shall, within twelve months after the appointment of the Joint High Commission, give notice of such failure to the other parties to this Code, and there shall then be formed a High Tribunal of Arbitration, in manner following: Each nation receiving the notice shall, within three months thereafter, transmit to the

nations in controversy the names of four persons, and from the list of such persons the nations in controversy shall alternately, in the alphabetical order of their own names, as indicated in Article 16, reject one after another, until the number is reduced to seven, which seven shall constitute the tribunal.

The tribunal thus constituted shall by writing signed by the members, or a majority of them, appoint a time and place of meeting, and give notice thereof to the parties in controversy; and at such time and place, or at other times and places to which an adjournment may be had, it shall hear the parties, and decide between them, and the decision shall be final and conclusive. It any nation receiving the notice fail to transmit the names of four persons within the time prescribed, the parties in controversy shall name each two in their places; and if either of the parties fail to signify its rejection of a name from the list, within one month after a request from the other to do so, the other may reject for it; and if any of the persons selected to constitute the tribunal shall die, or fail for any cause to serve, the vacancy shall be filled by the nation which originally named the person whose place is to be filled.

EACH NATION BOUND BY TRIBUNAL OF ARBITRATION.

536. Every nation, party to this Code, binds itself to unite in forming a Joint High Commission, and a High Tribunal of Arbitration, in the cases hereinbefore specified as proper for its action, and to submit to the decision of a High Tribunal of Arbitration, constituted and proceeding in conformity to Article 535

ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF NATIOns.

538. A conference of representatives of the nations, parties hereto, shall be held every year, beginning on the first of January, at the capital of each in rotation, for the purpose of discussing the provisions of this Code, and their amendment, averting war, facilitating intercourse, and preserving Peace.

LEONE LEVI'S DRAFT PROJECT OF A COUNCIL AND HIGH COURT OF INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION.

1. Having regard to the earnest desire felt and expressed in every country to avert as much as possible the evil of war, by reason of the enormous loss of life and treasure, and of the burden of large armies which it entails; and by reason also of the retarding of civilisation and morals, the disorganisation of industry and commerce, and the disorder in public finances which are its necessary attendants;

2. Having regard to the fact that some wars are caused by passing gusts of passion, some by false rumours or allegations, some by sinister interests of individual men, or of small knots of men, and that in all such cases it is most important to give time for passion to subside, and for truth to be ascertained;

3. Having regard to the many instances in which States have submitted their disputes to the judgment of an Arbitrator or Arbitrators-sometimes a sovereign, sometimes a court of justice, sometimes a committee of jurists, sometimes a congress, sometimes (as in the Alabama Arbitration) publicists and jurists; and to the success and satisfaction which have resulted, in some cases immediately, in others after a short time allowed for irritation to pass away; in all more quickly and completely than after a war ;

4. And, having regard to the fact that Arbitration clauses have been inserted in treaties of commerce-(See Treaties of Commerce and Navigation between the United Kingdom and Italy, June 15, 1885, and Greece, November 16, 1883)—and to the advantage of providing some permanent organisation for giving effect to the same in all cases where arbitration is decided upon by contending parties, thus avoiding the danger and difficulty of long negotiations or the purpose of creating a new method on the occurrence of every emergency. (See papers on the Reasonableness of