by sea. 490. All the immigrants by sea arrived in steamers, Arrivals sailing vessels not having been for some years used for this purpose. of obtain returns. 491. The numbers of immigrants reported by the agents Difficulty and by the Custom houses may be taken to be correct as far ing correct as they go, but there not any means of ascertaining with accuracy the arrivals and departures from and to the United States. Where there is such a long line of open frontier, there must always be a considerable movement of population on both sides, of which it is impossible to obtain any record. The nearest possible approximation would be to obtain a record of the ins and the outs on the principal routes of travel, the differences between which would be the net immigration or emigration, as the case may be. tainty of tion re 492. It is only possible to form a general idea of the Uncernumbers that yearly settle in each Province; the agents immigra have no means at their command by which they can follow turns. the immigrants after they once leave the agency, and the subsequent movements of many would probably considerably alter the figures given. The greatest care is taken by the Department and by the agents, that all the returns shall be as accurate as possible, but the only ones that can be thoroughly relied on, except the entries at Custom houses, which are a registration by names, are those of arrivals at the principal sea ports, as Quebec and Halifax, which are also a registration by names and callings, from the ships' passenger lists. No distinction is made in British Columbia between passengers and immigrants, and the figures for that Money. and effects by settlers. Province can only be arrived at by estimation. The numbers of immigrants reported by the several agents, while correct in themselves, are subject to subsequent unascertainable movements, and should, therefore, be taken as approximate. The figures from which the totals for the Dominion are made up, are those supplied by the agents at the various points of entrance, and are, therefore, of course, liable to similar alterations, for while a record is kept of all immigrants arriving, no account is taken of those emigrating from the country 493. A comparative statement of the values of money and brought in effects brought into Canada by immigrants during the years 1885, 1886, and 1887, according to the reports from the various agencies, is given below, to which is added the amount of money brought in by other arrivals reported by Custom houses: And an examination of the following comparative table will show that the value of money and effects brought in by immigrants is a very important addition every year to the wealth of the country: VALUE OF MONEY AND EFFECTS BROUGHT INTO CANADA 1875....... 1876... BY SETTLERS SINCE 1875. Value. $1,344,573 686,205 It must be remembered, however, that the means of obtaining information of this kind is very defective, and there can be little doubt that the actual value is considerably above the amount reported. 494. The trades and occupations of the immigrants landed Trades at Quebec and Halifax were as follow: and occupations of immigrants. 495. Of the single adults that for female arrived at Quebec, 13,226 Demand were males and 3,780 females. The demand for female help. help and domestic help from all parts of the Dominion continues unabated, and it must be a very long time before there is an adequate supply to meet it. tion ex 496. The total expenditure in 1887 was $313,773, and in Immigra1886, $300,920; there was an increase, therefore, in the year penditure. under consideration of $12,853. settlers 497. The cost of settlers per head, not including arrivals Cost of reported through the Customs, was $5.74 and including per head. arrivals so reported, was $3.71; the figures for the preceding year, 1886, being $6.87 and $4.36 respectively. The following table shows the cost per head of settlers since 1875 Emigration from United Kingdom 1837-1887. And it will be seen that the average cost per head is considerably less than it was some years ago. 498. According to Mr. Mulhall (Fifty years of Progress, p. 12) the number of persons who have emigrated from the United Kingdom, during the fifty years of Her Majesty's reign, has been 9,101,000, and their destinations have been as follow: By far the largest proportion, viz., 6485 per cent, went to the United States, and a slightly larger number went to Australia than came to Canada, the proportions being 16:30 per cent. and 14:40 per cent. respectively. Mr. Mulhall says that the components of the above number were: Irish.......... 4,186,000 4,045,000 870,000 9,101,000 333 CHAPTER IX. MINERAL STATISTICS. list of the of Canada. 499. There is hardly a mineral of value, with the exception Classified of tin, that is not known to exist in greater or lesser quantity minerals in some part of the Dominion, but its mineral wealth is to all intents at present an unknown quantity; many parts of the country where minerals are known to be, being, as yet, practically unexplored. Some idea, however, of the rich and varied resources of the country may be gathered from the following classified list of the economic minerals of Canada, as arranged in the Geological Museum at Ottawa, where specimens of all of them are exhibited :— (1.) Metals and their Ores --Native iron, magnetic iron ore, iron sand, hematite, Ilmenite or titaniferous iron ore, limonite (including bog iron ore), spathic iron ore, clay ironstone, native copper, sulphides of copper, sulphide of zinc, sulphide of lead or galena, native silver and ores of silver, gold, platinum, sulphide of antimony, oxysulphide of antimony, and sulphide of bismuth. (2.) Materials used in the Production of Heat and Light.Anthracite, bituminous coal, lignite or brown coal, Albertite, bituminous shale, petroleum, peat. (3.) Minerals applicable to certain Chemical Manufactures, and their Products.-Iron pyrites, sulphuric acid, &c., pyrrhotine or magnetic iron pyrites, apatite or phosphate of lime, magnesite or carbonate of magnesia, calcite or carbonate of lime, chromic iron, oxides of manganese. |