for U.N. economic activities-which account for some 85 percent of the organization's budget-are the following:

Creation of the post of Director General for Development and International Economic Co-operation, second in rank only to the Secretary-General, to provide leadership to the central Secretariat and the entire United Nations economic system.

The proposed Director-General would be aided by two Deputy Directors-General. One Deputy would head a single United Nations Development Authority, which would consolidate all special purpose U.N. funds for preinvestment activity, except UNICEF. The second would be in charge of research and policy, and oversee high-level research, policy planning, and analysis for ECOSOC and the entire United Nations economic system.

The Economic and Social Council would be reorganized to permit it to exercise its charter mandate of providing central policy guidance on economic and social affairs. Most of ECOSOC's commissions and subordinate bodies would be abolished and ECOSOC would assume direct responsibility for the work of these groups, avoiding unnecessary duplication of debate at two intergovernmental levels.

A new system of consultative procedures would be established under the General Assembly and ECOSOC to promote agreed solutions on controversial economic questions. Under these procedures, ECOSOC would establish, under full-time chairmen, small negotiating groups on particular issues to work for one or two years defining issues for consideration, structuring the discussion, and searching for solutions. The negotiating groups, consisting of countries principally interested in the subject matter and broadly representative of United Nations membership, would operate on the basis of unanimity. Upon successful completion of their work, the groups would refer their solutions to ECOSOC and the General Assembly for votes. These bodies would then remain free to debate and vote on issues under consideration in negotiating groups. but would take into account the progress of the negotiations when deciding whether to vote on a particular resolution.

The Human Rights Commission would be maintained but its work would be reviewed by the General Assembly, not ECOSOC. Another possibility mentioned in the report but not unanimously agreed to was a charter amendment transforming the Trusteeship Council into a Human Rights Council, thus raising human rights issues to a political forum comparable to the Security Council and ECOSOC.

A small body of independent experts would be created, functioning on a fulltime basis to evaluate the implementation of United Nations programs and projects.

Similar approaches, taken on subjects such as pacific settlement of disputes, peacekeeping, or arms control could prove fruitful and avoid the possibly divisive problems of charter review.

Finally, opponents of comprehensive charter review note that a mechanism for charter review in addition to articles 108 and 109 of the charter has been available since 1955, when the General Assembly established the Committee on Arrangements of a Conference for the Purpose of Reviewing the Charter. That committee ceased regular meetings in 1967, but was kept alive on paper, in the event any member state might request its action. But no meetings have been sought. And even as the ad hoc committee began its work in late July 1975, only 19 nations had filed their comments on the question of charter review, with many opposed to the idea. Obviously, before comprehensive review can begin, there must be a broadly felt need which has yet to appear.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The subcommittee supports the basic position of the Department of State with regard to United Nations charter review. Proposals for

amending the charter should be considered under the procedure of article 108 which permits an amendment to be considered on a case-bycase basis. Also, to the greatest degree possible, changes in the operations of the U.N. should be sought through procedural means instead of the more lengthy process of amendment and ratification.

The subcommittee recognizes the shortcomings and frustrations of the present United Nations system, and agrees with the need for change. But the international consensus essential for productive charter review-both generally and on specific issues-has not evolved. Until such agreement develops, an attempt at comprehensive charter review would be risky and unwieldy.

Toward the goal of increasing the U.N.'s overall performance and capability, the subcommittee recommends the following general policies for the United States in the United Nations, encompassing both specific charter amendments and reforms which do not require charter revision:

The United States should add to the momentum of goodwill garnered in the recent Special Session and press forward the proposals contained in the Group of Experts' report. Too often reports and suggestions of this kind languish in bureaucratic limbo and are never acted upon. At this particular point in the U.N.'s development, overlooking the value of the experts' proposals could contribute to the demise of the United Nations as a means of international cooperation.

The United States should press as well for reforms similar to those suggested for economic activity in other critical areas such as pacific settlement of disputes, peacekeeping, and arms control.

To further increase the effectiveness of the United Nations system, the U.S. should lend its support and even initiative to efforts aimed at greater policy planning, research and analysis of programs and projects in all areas of U.N. activity.

As the world's political, military, and economic character undergoes drastic changes, and as new and massive challenges arise in all areas of human activity, it is important that international institutions keep pace. Yet it is equally vital that no action be taken to undermine the one forum in which meaningful advances may be made toward global cooperation and peace.

APPENDIXES

APPENDIX A

PROVISIONS OF THE U.N. CHARTER PERTAINING TO CHARTER AMENDMENT AND REVIEW

CHAPTER XVIII-AMENDMENTS

ARTICLE 108

Amendments to the present Charter shall come into force for all Members of the United Nations when they have been adopted by a vote of two thirds of the members of the General Assembly and ratified in accordance with their respective constitutional processes by two thirds of the Members of the United Nations, including all the permanent members of the Security Council.

1. A General Conference of the Members of the United Nations for the purpose of reviewing the present Charter may be held at a date and place to be fixed by a two-thirds vote of the members of the General Assembly and by a vote of any seven members of the Security Council. Each Member of the United Nations shall have one vote in the conference.

2. Any alteration of the present Charter recommended by a two-thirds vote of the conference shall take effect when ratified in accordance with their respective constitutional processes by two-thirds of the Members of the United Nations including all the permanent members of the Security Council.

3. If such a conference has not been held before the tenth annual session of the General Assembly following the coming into force of the present Charter, the proposal to call such a conference shall be placed on the agenda of that session of the General Assembly, and the conference shall be held if so decided by a majority vote of the members of the General Assembly and by a vote of any seven members of the Security Council.

(9)

APPENDIX B

PROPOSALS FOR UNITED NATIONS REFORM, THE WORLD ASSOCIATION WORLD FEDERALISTS, JULY 1974

The United Nations, as a political structure, is evolving with the passage of time and by the light of its experience in dealing with the problems of human society. Some substantial possibilities for further evolution, moreover, exist in the present Charter. History and experience show the need for continuing reform of the United Nations to meet the needs of a shrinking, dangerous and rapidly changing world.

Since 1945 the advent of nuclear power, the spreading of armaments, numerous wars, the wasting of resources, a deteriorating environment, rising human expectations in collision with poverty and over-population, a sharp increase in United Nations membership and major shifts in international relationships, and the demonstrated shortcomings of the United Nations in meeting these and other global problems and in the creation of world law, combine to show the urgency of reform and strengthening of the United Nations.

Proposals for the development of the United Nations must have the guiding purpose of promoting the well-being and dignity of the human person. The longer term aims of the suggestions we offer are:

1. to strenghten the capacity of the United Nations as a means of international decision-making, as a system of justice and as a source of enforceable law, so that it may replace a system based on the threat and destructive use of national power;

2. to re-enforce human rights and to enable the United Nations to meet needs which nation-states or lower levels of government cannot effectively serve, and 3. to redirect the use of human and natural resources from war and arms into an improvement of the quality of life.

The World Association of World Federalists suggests to the Member Nations of the United Nations some important areas for reform of its structure and operation. We recommend such proposals as these to the Member Nations as a response to the request of the Secretary-General, acting for the General Assembly, that Member Nations present their views on review of the United Nations Charter at the 27th and 29th General Assemblies.

We believe that the challenges of our present world environment demand a quantum jump toward world order and that world leadership must move quickly to prepare an adequate response. We urge the 29th General Assembly to establish a United Nations committee for the orderly consideration of suggestions and proposals which have been made and will be made by Member Nations and intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations, with a view to the adoption at the earliest practicable date of those measures to strengthen the United Nations which gain general support.

Some of the recommended proposals would require, at least in part, changes in the present wording of the United Nations Charter. For other proposals, Charter changes would be preferred, but are not absolutely essential. Finally, we offer several suggestions concerning the development of the United Nations system which do not involve the Charter.

I. PROPOSALS REQUIRING CHARTER CHANGE

1. Membership.-The function of the United Nations is to represent the peoples of humanity. Full implementation of the principle of universal membership will greatly strengthen the United Nations. The seating of the Peoples' Republic of China is a major advance toward the principle of universality. This development provides a basis from which to press forward for the admission of the other States not now Members of the United Nations. Amendment of the Charter is long overdue to remove from its language all reference to the "enemy states" of World War II.