marked in any way between the iron monuments. Each traverse was tied to the iron monuments and each independent survey was controlled by a system of guide lines with offsets at frequent intervals to the boundary traverses.

The work of retracing the line was begun by searching for the iron monuments set in 1844-45. All of these were recovered, and in addition the sites of the two wooden monuments, identified by mounds of stone which had been piled around the posts, were found. In general the line between adjacent original monuments was laid down by determining the relative positions of the monuments by triangulation or precise traverse, and then reproducing on the ground the original traverse, which was first adjusted to make the distances along the boundary between monuments consistent with the newly determined positions of the monuments. By agreement the parties used the British notes of the old survey from the source of the Southwest Branch of the St. John River to monument 418 and the United States notes from that point to the head of Halls Stream. This resulted in a satisfactory retracement

Remains of survey post set in old vista on the Highlands about 1870

Commissioner Barnard and timber cruiser tracing course of old vista on Highlands near Arnold Pond, 1916

of the boundary throughout the
greater part of its course, but in
several places the line, as thus
redetermined, departed from the
old vista or from the sharp crest
of the watershed. In such in-
stances, parts of the old survey
notes had to be disregarded and
the line reestablished by follow-
ing the old vista or the crest of
the divide.

THE BOUNDARY ALONG
HALLS STREAM

The Halls Stream boundary retracement was based on the boundary maps of 1845, using the same method as along the Southwest Branch of the St. John River. No notes of the old survey were available.

The new topographic map of Halls Stream Valley furnished the means of comparing the

maps

reset in concrete base

present position of the stream Granite post originally set to mark point on Vermont-Quebec boundary in 1849; with that shown on the old of 1845. The comparison showed that a considerable number of abrupt changes had occurred in the channel of the stream since the original survey, and in such cases the old abandoned channels, which in 1845 were a part of the main or boundary channel of Halls Stream, were still well defined on the ground. By means of a transit and tape traverse, the line was reestablished throughout its length as a series of straight lines tied to permanent reference monuments set along the shores and conforming as closely as practicable to the location of the course of the channel as it existed in 1845.

VERMONT-QUEBEC BOUNDARY

Along the section of the boundary from Halls Stream to the Richelieu River, surveyed originally by Valentine and Collins in 1771-72, the line was retraced by running straight lines between adjacent original boundary monuments found in place on the ground. A comparison was made of this traverse with the records of a similar traverse of 1845 to determine which monuments were in their original positions and could be accepted as fixed points on the boundary. One hundred and eleven of the one hundred and thirty monuments set by the boundary commission in 1845 and by Graham and Ord in 1849 were accepted as marking original boundary points, and as many as could be found of the other monuments, which had been moved or partially destroyed, were restored to their original positions. Many of the

Original granite monument (No. 646) set by the Commissioners in 1845 near Richelieu River on New York-Quebec line (See descriptive note, page 27)

monuments were leaning or were loose in the ground, and later, when being reset in concrete bases, were moved slightly to positions on straight lines between the deflection points shown by the records of 1845.

The new values obtained for the angles at the 69 deflection points and the distances along the line between original monuments showed a close agreement with the results of the survey of 1845.

THE NEW YORK-QUEBEC BOUNDARY

The retracement of this part of the boundary was made in 1902 by surveyors of the State of New York and surveyors of the Dominion of Canada acting under concurrent agreement of the two Governments. The retracement was governed solely by the positions of the cast-iron monuments which had been set to mark the line in 1845, rejecting only a few of the monuments which, by reference to the records of the survey of 1845, were found to have been moved from their original positions. Of the original 130 monuments, 118 were found in place.

A transit and tape traverse was run along or near the line, and offsets were measured to each monument. The distances and deflection angles between monuments were then computed from the traverse notes. It was found that they agreed closely with the corresponding distances and angles of the survey of 1845.

The resultant line as computed from the traverse was accepted as the final boundary line. The monuments were replaced with granite posts set at the sites of the original cast-iron monuments.

DESCRIPTION OF MONUMENT ON OPPOSITE PAGE

Original monument No. 646, illustrated on page 26, is a stone or granite shaft 6 feet 8 inches high, 1 foot square at the top and 1 foot 10 inches at the base. The monument is surrounded by an iron fence 5 feet 10 inches high, set in stone coping 1 foot above the ground. On the south side of the monument, beginning at the top, are inscribed the following lines: "Latitude 45-00-42.8," "J. D. Graham, Major Corps of Top. Engineers, U. S. Astronomer," "A. W. Whipple, Lieut. Corps of Top. Engineers, Assistant," "1845," "Boundary," "Treaty of Washington of Aug. 9th 1842." On the west side, on appropriate sides of a vertical center line consisting of a rope carved on the surface of the stone, appear the words "Canada" and "New York." On the north side, reading from the top, are the lines "Longitude west of Greenwich 73-21-27 or 4h-53-25.8," "J. D. Graham, Major Top. Engineer, U. S. Astronomer" "1845." On the east side, reading vertically, is the word "Boundary," and on the appropriate sides of the carved rope which continues over the top of the monument from the west side, are inscribed "Albert Smith, U. S. Com missioner," and "J. B. B. Estcourt, L. T. Co., H. B. M. Commissioner."

FIELD OPERATIONS

The field work of retracing, remonumenting, locating, and mapping the boundary from the source of the St. Croix River to the St. Lawrence River was begun in the summer of 1902, when a joint resurvey was made of that portion of the boundary between the Province of Quebec and the State of New York by the State of New York and the Dominion of Canada "without a formal treaty agreement but by the joint and concurrent action of the Governments of the United States and Great Britain. "5

Work was also carried on previous to the treaty of 1908 along the portion of the boundary between Quebec and Vermont, in 1906 and 1907. These latter field operations were under the direction of the commissioners who were supervising the work in connection with the demarcation of the boundary between Alaska and Canada. Later, these commissioners were also appointed to carry out the provisions of the treaty of 1908, and field operations were continued by them to completion in 1922, without any break in progress or material changes in methods. 5 See Appendix II, p. 314; also Article III, treaty of 1908, p. 4.