pendent of race or color or condition, it is because the advancement of science has made all this possible and easy. From Franklin and Rumford to Morse and Bell, Massachusetts has welcomed and fostered every new addition to scientific enterprise and achievement. And yet she pays you the highest compliment by asking for yet more. Her farms, her factories, her homes, all clamor for still swifter means of development and product and comfort. If she points with pride to her great names in the realm of scientific research and progress, she also points to them still more impressively as examples of what yet greater things this generation may do for the advancement of science and the bettering of human life. With gratitude and respect, with also expectation and demand, I therefore welcome you, gentlemen, to the Commonwealth of Massachusetts; a Commonwealth that has a future all the more because it has a history and a past; the Commonwealth of Adams and of Andrew, the Commonwealth of Franklin, of Agassiz and Morton, of Harvard and its sister colleges, the Commonwealth of the technical institute and the free school, and a Commonwealth that sees its highest destiny in the highest advancement of the knowledge and happiness of all its people.

President MORGAN responded for the Association in the following words:

Mr. Chairman: The Association have listened with pleasure to your address of welcome to the city of Boston. In no other city of our land are better appreciated the unity of the sciences and the brotherhood of scientific men. These are central ideas of this Association; and when we meet among a people whose hospitality is vitalized by intelligent sympathy, a powerful impulse is given to the work which it is designed to promote. I venture to predict, sir, that this meeting will become memorable in our history.

It may seem singular that this session of the Association should be the first one held in the good city of Boston during the long series of twentynine annual meetings. It has, however, met at Cambridge, which in the public eye is part of Boston. We cannot and we ought not to separate Cambridge, with its noble university, and its distinguished body of teachers, from Boston, in which the roots of Cambridge are planted. They are one and inseparable" in association as in fame.

Thus we are enabled to say that this Association is indebted to Boston for a peerless cluster of presidents; the illustrious and lamented Agassiz, to whom American science is so deeply indebted; the learned and gentle Wyman, whose loss we still mourn; these have ceased from among us, and their departure has rounded and completed their fame. Rogers, Peirce, Gould, Gray, Lovering, yet remain with us, and therefore we cannot, on this occasion, speak of them as their distinction deserves. "Seri in cœlum redeatis."

The Association, Mr. Chairman, were glad of the invitation to hold

this session in the metropolis of New England; in a city which has long held, and still holds, the front rank in our country in science and in art, and in the apprehension of the principles of political and social wellbeing; where commercial enterprise has always been an instinct, and commercial honor a natural sentiment. The members of this Association, one and all, desire to express their gratification at the cordial terms of welcome with which they have been received. It gives me great pleasure, as a part of my official duty, to return their thanks to the people of Boston and its vicinity, and to the various institutions representing its intellectual life, for their kind efforts to render this meeting pleasant as well as successful. Without making any discriminations, we may be allowed to notice the special means for our accommodation provided by the Institute of Technology. We are glad to be under the roof, so to speak, of the chairman of the local committee.

Mr. Mayor: The American Association for the Advancement of Science is popular in its character, as it should be. Investigators in all departments of science are cordially welcomed to its membership. By this free intercourse of persons engaged in scientific pursuits, results of the highest importance are constantly attained. The young are stimulated to greater efforts by the encouragement, and even by the criticisms, of the more advanced, while the latter gain in their mental scope by suggestions springing from younger minds. The unseen benefits of these yearly meetings in arousing the minds of young men and prompting them to enter upon fields of labor, no doubt far exceed the benefits which are apparent. The quickening power thus imparted is one of the best results of our Association.

It is precisely here, Mr. Mayor, that the reception accorded to this session by the city of Boston has its deepest significance. When the meetings of this Association become indifferent to the communities among which they are held, its usefulness will be near its end. There is a direct connection between the work upon which its members are engaged and the material prosperity of the country, in which all alike have an interest. Scientific investigations ascertain and establish principles which inventive genius then utilizes for the common benefit. We cannot have a great nation without great development of the industrial arts; and this, in its turn, depends upon the results of scientific discovery as necessary antecedents. Material development, therefore, is intimately related to progress in science. The cordial welcome, Mr. Mayor, which you have extended to this Association, in behalf of the people of Boston, manifests an appreciation of the relation of science to human progress which is complimentary as well as gratifying to its members. We fervently trust that the results of this meeting will not disappoint the public expectation.

Your Excellency, Governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts: Without intending to depart from the proprieties of the occasion, it may

be proper to say that those of us who come from beyond the Hudson can but feel that in entering New England we enter the birthplace of American institutions. To some of us it is the land of our fathers, and we cannot approach the precincts of their departed presence without the sentiment of filial veneration. Here they laid broad and deep the foundations of American freedom, without which American science would have been an infaut in leading-strings to-day. Here was developed the Township, with its local self-government, the basis and the central element of our political system. Upon the township was formed the County, composed of several towns similarly organized; the State, composed of several counties; and, finally, the United States, composed of several States, each organization a body politic, with definite governing powers in a subordinate series. But the greatest of all, in intrinsic importance, was the Township, because it was and is the unit of organization and embodies the great principle of local self-government. It is the restored Attic Deme of Cleisthenes, the greatest and the grandest of the Grecian ruins. Tyranny and barbaric war had defaced it; ignorance and superstition had buried it deep. It was virtually lost to mankind, until, after twenty centuries, it was reinvented in New England. It is at once the greatest and most important of American institutions, because it determines the character of the state and national governments. It is also historically significant, because it shows that American Democracy may justly claim to be the daughter of that Athenian Democracy which generated and produced the most signal outburst of genius and intellect in the entire history of the human race. Nor is this presage of the future without its own significance. What was achieved for philosophy and art under the free institutions of Athens may yet be achieved for science in the evolution of the same forces in America.

Mr. Chairman and gentlemen, with a grateful appreciation of the kindness of the people of Boston, the Association is now prepared to enter upon the regular work of the session.

The PERMANENT SECRETARY gave notice that the following members of the Association had died since the last meeting :

GEORGE W. ABBE, of New York.

E. B. ANDREWS, of Lancaster, Ohio.
HOMER C. BLAKE, of New York.

F. A. CAIRNS, of New York.

CALEB COOK, of Salem, Mass.

BENJAMIN F. MUDGE, of Manhattan, Kansas.

THOMAS NICHOLSON, of New Orleans, La.

LOUIS FRANÇOIS DE POURTALĖS, of Cambridge, Mass.

The financial report, also presented by the PERMANENT SECRETARY, showed a balance in favor of the Association.

The STANDING COMMITTEE was then completed by the election of the following six Fellows :—

N. T. LUPTON, of Nashville.

F. W. CLARKE, of Cincinnati.

E. T. Cox, of Oakland.

WILLIAM HARKNESS, of Washington.

O. T. MASON, of Washington.

S. A. LATTIMORE, of Rochester.

On motion of Prof. LUPTON, it was voted that a committee be appointed by the President to prepare a message of greeting to the British Association, to be sent by cable. Professors W. B. Rogers, Asa Gray, and N. T. Lupton were appointed, and sent the following despatch : "The American Association for the Advancement of Science, in session in Boston, sends cordial greetings to the British Association at Swansea, on the occasion of its fiftieth meeting."

It was also voted that the President be requested to appoint a committee of three to propose suitable resolutions of regret at the death of the late General Albert J. Myer of the United States Signal Service.

The GENERAL SECRETARY presented a list of four hundred and twentyfive names of persons recommended to membership by the Standing Committee, and the same were duly elected.

After the reading of several notices by the GENERal Secretary, the Association adjourned to meet in Sections.

At 7.30 P. M. the Association again met in General Session, in Huntington Hall, to hear the address of the retiring President, Prof. GEORGE F. BARKER, of Philadelphia.

Thursday, August 26.

·Cambridge Day. The Association was called to order at 11.30 A. M. in Sanders Theatre, by President MORGAN.

Prof. A. M. MAYER read an eulogy of Joseph Henry.

Twenty persons proposed by the STANDING COMMITTEE were duly elected members.

Dr. J. L. LE CONTE moved that the Constitution and By-Laws of the Association be so amended as to establish a section of Biology. This was voted and referred to the STANDING COMMITTEE.

The Association then adjourned to meet as Section B, when Vice President AGASSIZ delivered his address.

Martin Brimmer, Esq., in behalf of the President and Fellows of Harvard College invited the members of the Association to dine in Memorial Hall.

Friday, August 27. A General Session was held in Huntington Hall, at 10 A. M., President MORGAN in the chair.

One hundred persons recommended to membership by the STANDING COMMITTEE were unanimously elected.

After the reading of several notices, the General Session adjourned to meet in Sections.

At 7.30 P. M. a General Session was held in Huntington Hall, President MORGAN in the chair.

Prof. A. GRAHAM BELL gave his paper on the Photophone, which was illustrated by the use of the lantern.

Saturday, August 28. — President MORGAN called the General Session to order, at 10 a. M., in Huntington Hall.

Twenty-one persons were elected to membership on recommendation of the STANDING Committee,

Various announcements were made for the day by the GENERAL and PERMANENT SECRETARIES.

Prof. STONE moved that a Committee on Standard Time be appointed. Seconded by Prof. REES, and referred to the STANDING COMMITTEE. Adjourned to meet in Sections.

Monday, August 30. - General Session was called to order in Huntington Hall, at 10.30 A. M., President MORGAN in the chair.

On the recommendation of the NOMINATING COMMITTEE, the invitations from Cincinnati to hold the next meeting in that city were accepted, and the 17th of August was agreed upon as the time for the next meeting.

The GENERAL SECRETARY then read the following cablegram:— "To the President of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Boston, Massachusetts:- British Association, in completing its fiftieth year, returns thanks for congratulations to its brother Association on the other side of Atlantic.

President British Association, Swansea."

The GENERAL SECRETARY then read letters from the Natural History Society of Montreal inviting the Association to hold the meeting of 1882 in that place. Also letters from the Minnesota Academy of Natural Sciences, Governor of Minnesota, Mayor of Minneapolis, the Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota, and the Board of Trade of Minneapolis, inviting the Association to hold its next meeting in their State.

Dr. DAWSON made a few remarks with reference to the Montreal invitation.

On the recommendation of the NOMINATING COMMITTEE, the following resolutions were passed:

Resolved, That the thanks of the American Association for Advancement of Science be tendered to the Scientific Society of Montreal for its cordial invitation to meet in that city in 1882.