must be rewritten after careful investigations have been made of tendencies and developments within particular States or groups of States. The results of this investigation seem to differ in several important respects from the conventional, accepted views, and are presented with due deference to possible criticism. Errors of fact and judgment will doubtless be pointed out, and will gladly be corrected. The materials on which the account is based were collected while the writer was a member of the Graduate School of Harvard University, under the special oversight of Professor Albert Bushnell Hart, to whom many obligations are acknowledged. DAVID FRANKLIN HOUSTON. UNIVERSITY OF Texas, AUSTIN, June 1, 1896. A. CALHOUN'S STATEMENT OF HIS CONSTITUTIONAL PRINCIPLES. 1842 143 B. ORDINANCE NULLIFYING THE FORCE BILL. C. PROTEST AGAINST A PROTECTIVE TARIFF. D. PROTEST AGAINST THE TARIFF OF 1841. E. NULLIFICATION REAFFIRMED. 1842 . A CRITICAL STUDY OF NULLIFICATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. CHAPTER I. BROAD CONSTRUCTION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 1789-1823. THE accepted accounts of the famous episode which this monograph attempts to describe furnish evidence of a tendency of American historians, in their study of our great political movements; they lay undue stress on the personal element; they pay much attention to individuals and comparatively little to conditions. It is not difficult to comprehend why such should be the case. To observe the movements of the masses under favorable conditions is by no means easy; it is impossible to follow them in a distant and crudely developed community unaccustomed to record-keeping. The conduct of a man of marked individuality at the centre of the nation's political activities lies in stronger light, and every act appears to the observer to carry with it special significance. South Carolina, the centre of the nullification movement, has never laid herself open to the charge of extravagance in expending energy or money in making Influence of great men exaggerated. |