supply of labor in Mexico is astonishingly small-the development of the latent labor supplies in the Indian communes waits on peace and on education. Temperamentally (and in this we find the hand of climate) the Mexican is not a good factory worker. The raw products which the land produces, sisal hemp, cotton, rubber, etc., all demand for their profitable manufacture large and intricate plants, such as Mexico has not built and for whose operation she has never trained her people. Therefore, save for the cotton factories (which produce only the coarser staples), there is today in Mexico almost no industrial development. The list of industries of which such a manufacturing town as Monterrey boasts, include, for instance, candle and match factories employing thirty or forty people, brass bed "factories," where the products of American foundries are put together, soda water factories the industries which no city in any other land would find worth mentioning. Mexican industry, indeed, waits surely upon the development of raw materials, upon the education of her laboring classes, and upon the solution of the problems of irrigation and water power.

Development of Natural Resources: Geography and climate have been cruel to Mexico-of this we need not deceive ourselves. But throughout the list of unhappy conditions which has been set down here there runs a promise of advancement and of better things when peace is assured and when foreign enterprise shall again be welcomed. All of the advance which Mexico has made in her long fight against an unkind nature has been made with the help of foreign energy. First was Spain, and the three hundred years in which she built the colony up to a semblance of a modern state, creating great cities and peace and prosperity. Then, after fifty years of destructive revolution, Diaz, and his wise invitation to and use of foreign enterprise and foreign money. Only in these two periods has Mexico been prosperous.

The greatest advance was under Diaz, when in thirty years. Mexico rose from the ashes of her revolutions and attained the heights of commercial advancement. In that time her railways. were almost all of them built, all the water power which she now has, developed, the great and productive irrigation sectionthe Laguna cotton district-reclaimed from the desert, the sisal hemp industry created, the factories, such as they are, built and set in operation. Virtually all of these advances were made with foreign capital and under the control of foreign engineers and managers. Success crowned the faith and the efforts of all who devoted themselves to these developments, and it was their conquering of the great natural handicaps of Mexico which made possible the glowing tales of her "treasure-house." When such times as those come again, and only when they come, will the battle against Nature be resumed, and in its resumption, the signs of man's great conquest reappear.

STATES AND TERRITORIES

In the Mexican Republic there are twenty-eight states, two territories, and a Federal District corresponding to the District of Columbia. The following table shows the size and population of the several states:

COMPARATIVE TABLE

An interesting comparison of the density of population of the various Mexican states with that of states in the United States appears in the following table:

Mexico Aguascalientes.. Baja California. Campeche. Chiapas.

Chihuahua.

4.6

SECTION II-POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT

THE GOVERNMENT OF MEXICO

By HERBERT INGRAM PRIESTLEY, Ph.D.
University of California

The Government of The United States of Mexico is organized under the provisions of the Constitution framed at Querétaro, and promulgated February 5, 1917. This document is, particularly in its provisions for organization and administrative machinery, an elaboration of the Constitution of 1857. By it the Mexican people are constituted "a democratic, federal, representative republic, consisting of states free and sovereign in all that concerns their internal affairs, but united in a federation according to the principles of this fundamental law."-Art. 40, Chap. I, Title II.

"The people exercise their sovereignty through the federal powers in matters belonging to the Union, and through those of the states in matters relating to the internal administration of the latter. This power shall be exercised in the manner respectively established by the constitutions, both federal and state. The constitutions of the states shall in no case contravene the stipulations of the Federal Constitution."-Art. 41, Chap. I, Title II.

The country is divided into twenty-eight states, two territories, and a Federal District which includes the capital. The powers of government are divided into legislative, executive and judicial. It is expressly provided that no two or more of these powers shall be exercised by one person or corporation; even the executive power shall not be vested in one person except in accordance with Article 29, which provides for extraordinary executive powers in times of grave public menace. This article permits suspension of personal rights of citizens by general decrees for limited periods. If the suspension occurs while Congress is in session, that body controls the character of the grant of powers to the executive; if Congress is in recess, it must be convoked at once to grant the powers needed.

The Legislative Power is vested in a Congress composed of a Senate and a Chamber of Deputies. The Chamber of Deputies. is composed of representatives of the people, chosen every two years at the rate of one for each sixty thousand inhabitants, or fraction thereof exceeding twenty thousand. The computation

is still made upon the figures of the census of 1910, but a new census is now being taken (1921). Each state and territory has at least one Deputy. These Deputies are chosen by direct vote; they must be Mexican citizens by birth, over twenty-five years old, natives of the states or territories they represent, or be residents therein for six months prior to their election. They must have no connection with any military forces in the area they represent, nor may they have connection with the executive Secretariats, the Supreme Court, nor the State governments. No minister of any religious faith may be a Deputy.

The Senators, two from each state and the Federal District, serve four years, half retiring every two years. They must be thirty-five years old. Both Deputies and Senators are guaranteed immunity for opinions officially expressed. They are prohibited from accepting other paid Federal or State offices.

Congress must hold sessions yearly beginning September 1st and continuing not later than December 31st. The President may convene either or both houses in extraordinary session. Alternates (suplentes) are chosen at the same time that Deputies and Senators are elected, in order to prevent possible lack of representation through default of a principal.

Legislation is initiated, first, by the President of the republic, second, by members of Congress, third, by the state legislatures. Legislation initiated by the President or the legislatures is given preference on the calendars.

Congress has power to decide the boundaries of the states, enact tariff laws, control all mining, commerce, and institutions of credit, create and abolish federal offices, declare war, and provide for the national defense. It may pass laws governing citizenship, naturalization, colonization, immigration, and public health. Means of communication, mints, the currency, weights and measures, disposal of public lands, the diplomatic and consular services, are subject to its rules. It may grant amnesties, but the President alone may grant pardons. Congress also elects the justices of the Supreme Court and lower Federal courts. It may establish professional schools, museums, libraries, and other institutions of learning. It must elect the President when the popular elections result in no choice, and it may also accept his resignation. The Chamber of Deputies supervises the Federal auditor, approves the annual budget, and hears charges against Federal officers, and may bring impeachments before the Senate. Senate has the exclusive power to approve treaties, ratify if necessary the President's appointments, permit movements of national troops outside the republic, and consent to the presence of foreign fleets for more than a month in Mexican waters. No officer, or body of the government, has authority to permit forcign troops to remain within the republic for any purpose.