projectors, did not prove successful; but although the sanguine hopes of the Foulises were not realized, yet they created a spirit for the cultivation of the fine arts. Among other benefits arising from their efforts, it is sufficient to state, that they first gave encouragement and direction to the genius of Tassie, who afterwards became so eminent as an engraver of gems. Messrs Foulis, in conjunction with Mr Ged, made some improvements on stereotype-founding, and afterwards, in conjunction with Mr Tilloch, the Foulises printed several volumes from stereotype plates in a very superior style. Type-making was commenced, in 1740, by Mr, afterwards DrAlexander Wilson, professor of astronomy in the university, and he lived to see his establishment the most extensive and celebrated of the kind in Europe. The business was, after his death, carried on by his descendants, and continues still to be regarded as unrivalled in type-founding, for beauty of form and quality of metal. In 1834, the present proprietor left this city, with all the materials and workmen, and removed to London, which forms the principal mart of that manufacture. Among the more recent printers of Glasgow may be mentioned Messrs Duncan, printers to the university, whose editions of many of the classics, as well as of English works, are highly esteemed. Their edition of Newton's Principia, was pronounced by Laplace to be the most lasting monument ever erected, by the British nation, to their illustrious countryman. There are about thirty master-printers now in the city, many of whom carry on business on a considerable scale; the establishment of Mr George Brookman, in particular, has long been distinguished for its workmanship in the various departments of type-making, stereotype-founding, and letter-press printing. The refining of sugars commenced here during the commonwealth, by which business, as likewise by the distilling of spirits from molasses, many of the Glasgow merchants amassed large fortunes; these were denominated sugar lords, as the Virginian merchants were denominated tobacco lords. For a long time the sugar trade was carried on without the merchants paying any excise duty, in consequence of which, an action was brought against them, and, in 1719, the court of exchequer found them liable to a fine of £40,000 for bygone duty. Glasgow is situated in a district of country rich in coal mines, a position to which she owes much of her prosperity in the manufactures. The quantity of coal brought to Glasgow in the year 1831, amounted to 561,049 tons, 124,000 of which were exported, the remainder being used for home consumption. Vast quantities are exported to the West Indies and other parts. There are eleven iron works in Scotland, not one of which is more than thirty miles distant from the city, and more than the half of these are in the neighbourhood. Ironmongery commenced on a large scale in Glasgow, about 1732, and in six years after, slitting mills and forges were erected. In 1766, files were made at Strathbungo, near Glasgow, and twenty-eight years afterwards a large file manufactory was erected on the Molendinar burn, to the north of the city, where files were made superior to those manufactured in any other part of Britain. Much of the iron used in Glasgow, is employed in making steam engines and machinery of all descriptions. The first idea of the low pressure steam engine was conceived here by James Watt, and the first model put in operation at the Delft house, at the Broomielaw. After the expiry of his patent, the manufacture of steam engines commenced in Glasgow, and increased rapidly, so that there are now above a dozen establishments carrying on this business, or making machinery of other descriptions. In machine making, generally, Glasgow stands in the first rank, and in the making of the machinery of steam vessels, it is employed by all the countries in Europe. Two of the finest and largest vessels ever made in Britain, were fitted out at Glasgow, in 1834, by Mr R. Napier, and are at present plying between Dundee and London. Within these few years, ship building has become a prominent branch of trade in Glasgow. There are nearly twenty brass foundries in the city, in one of which the casting of tower or turret bells has for several years been carried on with skill and success. This city is remarkable also for its chemical manufactures. The works of Messrs Charles Tennent and Co. are understood to be the greatest of the kind in the world. About 1000 large carboys of concentrated sulphuric acid, are manufactured weekly, besides a corresponding quantity of bleaching powder or chloride of lime, crystals of soda, and soaps. Similar establishments are carried on at Shawfield, Camlachie, and Dalmuir; forming an aggregate of chemical products, adequate not only to the bleaching and dyeing manufactories of Scotland, but capable of supplying the paper manufactories of London, and many of the calico printers in Lancashire. Mr Macintosh's works are celebrated for cudbear of the finest quality, made from lichens gathered in immense quantities in Sardinia, Sweden, and Norway. His crystals and prussiate of potash, and his Prussian blue cannot be excelled. Of late years he has commenced, under the protection of a patent, a manufacture of water-proof cloth, rendered absolutely impervious to moisture by a peculiar application of caoutchouc. The chemical works at Camlachie are famous for the manufacture of pyroligneous acid, and a purified wood vinegar of the finest quality, which they furnish to every part of the kingdom; and for superb crystals of bichromate of potash, used in dyeing the brilliant chrome yellow on calicoes; besides many other articles which our limits do not permit us to enumerate. At a little distance from the city are several large chemical manufactories, particularly those at Hurlet and Campsie, where alum and copperas are prepared on a very extensive scale. Many other chemical manufactories of lesser note are necessarily passed over, as it would exceed our limits to specify them. For the same reason we are prevented from making any particular reference to the bleaching and dyeing establishments. Various attempts were made, at an early period, to introduce the muslin manufacture, but with little success. The manufacture of coarse linens was early introduced, and was carried on extensively for many years. Lawns, cambrics, and fabrics of a similar description, were made here in 1725, and this continued to be the staple manufacture, until the introduction of cotton, after the termination of the American war. In 1732, Mr Harvey, a Glasgow merchant, went to Haerlem, and, at the hazard of his life, brought home an experienced workman, together with two inkle looms, and commenced the manufac ture of tape in Glasgow ; and this was the first manufactory of the kind in Britain. For a considerable time after the introduction of the cotton manufacture here, no goods but those of a coarse description were manufactured. A sort of handkerchief called blunks, formed of linen warp, and cotton weft, formed the chief manufacture in this line; but in 1784, goods of a finer description, called muslins, began to be made. The first person who warped a muslin web in Scotland, was Mr James Monteith of this city. The cotton spinning machinery of Hargreave and Arkwright, had not been long introduced into England, when the Glasgow manufacturers turned their attention to this in the following year. Figured cloth was woven by power about 1819, by Mr Perry of Glasgow, and at a later period lappets were woven by Messrs Reid. Since the latter end of 1832, tweeled cloth for furniture mounting, coach lining, and other purposes, has been woven in the power loom, by Messrs Sommerville & Sons, at their factory on the south side of the river opposite the public green. This cloth is taken from the loom more beautiful in texture and having a finer finish, than cloth of the same fabric woven in the hand-loom and passed through the calender. The invention of the ingenious mechanism by which this is accomplished, is due to Mr John MacBryde, manager of the above-mentioned establishment. Tamand is still carried on here. The tambouring machine was the invention of Mr Duncan. Messrs Robert and Duncan Wright, two brothers, invented a machine in 1831, for making what are called buds, which, when attached to the cloth, give it all the appearance of having been sewed by the needle in the ordinary way. These buds are sent from Glasgow to all parts of the kingdom, and from the beauty and endless variety of patterns into which they may be formed, they are at present in great demand. With this article, one woman will embroider as much cloth in one day, as can be done in the ordinary way by fifteen. branch of industry. A tax was proposed to be laid on the cotton manufacture, which would doubtless have crushed it most materially, but from the strenuous exertions of Mr Colquhoun, a merchant of Glasgow, it was abandoned as impolitic. So early as 1780, cotton factories had been erected at Rothesay, Barrhead, Ballindalloch, &c. Shortly afterwards a large spinning factory was erected at Lanark, by Mr D. Dale, a Glasgow merchant, in which concern Sir R. Arkwright held a share. The mill was originally worked by the hand, but Mr William Kelly of Glasgow, at that time residing at Lanark, took out a patent in 1792 for driving it by power. The progress of the cotton manufacture in Scotland was so rapid, that, in 1789, thirty-nine fac-bouring by machinery, was first effected in this city, tories had been erected, all moved by water power. The number of spindles was estimated to be 312,000, belonging chiefly to merchants of this city. In 1834, there were 134 cotton mills in Scotland, nearly 100 of which belonged to Glasgow. In Lanarkshire alone, there are seventy-four cotton mills, two muslin, and two silk factories, driven by power equivalent in all to 2914 horses, 540 of which is derived from water wheels, and the remainder from steam engines. In these factories 17,949 persons are employed. The increase of the cotton trade in Glasgow, may be estimated from the following statements of the imports of cotton wool into the Clyde, for various years: In 1775, there were imported 508 bags, or 137,160 lbs. 6,509 1,757,504 bales. - 1799, -1812, - 1824, - 1834, 43,080. 54,708 Or about one-fifth of all the cotton imported into Britain. The imports for 1824, and 1834, are given by Dr Cleland. As the quantities imported for Scottish manufacture, and as the quantity for Glasgow alone, must be at least three-fourths of this, we may infer that, during the year 1834, not less than 71,777 bales were consumed by the manufacturers of this city. Europe, by Messrs Henry Monteith & Co. of Glasgow, and their establishment is the largest of the kind in the world. At present there are upwards of forty calico printing establishments belonging to Glasgow. An extensive bleaching work was established in 1730, at Campvere, by Mr John Gray. In 1762, Mr M'Gregor introduced the Irish method of bleaching, and, in 1787, he commenced bleaching by chlorine liquor, under the direction of James Watt. This is the first place in Britain, where chlorine was employed in bleaching. In 1799, Mr Tennent, of this city, took out a patent for the manufacture of bleaching powder or chloride of lime and Glasgow still continues to be distinguished for making this important article. In 1785, the dyeing of turkey red, was commenced for the first time in Britain, by Mr G. Since 1831, the spinning of Cashmere yarn has Macintosh, under the direction of M. Papillon, and the been carried on here, and is spun of a quality equal greater portion of the calico printers in Britain were to that manufactured in France. In 1833, the spin- supplied with iron liquor about the same period by ning of Merino yarn, was commenced here, and is Mr W. M Aslan of Tradeston. The discharging of also carried on with success. Both of these species of turkey red on the formation of Bandana handkermanufacture, were introduced by Captain C. S. Coch-chiefs was commenced in 1802, for the first time in rane, of the royal navy, who brought them from Paris. Two power looms were brought to Glasgow in 1793, by Mr Lewis Robertson, of Dumblane. He fitted them up in a cellar in Argyll Street, where they were kept working for a considerable time. They were at first driven by the hand, but subsequently they were driven by a large dog walking in a drum. The nature of the construction of these looms, was communicated to a bleacher at Milton, and during the course of the following year, forty power looms were erected at that place. In 1803, Mr J. Monteith had 200 power looms at work, in his spinning factory at Pollocshaws, about three miles from Glasgow. Since that period the number of power loom factories has been greatly increased, and at present there are 15,127, and additional factories are in the course of erection. Taking the average produce of one power loom, to be fourteen yards per day, the price of each yard 4 pence, and the number of working days in a year to be 300, then the number of yards produced by these looms in one year, will be 63,533,400, the value of which may be estimated at £1,191, 251: 5. There are besides about 32,000 hand-loom weavers employed by the manufacturers of this city, in the fabrication of all the varieties of plain and fancy cloth. Several improvements in power loom weaving have been made at the factories belonging to Glasgow companies. Tweels were first wrought by power at Dumbarton in 1809, and checks In concluding this necessarily brief view of the arts and manufactures of Glasgow, it will be observed, that as this city was the first place where mechanics' institutions were established, so also was it the place where many important movements in art and science originated. Here James Watt made his first model of the steam engine; and here the first steam boat of Europe began to ply. Here the manufacture of inkles, of waterproof cloth; the machinery for tamhouring, sewing, and the power looms were first brought to work with success, or received their greatest improvements; here also the chloride of lime was first manufactured, and here bandana discharging, turkey-red dyeing, and bleaching by chlorine, were first brought into practice. Population. The works of Dr Cleland furnish abundant data regarding the population of Glasgow. In the year 1560 he estimates it at 4,500; in 1610, at 7,644; in 1660, 14,678; in 1688, 11,948; in 1708, 12,766; in 1712, 13,832; in 1740, 17,034; in 1755, 23,546; in 1763, 28,300. The following includes the suburb parishes of the Barony and Gorbals :-In 1780, 42,832; in 1785, 45,889; in 1791, 66,578; in 1801, the first government census, 77,385; in 1811, 100,749; in 1821, 147,043; in 1831, 202,426. The following results refer to 1831: Births.-Males, Burials.-Males, Males under 5 years, Males under 10 years, Males under 15 years, Males under 20 years, Males under 30 years, Males, entire population, 217. 3,527; Females, 3,341. The births, including 471 still-born, being 6868, and the population 202,426, there is one birth for every 29 47-100th persons. The burials being 5185, and the population 202,426, there is one burial for every 39 4-100th persons. The marriages being 1919, and the population 202,426, there is one marriage for every 105 48-100th persons. The births being 6868, and the number of marriages 1919, there are 3 57-100th births to each marriage. The children were baptized as follows: By Clergymen of the Established Church, By By By By Do. Do. Do. Secession Church, Relief Church, Roman Catholic Church 3123 Scotch Episcopalian Do., Indepen. dents, Methodists, and other denominations, including births among Baptists, Society of Friends, Jews, &c., Still-born, 664 671 915 1024 GLASS doubtless owes its origin to chance. Pliny informs us that Sidon was the first city distinguished for its glass works, and that the manufacture of glass was not introduced into Rome until the reign of Tiberius. He further states, that in the reign of Nero, the art of making vases and cups of a white, transparent glass, was invented. De Pauw is of opinion that the Egyptians carried the art to the highest perfection; and that the glass-works at Diospolis, capital of the Thebaid, were the first regular manufactory of this material. The Egyptians, according to the same author, performed the most difficult operations in glass-cutting, and manufactured cups of glass of an astonishing purity, of which kind were those called alassontes, supposed to be ornamented says that the ancients, in general, made much with figures in changeable colours. Winckelmann greater use of glass than the moderns. Besides the ordinary utensils, of which a great quantity have been found in Herculaneum, we find many funeral urns constructed of it. Some of the fragments of cups examined by Winckelmann, appeared to have been cut; some of the raised ornaments having the appearance of being soldered to the surface of the vessels, and bearing marks of the lapidary's wheel on their facettes. The ancients used glass to ornament their rooms; for this purpose, they employed it of various colours, and composed a sort of mosaic of it. Some blocks of glass, used for paving rooms, have been found, of the thickness of a common sized brick. Winckelmann cites some specimens of mosaic of remarkable beauty and delicacy. One of them represented a bird on a dark and coloured ground. The colours of the bird were very brilliant and various, and the whole effect very soft. The artist had made use of opaque or transparent glass, Total Householders, according to the exigencies of the case. What was Authorities.-There have been various histories of not the least remarkable was, that the reverse Glasgow published, but none of great merit. The offered precisely the same figure without the slightfirst in point of time is that "by John M'Ure alias est difference in the details. A little glass ring, Campbell," published in 1736. M'Ure was "Clerk which was in the possession of Mr Hamilton, reto the Registration of Seisins and other Evidents for vealed the method in which this was performed. the district of Glasgow," and from "a true effigy " of The exterior of the ring was blue, and the interior him, which graces his volume, we are given to under-represented a species of rose, of different colours, stand that he was seventy-nine years of age when he extending the whole circuit of the ring. As melted published it. The book furnishes abundant proof glass may be drawn out into an amazingly fine wire, both of the age and dotage of the author; yet so this operation may be performed on pieces of glass, earnest and explicit is he in the admiration of his compounded of different colours and melted, the colsubject, that it is difficult to avoid venerating the old ours preserving the respective layers when wiredriveller. A verbatim reprint of M'Ure was pub-drawn. Caylus thinks this was the manner in which lished in 1830, by Messrs Macvean and Wylie, to which were affixed an interesting appendix and notes. "The History of Glasgow, by John Gibson, merchant in Glasgow," published in 1777, displays much original research, and is valuable to the local antiquary. The History of Glasgow, by Andrew Brown," published in two volumes, 1795-97, has little to recommend it. "Denholm's History of Glasgow," first published in 1797, and several times reprinted, is a respectable performance, as is also "Chapman's Picture of Glasgow," of which a third edition was published in 1820. Cleland's "Annals of Glasgow," (1816, 2 vols.); his "Rise and Progress of the City of Glasgow," (1820) and other works or modifications of works on the same subject, are all valuable in a statistical point of view, and have been of much service to political economists and others in drawing deductions. Of miniature accounts of Glasgow, the best is that published in 1826, under the title of 'Glasgow Delineated," a work drawn up with care, and displaying a good knowledge of the subject. The section "Lanarkshire," in volume third of Chalmers's "Caledonia," must not be overlooked by those desirous of acquainting themselves with the ecclesiastical history of Glasgow. these works of art were made. The most valuable remains of the ancients, in glass, are the impressions and casts of sculptured gems, both in sunk and raised work, and the larger works in relief, of which one whole vase has come down to us. The glass casts of intaglios often imitate the veins of differ ent colours in the original. These pastes have preserved the impressions of many beautiful gems, which are lost. Of the larger works in relief we have only some fragments: they served as ornaments to the walls of palaces. The most considerable work of this kind is the cameo described by Buonarotti, and preserved in the Vatican: it is an oblong tablet of glass, about eight inches by six, representing Bacchus and Ariadne, with two satyrs. But the most beautiful specimens of this art are the vases adorned with figures in relief: they were sometimes transparent, sometimes of different colours on a dark ground, and so delicately executed, that they were hardly to be distinguished from the vases of sardonyx. The Portland vase is the only one of this sort preserved entire. It was formerly called the Berberini vase, as it belonged to the Berberini palace at Rome. It is about a foot high, and was at first described as a sardonyx. (See Portland vase.) The ancients were also acquaint |