bearing strata are either entirely wanting or doubtful. In the summary are many gaps, which it would be desirable to have filled up as soon as possible; but even in its present form it shows that petroleum and other bitumens closely allied to it are not confined to certain formations. Even the richest occurrences which have up to this time been worked on a large scale, do not belong to the same formations. Thus, for instance, in the miocene strata are found the rich oil-strata of Apscheron (Baku), Taman, Roumania and partly of Galicia (Boryslaw), while the eocene carries oil in Galicia, Hungary, Roumania (partly), Italy, Koordistan, in Hit (Bagdad), which was celebrated 500 years B. C., in Belloochistan, and especially in the East Indies. On the other hand, the richest oil horizon in Galicia and Bukowina belongs to the chalk formation. The oil occurrences in Brunswick and Hanover belong to the various formations of the mesozoic group. The principal oil deposits of Eastern North America, especially of Pennsylvania, belong to the paleozoic group, the Devonian system.

I. CENOZOIC.

1. Alluvium.

Exudations and effusions of petroleum are found in alluvial strata, but such occurrences are in secondary deposits. However, the exudations of oil in the coral reef of Djebel Zeit in the Red Sea belong to a primary deposit.

2. Diluvium.

Germany: Hanover: Petroleum at Wietze, Steinförde, Weenzen, Verden; maltha at Haenigsen, on the Fissenberg; petroleum at Linden.-Petroleum between Heide, Mehldorf and Hemming (Sleswick-Holstein).-Austria-Hungary: Petroleum at Raczsindol (Slavonia).—Canada: Enneskillen. In diluvium also the oil occurs almost exclusively in secondary deposit.

3. Tertiary.

France: Unimportant occurrence of petroleum and asphalt in sand and clay at Dak in the Landes (Pyrenees).-At Dallet not far from Clermont Ferrand (in crevices), maltha and asphalt; also a few miles east of Clermont (Department Auvergne) in basalt trap. Maltha in basalt trap near Pont du Chateau (Dept. Est).-Asphaltic limestone at Barja Bagnols Arr. Alais (Dept. Gard).—Italy: Petroleum in the Emilia (from St. Colombaro to Faenza).-Several of the occurrences of petroleum and gas in Japan may belong to the tertiary period.-Dutch India: All occurrences of petroleum belong to the tertiary formation.-New Zealand: At Waipawa (Auckland) petroleum in crevices of brecciated trachyte.-California: many places petroleum and asphalt, the most important locality being the coast range from Santa Clara to San Diego.

a. Pliocene.

In

Roumania: According to Pilide and also to Olszewski all occurrences of oil in Wallachia belong to the pliocene formation; the most important localities being: Colibasi, Plojesti, Buzeu, Baicoiu, Tintea, Campina, Telega, Droganese, Pekuretzi; chiefly in sandstone.-Turkey: Asphalt in masses up to 10 feet thick at Selenitza (Albany), in sandstone accompanied by maltha and soft asphalt.-European Russia: Petroleum and mineral wax on the island Tscheleken (Caspian Sea) in sandyclayey strata (according to Sjögren perhaps miocene).

b. Miocene.

Switzerland: Asphalt of the Canton Waadt in strata of sandstone and lime.—Italy: Petroleum on the north declivity of the Apennines between Padua and Bologna (partly pliocene) in clay and sandy marl. Asphaltic limestone from Ragusa at Niszemi, Sicily (Province Syracuse).—Germany: Petroleum, asphalt and maltha in Alsace (Hitzbach, Hirsingen, St. Croix, Echery, St. Bilt, Roderen, Mutzig, Mohlsheim, Biblisheim, Pechelbronn, Schwabweiler, Lobsann, etc.), chiefly in sand and

sandstone.-Asphalt and maltha at Ehingen (Würtemberg).— Austria-Hungary: Galicia: Mineral wax and petroleum at Boryslaw, Dzwiniacz and Starunia. Asphalt in small quantity is found on the west and south foot of Monte Promina (Dalmatia).-Hungary: Petroleum at Recz, Kowac, Garbonac, Dragomer, Soósmező.-Roumania: Petroleum at Moinesti, Campeni, Taslau, Comonesti, Majonesti, Ohna, Solanti, Pocura; mineral wax at Slanik, Zietrisikit on the mountain Zietrisika (Moldavia).-European Russia: Petroleum, earthy asphaltum, kirr and earth gases in large quantities in the peninsula Apscheron (at Baku) and upon the Holy Island (Caspian Sea); at Umachan-Jurt (north foot of the Katsch-Kalykowsky chain); Peninsula Taman (Asow Sea).-Transcaspia: In larger quantity at Neftjanaga-gora and Buja-Dagh in sand strata.East Indies: Petroleum at Padouk-Beny (District Thayetmyo) in sandstone and schists.-Venezuela: Petroleum at Maracaibo and Punto D'Acaja in shale, limestone and sandstone.Trinidad: Petroleum and asphalt in shale, limestone and sandstone, besides the well-known pitch lake in which the bitumens collect.

c. Eogene.

Italy: Asphalt at Rocca d' Arce, Roccasecca, etc. (Province Caserta) in limestone and sandstone.-Petroleum at Roccamorice and Albataggio (Province Abbruzzo ulterio) in limestone.-Germany: Petroleum at Tegernsee (Bavaria), derived, according to v. Gümbel, from the nummulitic strata. Asphalt in nummulitic strata at Sonthofen, on the Kressenberg, at Reichenhall, Frechenwand on the Eibsee, at Grunten.

a. Upper-Eocene (Oligocene.)

Italy: Petroleum at Vergato, Pietra Mala (Province Piacenza).-Austria-Hungary: Galicia (mostly shales); Petroleum at Schodnica, Koziowa, Pohar, Bóbrka.—Hungary: Petroleum at Smilno, Szinna, Maramaros, Jód, Dragomer.-Roumania: According to Cobalcescu, the oil-bearing strata of Moldavia belong to this formation.

B. Lower-Eocene.

Austria-Hungary: Galicia: Petroleum in sandstone at Schodnica, Bóbrka, Sloboda rungurska.-Hungary: Earth oil in sandstone at Konyha, Saczal, Maramaros, Zibo, Udvarhely, Soózmező.-Roumania: Petroleum at Moinesti (Moldavia), according to Olszewski.'-Koordistan: Petroleum in several localities. Turkey in Asia: Petroleum at Hit (Bagdad).—East Indies: Mineral pitch at Sulgi (District Ihilam) in sand; Petroleum at Panoba (District Kohat) in crevices of nummulitic limestone; asphalt and petroleum, sometimes in considerable quantities in the nummulitic limestone of the district Rawalpineli, viz., at Dulla, Boari, Churhut, Gunda, Lundigar and Ruta Otur; Petroleum and natural gas at Yenan Douny (District Prome) and Toungboje.-Petroleum in Khatan (Belloochistan).—Petroleum in larger quantities in Arakan, Assam and Upper Burmah (for instance, Rangoon). According to H. B. Medlicott, these three territories may be middletertiary.

2

II. MESOZOIC GROUP.

4. Chalk.

Spain: Asphaltic sandstone in the Province Santander, Disfrict Escudo.-Asphalt in the province Soria, at St. Leonardo and Casarejos.-Asphalt in the province Saragossa at Torrelapaja.—Italy: Petroleum in the Neapolitan district (Tocco, Manopello, Guardagreli, Chieti, Rionero di Molise, Tirriolo, Squillace, Gerace, Zacarise). Austria-Hungary: Galicia: Petroleum in sandstone at Ropianka, Mrasznica.-Bukowina : Petroleum at Kimpolung, Dichtenitz, Putna, Krasna and other localities.-Hungary: Arva, Liptau, Komarnik, Mikowa, Luch, Przolina, Soóamezö.-European Russia: Petroleum at Telaw and Douchette (southern slope of the Caucasus).-Russian Turkestan: Petroleum in the district of Namangan, further at Chokand.

According to Paul, miocene. 2 Record. geol. Survey of India, 1886, 19, 202.

a. Senonian.

Germany: Petroleum at Darfeld (District Münster); clay containing maltha at Badenstedt (Hanover).-Petroleum in the chalk between Heide, Mehldorf and Hemming (Sleswick-Holstein.)

b. Cenomanian.

Syria: Petroleum and asphaltum in sandy marl under cenomanian limestone on the eastern slope of Djebel el Dahr.Palestine: Petroleum and asphalt in limestone on the shore of the Dead Sea; asphaltic limestone in Antilebanon, at the sources of the Jordan, and at Hasbeya.

c. Gault.

Switzerland: Asphalt in Val de Travers and other localities in the Canton Neufchatel (in secondary deposit).

d. Neocomian (including Wealden).

Portugal: Oil sandstone asphaltic sandstone in the Province Estremadura. France: Asphaltic sand- and limestone at Pyrimont, Volant and Challonge near Seyssel on the Rhone, Department d' Ain (content of bitumen 8 to 9 per cent.)-Austria-Hungary: Silesia: Asphalt and petroleum in very small quantities in small cavities of the limestone in the vicinity of Skotschau, Grodischt and Bielitz.-Galicia: In the Ropianka strata at Ropianka, Mrasznica. All occurrences of oil in Bukowina.-Germany: Petroleum in small quantity at Hordorf (Brunswick) in black clay.-Hanover: Petroleum at KleinOedesse in limestone and sandstone with coal and bituminous shale; petroleum at Hoheneggelsen, Linden, Oelheim; petroleum and maltha between Oelheim and Badenstedt in clay, at Ahlfeld and Delligsen.-The occurrences of oil in the Argentine Republic (Selta, Jujuy) and in Bolivia belong partially to this formation.