same spindle. The size of the sharp end of the V-shaped opening, which is presented to the passage of the oil, can be exactly regulated to admit a given quantity. If the speed is too great the contrifugal governor, which is connected to the spindle by levers, drives it down and partly contracts the opening admitting the oil from the tank. At the same time it acts upon the throttle valve, and reduces the quantity of outer air passing to the vaporizer. Thus the governor acts by diminishing the strength of the explosions, not by cutting them out altogether, and the proportions of oil and air are always the same per stroke. As no explosions are ever missed, the engine works with great regularity. "The charge after being thus converted into spray and completely volatilized passes through the automatic admission valve to the back of the cylinder. Here the usual series of operations, carried out in the internal combustion engines of the four-cycle type, takes place. The first out stroke draws in the air through the throttle valve; the charge is then mixed in the vaporizer, passes through into the cylinder, and the next stroke compresses it into the compression space. As the inner dead point is reached, the mixture is fired by the electric spark, the explosion drives out the piston, and, during the next back stroke, the exhaust gases are discharged into the jacket round the vaporizer and thence to the atmosphere. "The electric spark for firing the charge is generated in a battery. Two platinum wires are conducted from this battery to the igniting plug inside the compression space, where they are insulated in porcelain tubes; contact is established at the right moment by a projection on the eccentric rod, and an intermittent spark is produced. "The shaft driving the eccentric has three functions to perform. It causes the electric ignition of the charge; it works the valve to open the exhaust, and it drives the small airpump, through which the oil and air are sent from the tank to the spray maker. A small hand-pump is used to pump air into the oil tank before the engine is at work. To start, all that is necessary is to work the handle of the pump, and to turn the six-way cock, that a supply of oil from the tank may reach the lamp below the vaporizer. When the lamp is lit, a few turns by hand are given to the fly-wheel, to draw a charge into the cylinder, the electric current is switched on, and the engine begins to work. The oil tank and vaporizer are easily accessible through the opening in the frame.” The type of the Priestman engine made in this country. resembles the straight-line steam engine of Professor Sweet. Professor E. Thompson uses pure silver igniter electrodes in lieu of platinum, as in the English engines. He considers them better, and the wires do not get blackened or coated. His oil engine is started with gas, which is more convenient than oil for the lamp, and it runs at about 260 revolutions per minute. Lenvic's petroleum motor is also based upon the principle of cold pulverization. Condensing chambers, which are screwed to the cylinder, form a special feature of this motor. The object of these chambers is to act as preparatory heaters to increase the temperature of the gases in order to render complete combustion possible. The motor is furnished with three distributing valves; one connects the cylinder with the valve chest, while the other two convey carburetted as well as atmospheric air into the valve chest. The piston sucks both kinds of air into the cylinder, where they are mixed with pulverized gasoline. When condensation has taken place in the cylinder, the gas mixture is ignited by an electric spark. The motor requires about 400 grammes (14.11 ozs.) of gasoline per horse power per hour and with a velocity of 200 revolutions, does the work of three horse-powers. The Daimler Motor Company, Cannstatt, manufactures stationary petroleum motors for industrial purposes, as well as for driving small boats. The motor is essentially a gas engine, which automatically produces the required gas from the oil, and conveys it for combustion into the working cylinder. Low-boiling petroleum fractions of 0.680 to 0.700 specific gravity are used. A cylindrical brass vessel is filled half full with oil; through this oil atmospheric air is sucked and saturated with hydrocarbons (principle of the carburetter). The production of an explosive mixture with atmospheric air is managed by a regulating cock in front of the combustion-space. If cold air is carburetted it takes up more hydrocarbons, and hence more fresh air has to be introduced. The consumption of oil amounts, on an average, to 0.6 quart per horse-power per hour, and since the motor is automatically provided with gas, all danger from explosion is excluded. The ignition of the gases is effected by a cap kept red hot. The oil-engine made by Altmann and Küppermann of Berlin is compact and simple. It is vertical, and the piston works upwards on to the crank. Admission, ignition and exhaust are effected from a small auxiliary shaft, worked from the main shaft by two sets of conical wheels. The petroleum is drawn from the reservoir through a suction valve and delivered by a small pump with adjustable stroke into the vaporizer, a shallow vessel heated by a spirit lamp below. The lamp is protected by a cover, and the hot ignition tube projects into the flame. A separate receiver, into which air is compressed by an indiarubber valve, feeds the lamp. The vaporized oil then passes to another valve chamber, where it is diluted with air before entering the cylinder. Here it is exploded and expands in the same way as gas, the usual Beau de Rochas four-cycle of operations being carried out. In the petroleum-motor of List Bros. (German patent, No. 42,292), the vaporization of the oil is effected by the exhaust gases flowing round and heating the motor. The oil introduced by a pump is thrown against the hot sides, divided, partially vaporized, carried along by the heated air meeting it, and completely pulverized. G. Ragot's motor (German patent, No. 45,019), is arranged similar to List Bros.' machine. The gas-producer of F. Wintham (German patent, No. 41,419) which serves for the production of peculiar gas mixtures, coments of a combustion--SLACE TDI y a condensing chatter, the gasification o: te material employed aking Dace in the latter. The gas conducted to a wizing chamber where ne mixer with ar yr ur and steam, and then blown under pressure ULO T-10 grate or a filter. Vink the use of fiuic nyorocatuon tre efect in this apparatus a araned and maintamet by the action of a white heat spot or if the grate or filter. The gas esulting from combustion past ruger pressure mu ar ergne, and constitute the erong power. The necessary ar he leated by the extend gases radiating nea. petroleum The characteristic feature of Dr AT Snitz motor a the arrangement of the vare u vлch the preparavory heating of the explosive mature sendered possible. The ergme set the four-cycle the mure is sucked in, compressed, ignited when compressions complete, and the products of combustion are expelled The mixture of air and o is effected in a zigzag channe.. vim a large vaporizing surface which surrounds the explosion-space, and is to be heated by it. Through this channel the working piston sucks in air, and in it a small pump accurate measures and injects the quantity of of required for each working period. The oil is pulverized to mist by the strong current cé air, and the mist is thrown against the warm walls, where it vaporizes, and is int mately mixed with air. The mixture is thus finished before it passes from the evaporating space through the admistion valve into the explosion-space. An ordinary illuminating oil flame serves for igniting the mixture. F. Wilhelm, of Erfurt, and J. Hargreaves have constructed motors suitable either for illuminating gas or petroleum. In M. E. Durand's motor only the light volatile constituents of the oil are used, the heavy hydrocarbons being allowed to accumulate on the bottom of the carburetter. The motor co sumes about 0.667 quart of benzine of specific gravity cric per horse-power per hour. Further, may be here mentioned the engines constructed by J. H. Knight and Harfield (described in The Engineer, 1889, p. 136), by A. E. Tavernier and L. B. Schlesinger, C. V. Korytynsky's engine (German patent, No. 46,128), the motor of the Société des Tissages et Ateliers de construction Diederichs, at Burgoïn, France, and the engine of E. Capitaine, of Berlin. E. Butler's engine works according to the compound principle. The petroleum engine of G. W. Weatherhogg, of Swenderbury, is a six-cycle engine, with a scavenger charge of air introduced and expelled between each admission of oil-vapor and air. The oil is injected by a pump into a vaporizing coil heated by a blow-pipe flame, and in its onward passage to the cylinder is diluted with the proper proportion of air. Ignition is by hot tube. Contrivances have also been constructed so that the gas produced may serve not only for driving the engine but also for feeding the heating flame and the igniting flame. Such an apparatus has been constructed by H. Wadzeck, of Berlin (German patent No. 48,637). By a peculiar arrangement of the valves an intimate mixture of the produced gas with atmospheric air is effected by counter-current, and then the gas and air are simultaneously shut off. In this apparatus vaporization of the petroleum products takes place, and at the same time a distribution of the vapors produced for the motive power, as well for the heating and igniting apparatuses. It has also been proposed to use petroleum vapors as a direct substitute for steam in driving engines. Chevillard describes a motor with petroleum vapors, invented by de Quillfeldt, and constructed by the Societé Anonyme des anciens etablissements Cail, as follows:' The peculiarity of this motor is found in the production and use of petroleum vapors which are generated in a manner similar to steam in a boiler, a portion of the vapors being used as motive power and a portion for maintaining combustion. The boiler resembles a serpentine-tubular boiler, and the actual motor a three 1 Revue Indust., Febr. 23, 1889. |