Petroleum

561

Brayton engine and Hock engine; Motor of S. Marcus of Vienna

. 562

Levic's petroleum motor; Petroleum motors of the Daimler Motor

Company, Canstatt

572

Altmann and Kuppermann's oil-engine, Petroleum motor of List Bros.;

G. Ragot's motor; F. Wintham's gas producer

573

Dr. M. V. Schiltz's petroleum motor; Motors of F. Wilhelm and J. Har-
greaves; M. E. Durand's motor; Various engines.

E. Butler's engine; Petroleum engine of G. W. Weatherhogg; H. Wad-
zeck's apparatus; Use of petroleum vapors as a substitute for steam in
driving engines; De Quillfeldt's motor.

A. F. Yarrow's experiments in the use of hydrocarbons for feeding
steam boilers; The Fairbanks-Charter engine
Motors of the Vanduzen Gas and Gasoline Engine Company of Cincin-
nati, O.; Engines manufactured by the Union Gas Engine Company
of San Francisco and the Globe Gas Engine Company of Philadelphia;
Use of petroleum for illuminating purposes; Classification of American
illuminating oils .

Original use of the term kerosene; Special brands of American and Rus-
sian oils; Transformation of the lamp; Component parts of a lamp;
Principal systems of lamps
The wick and its functions; Researches of Beilstein, Engler and Lew on
the ascent of the oil in the wick; Researches of Biel, Schmelck and
others on the retrogression in the intensity of the flame
Investigations of Engler, Lew, Zoloziecki, and Thoerner; Importance
of the size of the wick; Substitutes for cotton wicks; R. Ditmar's ar-
rangement

Chimneys and burners; Form of the chimney

574

580

Lamps without chimneys but with special clock-work arrangement for

furnishing increased aëration of the wick; The Hitchcock table lamp. 584

Lamps for heavy oils and residuum; Arrangement for lighting the yard

of the iron works at Staveley in Derbyshire; Use of lucigen illumina-

tion by the French War Department

Use of the lucigen light in building the Tay and Firth of Forth bridges;

Cost of a lucigen burner of 2000 candle power

Arrangement of a lucigen lamp; New form of lamp adopted by the

Lucigen Lighting Company

Pyrigen furnace; The Jupiter light of the Harden Star, Lewis and Sin-

clair Company, Limited, of London

Well's oleo-vapor lamp; Beacon light; Sunlight lamp

E. Grube's oleo-vapor lamp; The sunlight lamp

Utilization of petroleum residuum; Vulcan oil and West Virginia oil; Use

of Russiau residuum for lubricating locomotives and cars

Test for residuum fit for use; Defects of residuum.

Production of aromatic bodies from residuum; Prof. Letny's patent for

the production of aromatic hydrocarbons from naphtha; Investigation

of this subject by Liebermann and Burg, Wichelhans and Salzmann,

and by Lissenko; Vield of aromatic hydrocarbons from residuum

Lermontowa's investigations of tar; Importance of the conversion of

residuum into tar products, especially for Russia.

Intschik's apparatus for the production of gas and tar containing

aromatic hydrocarbons.

Utilization of petroleum and petroleum products as fuel; First attempts

of importance in the use of liquid fuel in the United States by Bidle,

and Shaw and Linton; The Bridge-Adam apparatus; Selwyn's experi

ments, Apparatuses of Aydon, Selwyn, Tarbuth and others; Audoin's

experiments

St. Clare Deville s examination of this subject; Employment of petro-
leum as fuel in this country, Spakowsk:s labors for the introduction
of bquid teel for the generation of steam in Russia; General use of
Aquid sel on Russian steamers and railroads, Comparison of the
erapante power of rodnum and of solid teels with table
Sapore, in power of Russar petroleum. Urw

. 594

595

.597

Non-success of gasified fuel; General adoption of the method of combus-

tion by pulverizing the liquid fuel by steam or air; Advantage of the

employment of the steam-jet; Apparatuses for petroleum and residuum

firing; Most simple mode of firing

PAGE

608

Audouin's method of firing; Aydon, Wise and Field's nozzle-sprinkler. 609

Apparatuses for steamers; Experiments by Mr. Isherwood of the United

States Navy on board the gunboat Pallas

620

What determines the use of petroleum for steam fuel; Creation of the

Caspian fleet by the Baku oil fields

621

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Performance of engines on the Strasbourg railroad; Karapetow's

sprinkler.

628

Körting's pipe sprinkler

629

Urquhart's sprinkler.

631

Apparatuses for hearths; Nobel and Wittenstrom's step-furnace; West-

phal's sprinkler

Petroleum stoves and furnaces for domestic purposes; Uses of lubricat-

ing oils.

Opposition to the hydrocarbon oils; Characteristics of a good lubricat-
ing material as given by Prof. R. H. Thurston

Lubrication of passenger, mail and baggage cars

637

638

Novel conclusions regarding lubrication arrived at by Jos. Grossman;

Oils for locomotives

639

Lubrication of marine engines, and of the cold parts of stationary engines. 640

Lubrication of the working parts of fine machines; Summary of the

properties of mineral oils given in Spon's "Encyclopædia of Arts;"

Solar or mixing oils

641

Classification of lubricating oils; Künkler's investigations of Russian

and American lubricating oils

642

xxvi

PAGE

Engler's investigations of German and Alsace lubricating oils, with tables. 643

Points to be considered in selecting a lubricating oil; Redwood's investi-

gations of the influence of lubricating oils on metals; Engler and E.

Kneiss' researches on the solubility of metals in liquid hydrocarbons. 646

Use of petroleum for medicinal purposes; Petroleum ether; Prof. Trous

sean's use of petroleum ether in place of nitrate of silver and blue

stone, in the treatment of conjunctivitis

647

L. Lewin's investigations of the action of petroleum; Diseases due to

taking petroleum internally; Petroleum a poison.

Action of officinal petroleum; Cosmoline and its properties

Processes for the manufacture of cosmoline

Saponification of petroleum products; C. Schaal's method

Prof. Ditmar's mixture of mineral oil and sebates; Solid petroleum;

Naphtha candles and their manufacture in the factory of K. L. Müller

in St. Petersburg

654

Analysis of naphtha candles by the Technological Institute of St. Peters-

burg; Use of fats for lubricating purposes; Use of consistent fats. . 655

Viscon and its use; Bakusin, its use and preparation; Production of lus-

treless and perfumed oils; Means of depriving mineral oils of their

fluorescence.

Substances for perfuming oils; Use of petroleum for preventing boiler
incrustations, for impregnating wood, gypsum, etc.; M. Carden's ex-
periments

656

.657

CHAPTER XIII.

NATURAL GAS AND OIL GAS.

Natural gas and its principal uses; Candle power of natural gas; Mr. E.
B. Phuipp's experiments in the use of natural gas as an illuminant
The Siemens and Haupt barners: The Toll barner

Use of natural gas stoves and rates; Demand for natural gas for in-
dustrial purposes in the Pennsylvania areas: The Harvey well near
Larden & Mills Butler county Pennsilvania.

Introduction of natural gas them Messrs Spang Challant & Co.,
: Era Dear Pistargh the Rochester tumbler works at Rochester,
Pennsylvania, mi the Prisbergt glass works of M. ↑ R. Ford at
Creighton Pennsilvana Piping of the gas of the Naisc je dis-
me and strang & the Westinghouse well at Homewood,
Pesteng secren of gas-producing terore in New York Ne
and Tex Tagma Gas I the Clacasas of ventan

Use of natural gas for burning lime in the Surachani district, and for
heating and lighting purposes; Attempts by Admiral Wassiljeff to use
natural gas for light-house purposes; Bunsen and Schmidt's analysis
of Caucasus natural gas.

Sadtler's analysis of natural gas; Methods of regulating the pressure of
natural gas; Westinghouse's regulator
Series of furnaces fitted for natural gas

Ordinary puddling furnace; Directly acting puddling furnace
Continuously-working regenerative furnace; Ordinary pnddling furnace;
Furnace based upon the principle of an argand burner

Regenerative furnaces with open hearths; Plate-furnace; Smelting fur-

naces; Boilers with gas-firing; Oil-gas; Blue and green oils; Hydrocar-

bons giving the best results as regards yield and illuminating power

of the gas