MARGAUX

churches-one exhibiting traces of Norman and Early English work, and the other with a tower of 135 feet, forming a conspicuous landmark; the Royal Sea-bathing Infirmary, founded 1792 and enlarged 1882; a town-hall (1820); and an extensive deaf and dumb asylum (1875-80-86). Turner the painter (one of whose earliest known sketches is a view of Margate church) was at school in Margate for a short time. Pop. (1801) 4766; (1891) 18,419; (1911) 27,086; (1921) 46,475. Margaux, a village near the Gironde, 15 miles NNW. of Bordeaux, is famous for its wines.

Margay (Felis tigrina), a species of cat or tiger-cat, a native of the forests of Brazil and

Ghiana, smaller and less handsome than the ocelot, which in general appearance it much resembles, though its spots are smaller. It is little larger than the domestic cat. It is capable of domestication, and of being made very useful in ratkilling.

Marghilan. See FERGHANA.

Marginal Credit, or more correctly MARGINAL LETTER OF CREDIT, is a letter issued usually by a banker and attached to or printed in the margin of a Bill of Exchange (q.v.) authorising the person to whom it is addressed to draw on the banker the annexed bill of exchange and under. taking to honour the bill if drawn in accordance with the terms of the letter. This service the

banker undertakes for a client who is desirous of making payment abroad, but whose financial position is not sufficiently well known there to allow of bills drawn upon him being saleable, or saleable at the most favourable rate. His client having deposited cash or securities, the banker lends, as it were, the credit of his name, charging

a commission for the risk involved.

Margrave. See MARCHES, MARQUIS. Marguerite. See MARGARET. Marguerite. See CHRYSANTHEMUM. Marheineke, PHILIPP CONRAD (1780-1846), Protestant theologian, born at Hildesheim, was professor and university preacher at Erlangen in 1805, and subsequently held theological chairs at Heidelberg (from 1807) and Berlin (from 1811). After Hegel's death he was the chief figure among the right wing of that philosopher's disciples.

Mari, or CHEREMISSES, a Finnish people of the Volga basin. An autonomous Mari territory was set up in 1920; area, 7300 sq. m.; pop. 400,000; capital, Krasnokokshaisk (red Kokshaisk'; formerly called Tsarevokokshaisk; pop. 2000).

Maria Christina, queen of Spain, born at Naples, 27th April 1806, was a daughter of Francis I., king of the Two Sicilies. In 1829 she became the fourth wife of Ferdinand VII. of Spain, and in October of that year gave birth to a daughter, Isabella II. Ferdinand died 29th September 1833, and by his testament his widow was appointed guardian of her children-the young Queen Isabella and the Infanta Maria Louisa, Duchess de Montpensier-and also regent. A civil war broke out see CARLISTS); but the queen-mother seemed indifferent to everything except the company of Don Fernando Muñoz, whom she made her chamberlain, and with whom she was united, in December 1833, in a morganatic marriage. She had ten children by him. A conspiracy, which broke out on the night of the 13th August 1836, led the queen-mother to concede a constitution to Spain. In 1840 a popular commotion ensued, and she gave to the new prime-minister, Espartero, a renunciation of the regency, and retired to France, whence she returned in 1843. Her participation in the

schemes of Louis-Philippe as to the marriage of her daughters in 1846, and the continual exercise of her influence in a manner unfavourable to constitutional liberty, made her hateful to the patriotic party in Spain. At length, in July 1854, à revolution expelled her from the country, and she again took refuge in France, but returned to Spain in 1864, only to retire again in 1868. She died at Le Havre, August 1878. See CARLISTS, and SPAIN.

Maria Louisa, the second wife of Napoleon I., born 12th December 1791, was the daughter of the Emperor Francis I. of Austria. She was married to Napoleon after the divorce of Josephine, 2d April 1810. On 20th March following she bore ginning of the campaign of 1813 Napoleon appointed a son, who was called King of Rome. At the belimitations. On the abdication of Napoleon, being her regent in his absence, but under many advised not to follow him into exile, she went with her son to Schönbrunn, where she remained till 1816, when she received the duchies of Parma, Piacenza, and Guastalla. In 1822 she contracted a morganatic marriage with Count von Neipperg. She died at Parma, 17th December 1847.

See Lives by Helfert (1873) and Imbert de SaintAmand (trans. 1886), her Correspondance (1887), the Mémoires of Mme Durand (1885), and Mrs Cuthell's (apologetic) An Imperial Victim (1911).

Mariana, JUAN, a Spanish historian, was born at Talavera in 1536, entered at eighteen the then rising order of the Jesuits, and afterwards taught in the Jesuit colleges at Rome (where Bellarmine was one of his scholars), in Sicily, and finally in Paris. After seven years of labour in Paris he was driven by ill-health to Toledo, and there he lived in unbroken literary labours till his death, at an Hispanic first appeared in 20 books in 1592, and extreme old age, in 1624. His Historia de Rebus was supplemented by 10 additional books, carrying the narrative down to the accession of Charles V., in 1605. Its admirable Latinity and undoubted historical merits give it an abiding value. Mariana himself published a Spanish translation (1601-9), which still remains one of the classics of the language. His Tractatus VII. Theologici et Historici (1609) roused the suspicion of the Inquisition. But the most celebrated of the works of Mariana is his well-known treatise De Rege et Regis Institutione (1599), which raises the question whether it be lawful to overthrow a tyrant, and answers it in the affirmative, even where the tyrant is not a usurper but a lawful king. This tyrannicide doctrine drew much odium upon the entire order of Jesuits, especially after the murder of Henry IV. of France by Ravaillac in 1610; but it is only just to observe that, while, upon the one hand, precisely the same doctrines were taught in almost the same words by several of the Protestant contemporaries formally condemned by the general Acquaviva, and of Mariana, on the other, Mariana's book itself was the doctrine forbidden to be taught by members of the order. See a study by Cirot (1905).

Mariana Islands. See LADRONES.

Marianus Scotus (1028-c. 1082), an Irish chronicler, who, quitting his country in 1052, became a Benedictine at Cologne in 1058, and settled in the monastery at Fulda. Ten years later he removed to Mainz, where he taught mathematics and theology. He left a Chronicon Universale, which began at the creation and came down to 1082. It was published at Basel in 1559, and by Waitz in Monumenta Germaniæ.'-Another MARIANUS

SCOTUS, famous as a copyist and calligrapher, was

abbot of St Peter's at Ratisbon in 1088.

Maria Stella (d. 1843), claimed to be a daughter of Philip of Orleans, for whom LouisPhilippe had been substituted at birth.

tisans tried to bring about a civil war, but their | attempts proved futile; and by the advice of Richelieu, then Bishop of Luçon, she made her submission to her son in 1619, and took her place at Court. Marie hoped to win over Richelieu to her party, but she soon found out that he had no mind to be ruled by her, whereupon she tried to undermine his influence with the king. Her in trigues for this purpose failed; she was imprisoned in Compiègne, whence she escaped and fled to Brussels in 1631. Her last years were spent in utter destitution, and she is said to have died in a hayloft at Cologne, 3d July 1642. She loved the fine arts, and Paris owes to her the Luxembourg. See books by Zeller (1877-99), Miss Pardoe (new ed. 1902), and Batiffol (1906; Eng. trans. 1908). Marie Galante, a French island, discovered by Columbus in 1493, 17 miles SE. of Guadeloupe. Area, 58 sq. m. It is mostly wooded, and surrounded by coral reefs. Sugar, coffee, cocoa, and cotton are exported. Pop. 20,000. Chief town, Grandbourg, or Marigot, on the south-west coast.

Marienbad (Czech, Marianské Lázné), a Bohemian spa, 47 miles by rail NW. of Pilsen, 2057 feet above sea-level, is surrounded by wooded

heights. The springs have long been used by the people of the neighbourhood, but it is only since 1807-8 that it has become a place of resort for persons from distant parts of the world. The springs are numerous, varying in temperature from 48 to 54° F. They are saline, containing sulphate of soda and various alkaline ingredients, but differing considerably in their composition and qualities. The waters are used both for drinking and for bathing. Great quantities are exported.

Marienburg, an old town of Prussia, on the Nogat, 30 miles by rail SSE. of Danzig. It was long the seat of the Grand Masters of the Teutonic Order (q.v.), who removed from Venice hither in 1309. The fortress of the Knights, however, was founded here about 1274. Marienburg remained in their hands till 1457, when it was taken by the Poles, and by them it was held till 1772. The castle, in which seventeen Grand Masters resided, a noble edifice in a style of Gothic peculiar to the neighbourhood of the Baltic, was thoroughly restored in 1817-42. Pop. 14,000.

Marienwerder, a town of Prussia, is picturesquely situated 3 miles E. of the Vistula and 55 by rail S. of Danzig. It was founded in 1233 by the Teutonic Knights, and has an old castle and a cathedral (1384). Pop. 13,000. In 1920 a region of West Prussia, including Marienwerder and Marienburg, decided by a 97 per cent. vote to be

German rather than Polish.

Marietta, capital of Washington county, Ohio, on the Ohio River, 105 miles SE. of Columbus. Founded in 1788, it is the oldest town in the state, is the seat of Marietta College (1835), and has varied manufactures and a trade in the petroleum found near by. Remarkable traces of the moundbuilders are visible here. Pop. 15,000.

Mariette Pasha, FRANÇOIS AUGUSTE FERDINAND, Egyptian explorer, was born at Boulogne, 11th February 1821, and was educated at the municipal college of the town. He became French master at a school at Stratford-on-Avon in 1839, and in 1840 a pattern designer at Coventry. But he soon returned to Boulogne, and after taking his degree at Douai (1841) was appointed professor in his native college. His connection with Nestor l'Hôte, the companion of Champollion, directed Mariette's attention to the hieroglyphic monuments; in 1849 he entered the Egyptian department of the Louvre, and in 1850 was despatched to Egypt in search of Coptic MSS. Whilst there

MARINES

he made his famous discovery of the Serapeum, the long-buried cemetery of the Apis bulls, and brought to light a host of important monuments and inscriptions in Memphis, Sakkara, Giza, and the neigh bourhood. In 1858 he was appointed Keeper of Monuments to the Egyptian government, and thenceforward his life was devoted to archæological exploration in the Nile valley. With indefatigable industry he dug out the Sphinx aud the temples of Dendera and Edfu, revealed the marvellous sculptures of Meydûm and Giza, and the courts and inscriptions of Medînet Habu, Deir el- Bahrî, Karnak, and Abydos, and began the excavation of Tanis. Nor was he less active with pen and pencii. In 1856-57 appeared his Sérupéum de Memphis (also ed. Maspero, i. 1882); four editions of his Aperçu de l'Histoire d'Egypte came out between 1864 and 1874, and six of the Catalogue du Musée de Boulak (which he founded in 1863, and which is full of the results of his labours) from 1864 to 1876; he published sumptuous descriptions in many volumes, with folio plates of the chief temples-Dendérah (1870–75), Abydos (1869–80), Karnak (1875), Deir-el-Bahari (1877), Monuments Divers (1872 ff.); while his Itinéraire de la Haute

Egypte was translated by his brother (Monuments Upper Egypt, 1877), and his Mastabas edited by en-Nil) Museum, which owes its existence to its Maspero (1882). Besides the Bulaq (now Kasrfirst director, Mariette founded the French School died at Cairo, 19th January 1881. of Egyptology and the Egyptian Institute. He

See E. Deseille, Aug. Mariette (1882); H. A. Wallon, Notice, Inst. de France (1883); and a biographical notice by Maspero in Mariette's Euvres diverses (i. 1904). Marignano. See MELEGNANO.

It

Marigold, a name given to certain plants of the natural order Compositæ, chiefly of the genera Calendula and Tagetes. Pot Marigold (Calendula officinalis) is an annual, a native of France and the more southern parts of Europe, with an erect stem, 1 to 2 feet high, the lower leaves obovate on long stalks, and large, deep yellow flowers. has long been very common in British gardens ; there are varieties with double flowers. The whole plant has a slightly aromatic odour and a bitter taste. The genus Tagetes consists of annual and perennial herbaceous plants, natives of the warmer parts of America, although T. erecta, one of those most frequently cultivated in Britain, bears the name of African Marigold; and T. patula, another annual well known in British flower-borders, is called French Marigold. Both species are Mexican. They have been long in cultivation, are much admired, and require the assistance of a hotbed in spring in the colder parts of Britain. Corn Marigold is a Chrysanthemum (q.v.). Marsh Marigold (q.v.) has no botanical affinity with the true marigolds. See also BUR-MARIGOLD.

Marines, or the ROYAL MARINE FORCES, are that body of the military forces of the crown which is under control of the Admiralty for service at sea or on land. The badge of the Royal Marines is the Globe and Laurel, with motto 'Per mare, per terram.' Their colonel-in-chief is the king. A regiment of marines was first raised by the Admiralty in 1664; previous to this troops had been embarked for temporary duty on board ship. In 1755 three divisions were established at Chatham, Portsmouth, and Plymouth. A fourth division was established at Woolwich in 1805, and disbanded in 1869. In 1802, as a reward for its services the corps was, by royal command, created 'the Royal Marines.' In 1855, in consequence of services in the Crimea, the title of Light Infantry' was added. In 1804 the Royal Marine Artillery was first authorised, artillery companies being

MARINETTI

formed and attached to each division. In 1866 a Royal Marine Artillery division was established at Eastney. An Order in Council of 11th October 1923 amalgamated the Royal Marine Artillery and Royal Marine Light Infantry into the corps of Royal Marines.' The titles of Gunner R.M.A.' and Private R.M.L.I.' were changed to Marine.' The recruit depot is at Deal.

6

When serving in H.M. ships the marines are employed as guns' crews and in gunnery control, the size of the detachment being regulated by the number of guns' crews they are required to provide. In addition they are employed as sentries and in the general duties of the ship. They are equipped in a similar manner to the army, and are always ready for landing for service on shore. They combine the handiness of the sailor with the training of the soldier. They are skilled gunners, and highly trained infantrymen. In order to give marines the necessary training a long-service system is neces sary: marines are, therefore, engaged to serve for twelve years, with option of re-engaging for another nine years, when they receive a pension. The result of this is that an unlimited supply of recruits can be obtained. They are carefully selected, both for physique and education. The original number of marines was 1200. The strength of the corps has varied considerably since its formation: at the time of the Napoleonic wars it was 31,000; immediately prior to the European War it was 18,000; at the date of the armistice the strength had reached 58,339.

The marines have been engaged in every war, both large and small, by land and sea, with few exceptions, and have always shown courage and loyalty. In the European War the marines more than upheld the traditions of the corps; 6000 were present in the battle of Jutland. Large numbers were employed as gunners in merchantmen and 'Q' boats. Four battalions of marines were hastily despatched for the defence of Antwerp, but were driven back, eventually composing the rearguard in the retreat of the Naval Division. Early in the war the 63d (Royal Naval) Division was formed, organised, and administered by Headquarters R.M. Forces. Originally there were four battalions of marines in this division; but, after service in Gallipoli, at Seddul Bahr, and Kum Kale, being greatly reduced in strength, the four battalions became two, and were transferred to France with the Naval Division, where they took part in some of the hardest fighting, their casualties being very heavy. Marine battalions were present in the battles of the Somme, Aucre, Arras, Paschendaele, and Cambrai. Their most famous service during the European War was the landing of a battalion on the mole at Zeebrugge to cover the operations by seamen of blocking the canal. Marines also took part in operations in German East and West Africa, Serbia, and North and South Russia. The marines during the war organised the following units: Heavy howitzer brigades (15-inch) with armies in France, battalion in the Ægean islands, armoured-car squadrons, marine engineers, marine submarine miners, marine labour corps, various anti-aircraft, anti-submarine, and coast defence batteries.

See Edye's Historical Records of the Royal Marines; Gillespie's History of the R.M. Corps, 1803; and Field's

Britain's Sea Soldiers.

Marinetti, FILIPPO TOMMASO, Italian poet, born at Alexandria in 1881, studied at the Sorbonne, Pavia, and Genoa, edited Poesia, and advocated Futurism (q.v.).

Marini, GIAMBATTISTA, an Italian poet, born at Naples in 1569. Abandoning jurisprudence for poetry against his father's will, he was befriended

by various noble patrons, and was carried by Cardinal Pietro Aldobrandini to Turin, where a poem, Il Ritratto, procured him the office of ducal secretary. At Paris he enjoyed the patronage of Catharine of Valois, and after her death of Marie de' Medici. Here he wrote his best work, the Adone (1622), and after its publication revisited Italy, and died at Naples in 1625. The licentiousness that mars his verse was but an echo of his life. His imitators form the so-called Marinist school, of which the essential features are florid hyperbole and false overstrained imagery. See GONGORA, LYLY, and METAPHYSICAL POETS.

Marino, a town on the Alban Hills, 12 miles SE. of Rome, has a castle belonging to the Colonnas, who took it from their rivals, the Orsinis, in 1424, and a cathedral and churches with pictures by Guido, Domenichino, and Guercino. It grows wine, and manufactures soap, leather, &c. Pop. 10,000.

Mario, GIUSEPPE, the famous tenor, was by birth the Cavaliere di Candia and son of General di Candia. He was born probably at Cagliari (not Genoa or Turin) about 1808, and served in the army for some years. But a youthful escapade led to his forsaking Italy for Paris, where he quickly won his way into the most exclusive circles both by the charm of his manners and his exquisite voice. Having contracted debts, however, he accepted the appointment of first tenor of the Opéra, with a salary of 1500 francs per month, changing his name at the same time from De Candia to Mario. After two years' study at the Conservatoire Mario made his début, on the 2d December 1838, as Robert in Robert le Diable, and achieved the first of a long series of operatic triumphs in Paris, London, St Petersburg, and America. His repertoire embraced all the great works of Rossini, Bellini, Donizetti, and Verdi. By his wife, the famous singer Giulia Grisi (q.v.), he had several daughters. In private he was esteemed for his large-handed liberality and for his noble assistance to struggling artists. In his later years after his retirement from the stage he lost his fortune through disastrous speculations. He died at Rome, 11th December 1883. See Judith Gautier, Le Roman d'un Grand Chanteur (1912).

Mariolatry. See MARY.

Marion, capital of Marion county, Ohio, 46 miles by rail N. of Columbus, with manufactures of machinery, farming implements, and other wares; pop. 28,000.

Marionettes, little jointed puppets of wood or cardboard, especially those moved by means of cords or springs by a concealed agent. From the Greeks they passed to the Romans. In Italy the Fantoccini reached a very respectable degree of artistic merit, and still hold their ground. The marionette theatre was carried to France under Charles IX. Thence it passed quickly to England, where it became known as a motion, or motion of puppets, or puppets only. The favourite resort of puppet plays in London seems to have been Bartholomew Fair, and in Elizabethan times they played set pieces. We find allusions so frequent as to prove wide popularity in Shakespeare, Ben Jonson, Pepys's Diary, Pope, Swift, and the Essayists. Marionettes are still exhibited occasionally, but the Punch and Judy of our streets. only very familiar marionette-play we have is the A marionette Faust had for many generations been played in Germany, and Goethe tells us that it gave him the first suggestion of his greatest work. Plays have been written in French for the marionette stage by Maeterlinck. In the East the showmen are very frequently Gypsies. Gypsies used to show