and a population, according to the census of 1897, of 334,521. The principal products are potatoes, bananas, and tomatoes. The seat of government is Santa Cruz, in Teneriffe, but Las Palmas, in Grand Canary, has become the leading town of the islands. In March, 1901, an electric metre-gauge tramway was opened in Teneriffe, connecting the port of Santa Cruz with La Laguna, 5.6 miles distant. It is expected that the road will be prolonged to Orotava, about 21 miles beyond La Laguna. An electric tramway is projected to join the ports of Luz and Las Palmas in Grand Canary.

CANCER. Following Roswell Park, of Buffalo, N. Y., who claimed in 1900 that cancer is increasing rapidly in the United States, statisticians in different parts of the world reported in 1901 similar conditions in their own countries. The provincial board of health of Ontario, Canada, reports that the number of deaths from cancer in the province increased from 440 in 1886 to 1,041 in 1899. It is reported that in Moscow the number of cases of cancer had doubled since 1880, and Heymann states that the mortality from carcinoma in Russia is four times as great as in 1877. Professor Lewshin, of Moscow, has collected about $150,000 for the establishment of proper sanitariums for the care of cancer patients in Russia. He states, incidentally, that in the past thirty years no material improvement has taken place in the treatment of the malady. James Braithwaite, of London, is authority for the theory that excess of salt is a cause of cancer. It may arise from a diet including too much meat. The other factors he considers are over-nourishment and some local irritant or stimulant, either mechanical or due to a micro-organism. He mentions the facts that Jewesses are seldom victims of cancer, and that savages who use no salt are exempt from cancer. He calls attention to the fact that all the domestic animals except the hog are subject to cancer, and that hogs alone receive no salt, while it is supplied to cattle, horses, and sheep.

Dr. Gaylord, of the University of Buffalo, believes that he has discovered the cause of cancer in an organism belonging to the protozoa. His experiments included the inoculation of seventy-two animals with this germ, with corroborative results. From his preliminary paper, published in May, 1901, satisfactory conclusions cannot be drawn, and it remains for subsequent and more detailed accounts to convince the scientific world, by which Gaylord's views are not yet accepted.

CANDIA. See CRETE.

CANNON, GEORGE Q., Mormon dignitary, died at Monterey, Cal., April 12, 1901. He was born in Liverpool, England, January 11, 1827, was converted to Mormonism in 1842, and two years later came to America, where he helped to found Salt Lake City. Later he went as a missionary to California and Hawaii, translated the Mormon bible into the Hawaiian language, and returned, after a tour of Europe, to serve as private secretary to Brigham Young. In 1857 Mr. Cannon became an apostle in his church, and soon after a leader, fighting for his faith against the most bitter attacks from all parts of the country. He served as delegate in Congress from 1872 to 1880, when he was deprived of his seat because of his polygamy. Largely through the influence of Mr. Cannon, who counseled a separation of the Mormon Church from politics, Utah was admitted to Statehood.

CANOEING. The great event of the year is the annual camp of the American Canoe Association and the championships contested for at that time. The meet of 1901 was the twenty-second, and it was held on Halfmoon Island—one of the Thousand Islands-August 9 to 23. Many old-timers, such as E. B. Edwards, C. Bowyer, Vaux, and Paul Butler, together with members from the Northern, Atlantic, Central, and Eastern divisions of the association, were present. The following is a summary of the contests: Paddling and sailing combined, 1⁄2 mile alternately, total 3 miles, start to be made under paddle; F. C. Moore, first; Geo. McTaggart, second. Paddling, 1⁄2 mile straightaway: G. W. McTaggart, first; F. F. Dorsey, second. Sailing, 41⁄2 miles, time limit 2 hours: F. F. Dorsey, first; G. W. McTaggart, second. Trophy, sailing. 9 miles: F. F. Dorsey, first; Paul Butler, second. Dolphin, sailing trophy and British Canoe Association sailing trophy, 71⁄2 miles: F. C. Moore, first; G. W. McTaggart, second. Open canoe, 11⁄2 miles: G. W. McTaggart, first; Hyam Hoyt, second. Trophy paddling, double blades, I mile straightaway: E. J. Minnett, Toronto, first; R. N. Brown, Toronto, second. Novice paddling, 1⁄2 mile with turn, single blades: R. Moody, Toronto, first; A. G. Mather, Medford, Mass., second. Open canoes, single, 1⁄2 mile with turn, single blades: E. J. Minnett, Toronto, first; A. G. Mather, Medford, Mass., second. Tandem, 1⁄2 mile with turn, open canoes, single blades: E. J. Minnett and A. McNichol, of Toronto, first; A. G. Mather and R. Hunter, of Medford, Mass., second. Decked or open canoes, single, paddling, 1⁄2 mile with_turn, double blades: E. J. Minnett, Toronto, first; A. McNichol, Toronto, second. Rescue race, 4 mile straightaway: R. H. Britton and Parmenter, Gananoque, first; E. J. Minnett and A. McNichol, Toronto, second. Tandem, double blades, 1⁄2 mile with turn, open canoes: E. J. Minnett and A. McNichol, Toronto, first; R. N. Brown and J. J. Vaughan, Toronto, second. Fours, double blades, 1⁄2

mile straightaway: E. J. Minnett, R. N. Brown, A. McNichol, and J. J. Vaughan, of Toronto, first; R. H. Britton, A. G. Mather, W. Gallow, and R. Moody, of Toronto, second. Fours, 1⁄2 mile straightaway, single blades, open canoes: E. R. McNeill, A. L. Lynch, R. H. Britton, and C. Eastmond, of Kingston, second; R. N. Brown, J. J. Vaughan, A. McNichol, and E. J. Minnett, of Toronto, third. Tail-end race, 1⁄4 mile straightaway: R. Parmenter, first; G. W. Begg, Toronto, second-10 starters. Relay race, open canoes, single blades, 11⁄2 miles over sailing course, three men from each club or division: E. J. Minnett, J. J. Vaughan, and A. McNichol, first; R. N. Brown, R. Moody, and A. G. Mather, second. Mixed tandem, 4 mile straightaway: Miss M. H. Britton and R. H. Britton, of Gananoque, first; Mrs. J. B. Taylor and A. G. Mather, second; Miss English and R. Hunter, third. Hurry-scurry, run, swim, and paddle, standing up, open canoes: R. Parmenter, Gananoque, first; Ralph Britton, Gananoque, second. Tournament: J. McD. Mowat and R. Parmenter, first; J. Howard and A. G. Mather, second. War canoes, championship of America, 1 mile straightaway: Won by the Toronto Canoe Club. War canoe tug-of-war, one-minute heats, best two out of three: Won by Y. M. C. A., of Brockville; Toronto Canoe Club, second. Northern Division championship: Ý. M. C. A. Athletic Club, of Brockville, first; Toronto Canoe Club, second. Record race: G. W. McTaggart, first; F. F. Dorsey, second.

CAPE COLONY, officially known as the Cape of Good Hope Colony, is the southernmost of the British possessions in South Africa. The capital is Cape Town. Area, Population, and Education.-The area of Cape Colony proper, together with its various accessions from 1875, when Griqualand was annexed, to 1895, when British Bechuanaland was incorporated, is estimated at 276,775 square miles. Along the southern coast the soil is well adapted for the cultivation of grain and vines, but on the Great Karroo of the interior and in the highlands of the north, the nature of the ground is such as to make it suitable only for grazing and sheep-farming. According to the census of 1891, the population of the colony, exclusive of Pondoland and Bechuanaland, was 527,224, of which number the white inhabitants comprised 376,987. Of the whites about three-fifths were of Dutch descent, massed for the most part in the western districts, while the British element predominated in the country toward the east. The colored population is made up of Malays and a mixture of South African races. The inhabitants of Pondoland and Bechuanaland number about 275,000. The leading religious denomination is the Dutch Reformed Church, which embraces about one-fifth of all the inhabitants. Next in the order of numerical importance are the Anglicans, Wesleyans and other Methodists, Independents, Presbyterians, Lutherans, Roman Catholics, and Moravians. Of the native population, a very large proportion, amounting in all probably to 70 per cent., is without any religious faith. Education is not compulsory. In 1900 there were 2,613 schools, partly supported by the government, with an attendance of 110,483 children, of whom about two fifths were of European descent. There are seven colleges with an enrollment of 650 students and a central university, which as yet is merely an examining body. In 1900 the expenditure for education was £272.214. There were 125 public libraries in 1899, and about 90 newspapers and periodicals.

Government and Finance.-By the constitution of 1872, the executive authority is placed in a governor appointed by the British crown and assisted in his duties by a council of ministers, six in number, responsible to the Colonial parliament. The law-making power is vested in a legislative council of 23 members, elected for a period of seven years, and a house of assembly of 95 members, chosen for five years. There is a small property qualification for the suffrage, but for membership in the legislative council, the possession of real estate to the amount of £2,000 or of personal property to double the value, is required. In 1901 the governor was Sir Walter F. Hely-Hutchinson (q.v.). As a result of the Boer war, Cape Colony with the rest of the British possessions in South Africa, has been placed under the ultimate supervision of a high commissioner, at present Sir Alfred Milner (q.v.). The change has been attended by a noticeable increase in the influence of the executive, necessitated in great measure by the conditions of virtual war which for some time during 1901 prevailed in the colony. The legal system is based on the old Roman-Dutch law. The highest tribunal is the Supreme Court at Cape Town, composed of a chief justice and eight associate justices. There are in addition circuit courts, assigned to the eastern, southern, and western districts, permanent and special magistrates' courts, and local justices of the peace. Military and naval contingents are regularly maintained by the Imperial government for the defense of the colony. Local military organizations, available for service in case of emergency, are the Cape Mounted Riflemen, with a normal strength of about 1,000; the Cape Police, consisting of 2,000 officers and men, and various volunteer organizations, approaching in 1898 close to 7,000 men. During 1901 naturally a much larger proportion of the inhabitants were under arms, and in the beginning of the year, when the invading Boer commandos were most active, the strength of the mounted riflemen, police, and volunteers was estimated at 12,000.

The principal sources of revenue in the order of importance are the railways, posts and telegraphs, taxation, and the public domain; the chief items of expenditure are the railways, the interest on the public debt, the penal institutions, and defense. In 1899 the revenue amounted to £8,781,212, and the expenditures to £8,190,124; in 1900 the total income was £6,565,752, a sum considerably smaller than the disbursements, which were £7,773,230. The large decrease in the revenue for 1900 is more than accounted for by the fact that the receipts for the previous year had been swelled by a loan of £2,317,000. Nearly the whole of the public debt which, at the end of 1900, amounted to £31,097,825, has been contracted in the construction of public works, the amount spent on the railways up to January 1, 1901, being £21,842,216.

Industries. The principal industries are the rearing of sheep, cattle, and ostriches, agriculture, and mining. Farming and cattle raising are for the most part carried on by the Dutch population; mining and whatever manufacturing there is, are in the hands of the British. On the large cattle-farms of the interior and the north, covering at a rough estimate nearly one hundred million acres, there were towards the end of 1898 about 1,260,000 sheep, 5,572,793 Angora and other goats, 1,076,774 head of cattle, 387,824 horses, 260,672 ostriches, and 245,947 swine. In the same year there were produced 35,179,900 pounds of wool, 6,707,879 pounds of mohair, and 287,167. pounds of ostrich feathers. Statistics for subsequent years are not available owing to the continuance of the struggle with the Boers, but estimates tend to show that the grazing industry, more perhaps than any other, has suffered from the persistence of hostilities. These estimates are confirmed by figures showing that the export of animal products, including wool, feathers, hides and skins, declined from about £4,200,000 in 1899 to a little over £2,635,000 in 1900. The decrease of production is easily accounted for, partly by the fact that a large proportion of the adult male population has been diverted from their regular occupations to military service, and partly by the presence of marauding bands of Boers in the western districts of the colony. The principal minerals worked in Cape Colony are diamonds, copper, and coal; but there also occur manganese, lead, iron, zincblende, and gold. The latter appears as by far the most important item in the list of exports, but practically all of it is derived from the Transvaal. The diamond fields are chiefly at Kimberly, in Griqualand West, 647 miles by rail from Cape Town. Before the outbreak of war Cape Colony yielded about 98 per cent. of the world's annual output in diamonds. The total value of the precious stones exported between 1867 and 1899 has been estimated at about £92,000,000, and the average production for the last five years of the period was about £4,500,000. The value of the diamonds exported in 1900 was only £3.433,636. The output of coal was 208,655 tons in 1899, and 198,451 tons in 1900. Among agricultural products, maize and wheat take the leading place. In 1898 the maize crop amounted to 2,857,809 bushels, and the wheat crop to 2,220,747 bushels. The production of minor cereals for the same year was: Oats, 1,810,611 bushels; barley, 830,730 bushels; Kaffir corn, about 2,000,000 bushels; rye, 304,491 bushels; and oat-straw, about 225,000,000 pounds. In the favorable soil of the coast region there were raised 83,000,000 vine stocks, which yielded 4,826,432 gallons of wine and 1,107,344 gallons of brandy. Many varieties of fruit, including the apple, apricot, fig, lemon, orange, pear, peach, and plum are raised in considerable quantities.

Communications.-In Cape Colony proper there are about 8,000 miles of wagon roads. Three main lines of railway setting out from Cape Town, Port Elizabeth, and East London on the southern coast, traverse the colony from north to south. At Springfontein a few miles into the Orange River Colony, the two eastern roads merge into one, while the western line skirts the borders of the two former Boer republics, and runs north to form part of the projected Cape-to-Cairo Railway (q.v.). Branching off from the three main lines are numerous spurs running in all directions. On January 1, 1901, there were 2,911 miles of railway in the colony. Of this amount, 2,089 miles were owned and operated by the government, 653 miles were private property, but were worked by the government, and 235 miles were both privately owned and operated. In November, 1901, five small lines, aggregating 582 miles in all, were in course of construction. The government railways have been built at a cost of nearly £10,200 per mile. In 1898 the gross earnings were £2,904,000, and the expenses £2,012,400; in 1899 the figures were £2,792,975 for receipts, and £1,180,312 for disbursements. For the year 1900 the returns showed a profit of 64 per cent. on the capital invested. At the end of 1899 there were 7,360 miles of telegraph line in the colony, with 22,000 miles of wire; by the end of 1900 the length of line had increased to 7,441 miles, and the miles of wire to 22,654. The net revenue in 1898 was £10.511, while operations in the following year resulted in a loss of £8,609. At the end of 1898 the post-offices in the colony numbered 942, and the postal system in that year was worked at a loss of £1,496.

History for 1901.-An account of the military operations in Cape Colony during the year will be found under TRANSVAAL. Political conditions in the colony were entirely determined by the attitude of the Afrikander population toward the Dutch

of the Vaal and Orange River Colonies, and to the Cape government. In 1900 party lines had been sharply drawn on the question of the Treason Bill, the opposition in the parliament had carried on a violent propaganda against the measures of the ministry, in defense of the liberties of the subject as they themselves claimed, or in the interests of the Boers, as was asserted by British sympathizers, and when the legislature was dissolved in October, all the members of the Afrikander Bond were in open discontent with the government, and some in active rebellion. The agitation was not confined to parliament. During the last two months of the year the greater part of the Dutch press engaged in a sympathetic campaign of argument and villification against the civil and military authorities, and the charges adduced by the press were reiterated at the Afrikander Congress which assembled at Worcester on December 6, 1900, and demanded the immediate cessation of war and the restoration of independence for the Boer republics. With the revival of Boer activity in the field in the very last days of the year, and the appearance of hostile commandos within the borders of the colony, the danger of a rising among the Cape Dutch seemed imminent. No movement, however, of sufficient proportions to be termed an insurrection occurred in 1901, although undoubtedly large numbers of colonists joined the Boer forces as individuals. What rendered the position of the British authorities difficult throughout the year was not open resistance by force of arms, but the silent ill-will of a hostile population expressing itself in effective aid and comfort lent to the enemy.

This was the situation at the beginning of 1901 as described with considerable detail and some animus in a report by Lord Alfred Milner, dated at Cape Town on February 6, and published in a parliamentary blue book of April 17. While recognizing, however, the full gravity of the existing state of things, Lord Milner was inclined to take a hopeful view as to the ultimate issue of affairs. He pointed out that the bulk of the population, though probably in sympathy with the Boers, were weary of the struggle; that their aid was evoked only by the presence of armed bands among them, and that only the extremists could view with dissatisfaction the approach of a time when the burdensome requisitions of food, horses, and cattle exacted by the Boer commandos should come to an end. Lord Milner stated that he had no fear of an outbreak among the Cape Dutch for three reasons. (1) The abortive attempt at rebellion which occurred in 1900 had demonstrated the futility of any insurrectionary movement; (2) the large proportion of unruly spirits, from whom the government in the beginning might have expected trouble, had already gone to join the guerrilla bands of the Orange River Colony and the Transvaal; (3) owing to the precautionary measures of the authorities, the amount of arms and ammunition in the hands of the farmers had been greatly reduced. To restore order in the disturbed districts and to preserve order wherever it seemed to be threatened, Lord Milner recommended severity. "Personally," he wrote, "I am of the opinion, which I have always held, that reasonable strictness is the proper attitude in the presence of a grave national danger, and that exceptional regulations for a time of invasion, the necessity of which every man of sense can understand if clearly explained and firmly adhered to, are not only incompatible with, but actually conducive to, the avoidance of injustice and cruelty.'

By severity Lord Milner undoubtedly meant the stricter administration of martial law, and the bringing to trial of persons guilty of sedition or insurrection, under the terms of the Treason Bill of 1900. Martial law prevailed in different districts of the colony for varying periods during the early part of the year, but from the consensus of reports it would seem that the desire for the proclamation of martial law over the entire colony was common among the large body of British subjects and among a small but influential minority of Afrikanders. Though not proclaimed as soon as had been expected, martial law was initiated in October, 1901, but for nearly half a year before that date the ordinary process of government had been dispensed with. As the time approached for the reassembling of parliament it became evident that, as the ministry advised the governor, such an event would be not only inexpedient but impracticable. After the last day of June, the government was carried on without regard for parliamentary sanction. The ordinary expenses of administration were met by customs and taxes raised on ministerial warrants. Mr. Joseph Chamberlain, in the House of Commons, admitted that parliamentary government was practically in abeyance in Cape Colony, but defended the course of the ministry as necessitated by the extreme gravity of the situation, and remarked that if the governor or his advisers should at any time be brought to account for transgressing their constitutional power, it would be the duty of the Imperial parliament to meet the emergency by passing an act of indemnity.

Under the new law of treason and the common-law, proceedings were brought during the year against a number of editors and public speakers as well as against men who had actually levied war on the government. The death penalty was inflicted in a number of cases, while sentences of perpetual banishment and of penal servitude for long terms were common. The most prominent cases were those of Malan,

editor of Ons Land, who was charged in January with libel against General French, perpetrated in publishing scandalous falsehoods reflecting on the character of the general and the troops under his command. At about the same time the publication of the South African News was prohibited. In April the editors of Ons Land, the South African News, Het Oozen, and the Worcester Advertiser, were condemned to terms of imprisonment ranging from six to twelve months. Merriman, one of the most prominent leaders of the Bond was taken into custody during the last week in August, but the case that evoked most attention was that of Commandant Lotter, a British subject of Cape Colony, who was taken prisoner near Petersburg, with his entire commando, brought to trial, condemned, and shot.

In January the bubonic plague broke out in Cape Town and spread with great rapidity, especially among the colored inhabitants. The Kaffirs were panic-stricken, and abandoned the city in large numbers, seriously delaying business in the town and the harbor. The epidemic attained its height in the latter part of August, when about 800 cases had been reported, of which 377 had terminated fatally.

CAPE-TO-CAIRO RAILWAY AND TELEGRAPH. This project of Mr. Cecil Rhodes for rail communication between northern and southern Africa made slow progress during 1901. The line is being carried northward from Buluwayo, which is 1,360 miles from Cape Town, but most of the construction in 1901 was on branch lines to the mining districts of Rhodesia (q.v.). The Cape-to-Cairo telegraph line, however, which, like the railway, is under British auspices, made notable advancement during the year. This line, starting at Umtali, in Mashonaland, which town has wire communication with Cape Town, in 1900 had reached Abercorn at the southern end of Lake Tanganyika, passing through Tete, Blantyre, Karonga, and Zomba. In December, 1901, it was announced that the line had been extended to Ujiji on the eastern shore of Lake Tanganyika in German East Africa. It is expected that Ujiji will be an important junction with the German East African system from Dar-es-Salaam. The English line on reaching the northern end of Lake Tanganyika will be carried northeast to Victoria Nyanza, whence telegraphic communication with the coast already exists.

CAPE VERDE ISLANDS, a group of 14 islands belonging to Portugal and lying 350 miles west of Cape Verde, have a total area of 1,480 square miles, and about 115,000 inhabitants. The population is a mixed race of descendants of negroes from Guinea and Portuguese settlers, the negro element predominating. The colony is administered by a governor appointed by the crown. The capital is Praia. The chief products are coffee, tamarinds, drugs, millet, and sugar. The estimated revenue for the fiscal year 1900 was 364,129 milreis (milreis equals $1.08); estimated expenditure, 319,941 milreis; imports (1898), 1,558,047 milreis; exports, 194,608 milreis. About the first of March, 1901, the Eastern Telegraph Company connected St. Vincent with Falmouth, England, by cable operated in connection with the Cape-St. Helena line.

CARDINALS. The Sacred College, as the body of cardinals-bishops, priests, and deacons in the Roman Catholic Church is known, is composed of the electors and advisers of the Pope, to whom alone the members are second in dignity. (For deaths and consecrations in the college of cardinals during the year 1901, see ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH.) The names and dates of consecration are given in the subjoined list:

Cardinal bishops: A. Agliardi (1896); Mario Mocenni (1893); L. M. Parocchi (1877); D. S. S. Oreglia (1873); S. Vannutelli (1887).

Cardinal priests: B. Bacilieri (1901); G. Boschi (1901); A. Capecelatro (1885); G. B. Casali del Drago (1899); S. Casanas (1895); Fr. di Paolo Cassetta (1899); P. G. M. Celesia (1884); Agostino Ciasca (1899); Pierre H. Coullie (1897); S. Cretoni (1896); D. M. Dell Olio (1901); Angelo Di Pietro (1893); A. A. Ferrari (1894); D. Ferrata (1896); J. Francicanava de B. (1899); C. Gennarvi (1901); James Gibbons (1886); P. L. Goossens (1889); G. M. Gotti (1895); J. Herrera (1897); George Kopp (1893); G. M. J. Laboure (1897); B. M. Langenieux (1886); Victor L. Lecot (1893); M. Ledochowski (1875); Michael Logue (1893); A. Manara (1887); S. Martinelli (1901); G. A. Masella (1887); Fr. D. Mathieu (1899); James Missia (1899); P. F. Moran (1885); Adolphe Perraud (1893); Gennaro Portanova (1899); G. Prisco (1896); K. G. Puzyna (1901); M. Rampolla (1887); Pietro Respighi (1899); A. Riboldi (1901); F. M. Richard (1899), Agostino Richelmy (1899); C. M. Sanchi (1894); Giuseppe Sarto (1893); Francis Satolli (1895); L. Schlauch (1893); L. Shrbensky (1901); D. Svampa (1894); V. Vannutelli (1889); Claudius Vaszary (1893); Herbert Vaughan (1893); A. S. Zabarella (1901).

Cardinal deacons: F. Cavagnis (1901); F. S. Della Volpe (1899); L. Macchi (1889); R. Pierotti (1896); F. Segna (1894); A. Steinhuber (1893); G. C. Vives y Tuto (1899); L. Tripepi (1901).

CARLISLE, JOHN GRIFFIN, ex-secretary of the United States treasury and prominent Democratic leader, was born in Campbell County, Ky., September 5,