and expenditure amounted in 1900 to £2,117 and £2,197 respectively, and the imports and exports to £3,320 and £2,812.

LELAND STANFORD, JUNIOR, UNIVERSITY, Palo Alto, Cal., founded in 1887; opened in 1891. Statistics for the academic year 1900-01, show a faculty of 136 and a student-body of 1,389, of whom 117 were in graduate standing. The figures for 1901-02 are about the same as for the previous year. There has been little change in the enrollment in the past four years. About $20,000 were expended on the library in 1900-01, the collection now numbering about 75,000 volumes, including collected pamphlets. The university income for the year has not been published, but was somewhere near $800,000, about $500,000 of which was spent for additional buildings. Three stone buildings were completed during the year, ten are in course of construction, and six more are contemplated in the near future. All of the buildings are being built out of the income, the original building fund having been turned into permanent endowment. The second, or outer quadrangle, is being completed, and in addition a large chemistry building, two engineering buildings, and a costly and very beautiful memorial church are almost ready for use. A large stone gymnasium is to be built in 1902. On December 9, 1901, Mrs. Stanford, in accordance with an amendment to the State constitution, adopted in 1900, consummated her longcherished wish by deeding to the university the bulk of her property, consisting of $18,000,000 in government bonds and other first-class income-bearing securities, and nearly 100,000 acres of land, situated in twenty-six counties in California, estimated as worth $12,000,000. The university plant and endowment together should be worth at least $35,000,000. At the same time contracts were signed which completed plans for the outlay of a total of $1,500,000 for new buildings. All of the new buildings follow the original plans by Richardson.

From the first the university has taken the stand that its province is not to prescribe what the high schools shall do, but only to test the quality of the work done, thus leaving to the high schools complete liberty to do what they deem best for the individual or the community. Training for individual efficiency is the aim of the institution. There are no required courses, culture or disciplinary, through which all must pass. Probably no two students have the same course of study. The requirements for graduation are: Four years of undergraduate study directed toward some special end. Each student is required to select some subject, as history, or Latin, or botany, as his major subject, and to devote one-third of his time to it, or to it and some closely allied minor. The major professor becomes his educational adviser. He outlines the major work to be done, advises him as to his collateral work, and approves the selection of courses made by the student. In general, the student may select two-thirds of his work as he wishes, taking those courses which he thinks will be of most benefit to him and coming into contact with the men who, for his purpose, are most worth knowing. At the end of the course, all students alike, whatever may have been the major subject, receive the degree of B.A., this being the only baccalaureate degree granted by the university. The university maintains one professional school, that of law, and grants the professional degree of LL.B. on the completion of a three-year course following the baccalaureate degree. It is possible, however, for an undergraduate to elect law as his major subject and complete one of the three years of work in law as a part of his work for the B.A. degree, thus completing his professional work in two years after graduation. Enough of the development of the university has taken place to indicate something as to its future policy. The university will undoubtedly have a tremendous development in the next ten years, but this development is likely to be not so much an increase in the number of students as a growth in individual research. The president holds that it is the first duty of a university to teach and direct; that whatever a university attempts should be done well, and that the purpose of a university is to train men for individual efficiency. See UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES and CALIFORNIA.

LEPROSY. A revival of interest in leprosy occurred in 1901, and systematic efforts to obtain an accurate census of the unhappy victims of this disease have been made in many countries. Twenty years ago leprosy was scarcely known in France. To-day, according to the reports of Dr. Besmier, the disease is very prevalent in Brittany and Savoy, which are now recognized leprosy centres. Russian authorities report cases of the scourge in Lifland and Smolensk. The United States consul has reported the existence of 200 lepers on the island of Teneriffe, Canary Islands. At Santa Cruz de Teneriffe he states there are about 220 inhabitants, of whom 22 are lepers. Germany, Russia, and Roumania decided in 1901 to issue no passports to lepers, after mutual agreement. The latest annual report of the minister of agriculture of Canada, published in 1901, states the extent of leprosy in the dominion. At the Lazaretto at Tracadie, N. B., on October 31, 1900, there were 20 lepers, 13 males and 7 females, ranging from 19 to 64 years of age. During the past year there were 4 deaths and 3 admissions. Dr. A. C. Smith, the medical superintendent, treated less advanced cases of the disease with chaulmoogra oil and creolin, with some

success. On Darcy Island, B. C., there are 5 lepers, all Chinese males. Besides these, there are 5 other lepers known to be in Canada, one in each of the following localities in the province of British Columbia: Victoria, Vancouver, Nanaimo, Kamloops. In 1899 Drs. J. H. White, G. T. Vaughan, and M. J. Rosenau were appointed from the Marine Hospital Service as a special board to investigate leprosy in the United States. It is said that they will report carly in 1902 to Congress that about 900 cases of leprosy exist in the country, exclusive of the insular possessions. In New Orleans, 74 cases chiefly among Italians, were found. In Minnesota 23 cases, chiefly rural Scandinavians, are reported. In North Dakota 15, and in South Dakota 2 Scandinavian lepers were found. Chicago furnishes 5 cases; New York, 6 cases; St. Louis, 1 case-a Chinaman. The board will recommend to the legislators to erect a government hospital for lepers in the North and another in the South, into which all the cases shall be gathered. The lepers in the Philippine Islands have not yet been counted. A board of United States army officers, recently appointed for the purpose of selecting a suitable spot for the segregation of the victims of leprosy, recommends the island of Barri, of the Batanes Islands. A systematic search for lepers in the Hawaiian Islands reveals the fact that the disease is gradually decreasing; the new cases in 1900 numbering 85 as compared with 132 in 1890. At the Molakai leper settlement there are now 909 lepers and 164 clean persons, who are maintained, fed, housed, clothed, and governed at an expense of $80,000 a year. Under the new rules of the Marine Hospital officials, visitors are not permitted to embrace, kiss, or touch their leprous friends, as formerly, while they are allowed to visit them at any time, though separated from them by a double wire fence. There are three patients in the colony who arrived in 1874, 1875, and 1879 respectively.

LEWIS, Most Rev. JOHN TRAVERS, Anglican archbishop of Ontario, Canada, died en route from Canada to England, May 6, 1901. He was born at Garrycloyne Castle, Ireland, June 20, 1825, and was educated at Trinity College, Dublin. Ordained deacon in 1848 and priest in 1849 in Ireland, Father Lewis went to Canada in 1850. He was elected first bishop of Ontario (1861), Metropolitan of Canada in 1893, and archbishop of Ontario in 1894. During his episcopate of almost forty years, nearly 300 churches, besides schools and parsonages, were erected under Father Lewis' direction. He was the author of many volumes of sermons and lectures, and was a frequent contributor to various religious periodicals. He received the degrees of D.D. and LL.D. from Trinity College, Dublin, and D.C.L. from Trinity University, Toronto.

LEWIS, SAMUEL T., English money-lender, called the "greatest and meanest of modern Shylocks," died in London, January 13, 1901. Of his early life nothing is known, except that he was born in 1837. Starting business on a small scale in London, his operations extended until his clientèle was composed entirely of the nobility and the very rich. Transactions that legal proceedings have revealed show a relentless persecution of his debtors; but while merciless with the wealthy, his charity to the poor formed a striking contrast. His will bequeathed $5,000,000 to various charitable works.

LIBERIA, a negro republic of Africa, lying on the Guinea coast and extending inland about 250 miles, has a probable area of about 75,000 square miles. The boundary between Liberia and French Guinea has not been defined. The population is variously estimated at from 1,500,000 to 2,000,000, and the Americo-Liberian population (negro settlers from America and their descendants) at from 24,000 to 60,000, the best authorities inclining to the larger estimate. Monrovia, the capital, has 5.000 to 6,000 inhabitants. The civilized population is wholly Protestant. American missions are established. All the towns and villages near the coast have elementary schools; there are some higher schools, and a college, for a time dormant, has been reopened.

Liberia is a constitutional republic modeled after the United States, the executive authority being vested in a president and the legislative in a congress of two houses. The president in 1901 was Mr. George W. Gibson, who was elected by special legislation in December, 1900, to succeed Mr. William D. Coleman, resigned. Electors must be of negro blood and land owners.

All citizens between 16 and 50 years of age, able to bear arms, are liable to military service. There is a regular army of 1,000 men and a militia and volunteer force of about 500. The budget for 1000 balanced at $194.660. Revenue is mainly derived from customs duties. The financial condition and credit of Liberia are poor. In 1899 an agreement was reached with the creditors by which the debt was to be amortized and arrears of interest made up. The rate of interest was reduced and customs duties on rubber and some other articles were assigned as security. The debt in June, 1900, including interest arrears, amounted to £96,720 ($470,687).

The chief products are palm oil, coffee, rubber, sugar, hides, cacao, and arrowroot.

Methods of agriculture are unprogressive. The total imports for 1901 are estimated at $500,000, including rum, cotton goods, hardware, and provisions; exports, $450,000. In 1899 the exports to Great Britain amounted to $250,000. The Liberian government furnishes no available trade statistics. Foreigners are allowed to trade only at the ports of entry, and the country is developed only along a narrow fringe of the coast. The United states consul at Monrovia reported, February 28, 1901, that the Liberian government had granted to a Boston company concessions under which a steamship line would be established between Liberia and Boston. The company is to build wharves, quays, railways, and tramways, and carry on a system of mining operations for a period of fifty years. A line of telephone, the longest in the country, has been completed between Monrovia and White Plains, 25 miles. Early in 1901 the legislature granted to the Liberia Union Mining Company a monopoly of the mining privileges of Montserrado and Maryland counties for a period of years, including the right to build railroads, wharves, and telegraph and telephone lines. This concession was presently sold to English capitalists.

LIBRARIES, GIFTS TO. According to a report prepared by Mr. George Watson Cole, of the American Library Association, the total gifts and bequests to American libraries during the twelve months ending July 1, 1901, were $19,786,465.16, besides 145.361 volumes, and 20,856 pamphlets. These figures do not include several buildings and other gifts, the value of which was not stated. The aggregate of gifts due to the generosity of Mr. Andrew Carnegie (q.v.) reached $13,704,700, over $12,500,000 of which was given for the erection of library buildings. During the remaining months of 1901 Mr. Carnegie increased this sum by gifts aggregating $1,350,000 for libraries in the United States and $282,000 for those in Canada. In most cases, the Carnegie gift carried with it the condition that the town receiving it should furnish a site for the building and should appropriate for the maintenance of the library an annual sum equivalent to 10 per cent. of the gift. Besides Mr. Carnegie's gift to the city of New York of $5,200,000 for the erection of sixty-five or more branch libraries, he gave $1,000,000 to the city of St. Louis for library buildings and $1,000,000 as an endowment fund for the Carnegie libraries at Braddock, Duquesne, and Homestead, Pa. He also gave $750,000 each (announced after July 1) to Detroit and San Francisco. During the period referred to Mr. Carnegie's library gifts aggregated 112 in the United States, 6 in Canada, and 3 in Scotland. Syracuse, N. Y., received $260,000 from this source; Seattle, Wash., $200,000; and $100,000 was received for libraries at Leadville, Colo.; Decatur, Rockford, and Springfield, Ill.; Fort Wayne, Ind.; Jackson, Mich.; South Omaha, Neb.; Conneaut, O.; Richmond, Va.; and Wheeling, W. Va. Over a score of towns or institutions received gifts of $50,000 from Mr. Carnegie, four received $40,000, four $35,000, eight $30,000, and over twenty received gifts of $25,000 for libraries. The Carnegie gifts were supplemented by many important gifts from other wealthy Americans, including $400,000 for the new Carnegie library at St. Louis, by four residents of that city; $250,000 by bequest of Judge John Handley to Winchester, Va.; $150,000 to the Clark University library from its late founder; $125,000 from Elisha D. Conover to Malden, Mass.; $100,000, by bequest or otherwise, from T. B. Blackstone to the Blackstone Memorial Library at Chicago; Elisha Turner to Torrington, Conn.; Marshall Field to Conway, Mass.; and Fairhaven Waterworks ($100,000 to $125,000) to Fairhaven, Mass., besides a large number of gifts ranging from $75,000 down. The library of the Academy of Natural Sciences will share in the bequest of $500,000 from Dr. Robert B. Lamborn. Since the meeting of the American Library Association in July, additional gifts of importance, aside from those made by Mr. Carnegie, are as follows: One of $200,000 by Mr. Frank H. Buhl for a library at Sharon, Pa.; one of $100,000 to the public library at Chicago by Mrs. T. B. Blackstone; $150,000 for a public library at Westerly, R. I., by Mrs. Harriet Wilcox; and gifts of $50,000 by Mr. Peter Reid to Passaic, N. J., and by Mr. Thomas S. Pierce to Middleboro, Miss. Perhaps the most notable library addition was the acquisition by Brown University of the John Carter Brown library, which contains one of the finest collections of early Americana in this country, and many books not found in any other American library. Its value is estimated to be at least $1,000,000, and the gift carries with it the sum of $150,000 for a library building and $500,00 for endowment. The Yale library received from Mr. Morris K. Jesup a rich collection of Arabic manuscripts, covering the whole range of Arabic history and literature, dating back to the 12th and 13th centuries. The collection was formed by Count Landberg. The Yale library also acquired the private library of the late Professor O. C. Marsh, dealing mainly with paleontology Among the foreign gifts reported are $50,000 to Vancouver, $100,000 to Ottawa, $100,000 to Winnipeg, $75,000 to Halifax, all from Andrew Carnegie, as well as $115,000 for Scottish libraries at Glasgow. Greenock, and Hawick. McGill University in Canada received about $40,000, and Trinidad, Cuba, received a bequest of a public library from Mary B. Carret.

LIBRARY ASSOCIATION, AMERICAN, organized in Philadelphia in 1876. It aims to advance library interests generally, and has for its motto: "The best reading for the largest numbers at the least cost." It seeks to develop and strengthen the public library as an essential part of the American educational system, and strives to stimulate public interest in establishing and improving libraries, and therefore bring the best reading matter within the reach of all. By organization and cooperation it effects needed reforms, and lessens the labors and expense of library administration. As an outcome of its work and influence, 25 State library associations have been formed and 12 important library clubs. The official organ is the Library Journal (monthly). The twenty-third general meeting of the association was held July 4-10 at Waukesha, Wis., with an attendance of 460. Among the topics presented in papers and addresses were Being a Historian, address of the president; What May be Done for Libraries by the City, T. L. Montgomery, trustee Philadelphia Free Library; By the State, E. A. Birge, president board of directors, Madison (Wis.) Public Library; By the Nation, Herbert Putnam, librarian of Congress; The Trusteeship of Literature, by George Iles, New York, and Professor Richard T. Ely, University of Wisconsin; The Departmental Library, James T. Gerould, University of Missouri; Suggestions for an Annual List of American Theses for the Degree of Ph.D., W. W. Bishop, Polytechnic Institute, Brooklyn, New York City; Vitalizing the Relation Between the Library and the School, Mary L. Prentice, Cleveland Normal School, and Irene Warren, librarian University of Chicago's School of Education. One of the most important papers of the session was that of Mr. Putnam, who outlined the methods by which the national library wishes to get in touch with local libraries. One of these is by the loan system; and a second, the general distribution of printed cards, and an exchange of such from local libraries. Such an exchange has already been begun. "In the new building of the New York Public Library there will be a section of the public card catalogue designated The Catalogue of the Library of Congress. It will contain at least every title in the Library of Congress not to be found in any library of the metropolis. In the Library of Congress a section of the great card catalogue of American libraries outside the District will be a catalogue of the New York Public Library." One of the aims of the Library of Congress, then, is to become a bibliographic bureau for the United States, and, as far as possible, a circulating library, for the whole country. President of the association, Henry J. Carr, Scranton (Pa.) Public Library; secretary, Frederick W. Faxon, Dorchester, Mass.

LIFE-SAVING SERVICE, attached to the United States Treasury Department. At the close of the fiscal year ending June 30, 1901, the life-saving system showed 270 stations, of which 195 are on the Atlantic coast, 58 on the Lakes, 16 on the Pacific coast, and I at the falls of the Ohio, Louisville, Ky. The statistics of the service for the year ending June 30, 1901, are as follows: Disasters, 377; value of property involved, $7,354,000; value of property saved, $6,405,035; value of property lost, $948,965; persons involved, 2.849; persons lost, 8; shipwrecked persons succored at stations, 647; days' succor afforded, 1,214; vessels totally lost on United States coast, 43. There were in addition, 393 casualties to small craft, such as sailboats, etc., on which there were 927 persons, of which 917 were saved and 10 lost. The cost of maintenance of the service for the year amounted to $1,640,013.74.

LI HUNG CHANG, Chinese statesman, died in Peking, November 7. 1901. He was born at Hweiling, province of An-hwai in 1822, of comparatively humble origin, and successfully passed the rigid examinations required of those who would be admitted to the literary caste and be considered for political preferment. In the Taiping Rebellion (1850-65), in conjunction with Ward and "Chinese" Gordon, he conducted the operations that finally made the imperial army victorious. At the end of the rebellion, after General Gordon had promised immunity to the defeated leaders, Li Hung Chang asserted himself and summarily decapitated them, for which breach of faith Gordon severed his connection with the imperial army. In recognition of his services, Li Hung Chang was made in succession governor of the provinces of Fokien and Kiangsu, and in 1867, at the outbreak of the Shantung rebellion, he again took the field and defeated the rebels. He was made viceroy of Chili in 1870, the most important post in the empire, lying as it does between the capital and the sea, the bar between what is anciently and conservatively Chinese and the prying eyes and civilizing influence of the outer "barbarians." For twenty-four years he held this post, absorbing from the foreigners with whom he came in contact many new ideas. He reorganized the Chinese army and navy, introduced the telegraph, built thirty miles of railway (from Taku to Tientsin), encouraged native shipping and trading, created an arsenal, opened schools, founded a hospital, and instituted many other innovations in spite of native opposition. Up to the time of the breaking out of the war between China and Japan in 1894. Li Hung Chang's power steadily increased. He had espoused the cause of the empress dowager, Tszu-Hszi, a widow of the Emperor Hien-Feng, and helped to establish her claim to power. But the