PAPAGUAI, a mountain of Cayenne, on the skirts of which the French have an establish ment. PAPALLACTA, a settlement, formerly large and commercial, in the province and government of Quixos and Macas, of the kingdom of Quito, to the w., and at present reduced to a miserable village. It has for its parochial curate a religious of the order of S. Domingo, who is supported by the synod from the royal treasury of Quito. The inhabitants live by cutting wood and planks on the mountains, and by making of them vaulted roofs, which they call bateas. It is situate at the foot of the cordillera of the Andes, on the n. shore of the river of its name, and in the road leading from Quito to Archidona, in lat. 22' 19' s. PAPALLACTA, the aforesaid river, flows down from the mountain of Pambamarca, and enters the Marañon. [PAPALOAPAIN, a large river of Vera Cruz in New Spain, called also Alvarada. It rises in the province of Oaxaca, and being enlarged by the accession of lesser rivers, falls into the bay of Mexico, 35 miles s. e. of the city of Vera Cruz.] PAPALOTIPAC, the principal or head settleОТІР ment of the district of the alcaldía mayor of Cuicatlán in Nueva España; of a cold and dry temperature. Its population is composed of 142 fa milies of Cuicatecos Indians, and it is five leagues e. of its capital. PAPALOTIPAN, a ward of the alcaldía mayor of Guauchinango in Nueva España; annexed to the curacy of Tlacuilotepec. PAPALOTLA, SANTO TORIBIO DE, a settlement of the head settlement of the district and alcaldía mayor of Tezcoco in Nueva España; situate in a valley which produces wheat, maize, French beans, fruits, and garden herbs, the trade and support of the inhabitants. These are composed of 189 families of Indians, and 32 of Spaniards, Mustees, and Mulattoes. One league n. of its capital. PAPALOTLA, another settlement, with the dedicatory title of S. Miguel, in the head settlement of the district of Santa Isabel, and alcaldía mayor of Cholula, in the same kingdom. It contains 44 Indian families, and is half a league nearly n. of its head settlement. PAPALOTLA, a river of the same kingdom, which rises in the mountains e. of the city of Mexico, and enters the lake of this capital. PAPAMENE, a rapid river which flows down from the mountains of Fosca, to the e. of Santa Fé, in the Nuevo Reyno de Granada. It runs through the llanos of San Juan and enters the Meta, and in its vicinity dwell the nations of the Guipis or Guaypis and Macos Indians. [PAPANAŽÉS, Indians of Brazil. See additional matter respecting the history, &c. of this kingdom.] PAPANTLA, an alcaldía mayor and jurisdiction of Nueva España; for the most part of an hot and moist temperature, extending 15 leagues along the sea-coast to the leeward of Vera Cruz, beginning at the bar of the renowned river of Nantla, where it is divided from that government, and running as far as the bar of Corazones, which serves as limits to the jurisdiction of Guauchinango, and as an impediment to even the smallest vessels to enter; this however not being the case with the bar of Nantla; for although over this the water is less deep by three or four yards, yet it is navigable for bilanders and small craft as far as the river of Los Barriles. This alcaldia has several other rivers, all abounding in various kinds of fish, and affording thereby a commerce to the natives. The shores of these rivers are lined with cedars, mulberries, and other trees for ship-building. Of these was the frigate called the Tecoluteña built, and since that various others. This jurisdiction produces jurisdiction_produces also much wax, which the Indians collect from the bee-hives abounding in the woods; pitatrees, which they call here magueyes de lechugilla, and from the milk of which is distilled from the trees of Zapota, a kind of resin called chicle, serving as a medicine. On the mountains are found also fine baynilla, which is bought by traders to carry to Europe. The cultivation of tobacco, to which the soil is peculiarly adapted, was once the chief article of trade here, but its demand has diminished in proportion as its cultivation in the other provinces has become common. But the sugar cane is still cultivated to great profit, and of it loaf-sugar is made: also is cultivated maize, which yields two abundant crops annually, one in October, the other in April; the only labour required in agriculture being the scratching up the ground with the point of a stake. Here is likewise grown a considerable portion of Chile pepper, fruit, gardenherbs, and common pepper, like that of Tabasco, despised by the Indians from the smallness of its worth. In the llanos are some ranchos, in which are bred some neat cattle and horses. PAPANTLA, the capital, is the settlement of the same name. It contains 535 families of Mexican Indians, 15 of Spaniards, and 200 of Mulattoes, divided into two companies of militia. In its church is venerated an image of Nuestra Señora de la Concepcion, of beautiful sculpture, the which 140 years back was found by a mariner on the sea-shore in a closed chest, with a direction on the top, signifying Para Papantla, (for Papantla), and which, he having caused to be carried on the shoulders of Indians to the settlement, was opened in presence of many persons, the said image being discovered within. A temple was then built for it, and a devout brotherhood attached: 105 miles n. e. of Mexico, in lat. 20' 27' n. Long. 97° 36' 30" w. The other settlements of this province are, Metlatlan, PAPARE, a settlement of the province and government of Santa Marta in the Nuevo Reyno de Granada; near the coast, on the shore of the Great Cienega, or swamp. PAPARO, a river of the province and govern ment of Cumaná. PAPAS, a lake of the province and government of Popayán in the kingdom of Quito, in the páramo or mountain of Guanacas; and from it rises the great river of Magdalena. PAPASQUIARO, a settlement of the missions which were held by the Jesuits, in the province of Tepeguana and kingdom of Nueva Vizcaya; founded on the shore of the river Las Nasas. PAPATERUANAS, a settlement of the province and country of Las Amazonas, in the part possessed by the Portuguese, a reduccion of the missions of the Carmelite fathers of that nation; situate at the confluence of the rivers Paranaiba and Topinambaranas. PAPAXTLA, a settlement of the head settlement of the district and alcaldía mayor of Zochicoatlán in Nueva España; containing 16 families of Indians. PAPEGWAY, a large island of the coast of the province and government of Guayana, in the part possessed by the Dutch; at the mouth or entrance of the river Demerary. PAPILLONS, a bay on the n. w. coast of the island S. Christopher, one of the Antilles; between the bays of Louvet and Ovignes, in the part possessed by the French before the island was ceded to the English at the peace of Utrecht. PAPIMOVAGANE, a lake of Canada in N. America; of the district and country of the Papinachois Indians. PAPINACHOIS, a bay on the n. shore of the river S. Lawrence, between cape Pidgeon and the island of Oziers. [It is five leagues s. w. of St. Margaret's river. An Indian nation of the same name inhabit the country s. of Piretibb lake in Lower Canada.] PAPOSO, a settlement of the province and corregimiento of Copiapó in the kingdom of Chile; situate near the coast in the s. part. It has a large enclosure called the Chaco Baxo, in which the Indians catch the vicuñas. [PAPPA Ford, on Peleson or Clinches river, lies five miles from Emery's river, and 18 from Campbell's station, near Holston.] PAPRES, a settlement of the province and corregimiento of Quispicanchi in Peru. PAPUDO, a port of the kingdom of Chile, on the coast of the S. sea; being a small retired bay frequented by the vessels from Peru, to lade with the tallow, hides, and rigging of the settlements of Chicapa and Ligua; a great preference being given to the hemp of this valley, it being the best made in the kingdom, and attributed to the waters here employed in its manufacture. The port is in lat. 32 36' s. PAPUJA, SANTIAGO DE, a settlement of the province and corregimiento of Asangaro in Peru. PAPULATLA, a settlement of the head settlement of the district and alcaldía mayor of Chilapa in Nueva España. It contains 71 families of Indians, and is one league n. of its capital. PAPUNACAS, a barbarous and ancient nation of Indians, dwelling in the woods and forests of the Marañon, and near the e. shore of the river Cayari. river Cayari. It is but little known. S. PAQUITANET, a small river of Louisiana in N. America. It runs s. w. between those of Vieux deserts and Quiovecovet, and enters the Mississippi. PAQUTIGASTA, a settlement of the province and government of Tucumán, s. of the settlement of Catamarca. PARA, GRAN, a province and captainship of the kingdom of Brazil, bounded n. by the kingdom of Granada, the provinces of Guyanas, and the great bay formed by the Atlantic sea at the entrance of the river of Las Amazonas, e. by the captainship of Marañan, s. by the provinces of Goias and Matto Groso and the kingdom of Peru, and w. by the kingdoms of Peru and Granada. It is watered by a river of the same name, which traverses it and enters the sea in the aforesaid bay. It is very fertile in sugar canes, of which sugar is made, as also in cotton, cacao, baynilla, and coffee, of which productions shipments were made annually to Lisbon. The climate is extremely hot, and in the woods is a variety of timber, excellent for either colour or durability, and amongst the which is a tree much esteemed, and called here umiri, the trunk of which distils a very fragrant balsam. Besides the aforesaid river, there are five others very large which irrigate this province, the Negro, Topajos, Cambeas, and Xingú, the which abound in fish, and in a particular sort, called the manaties. Their shores are covered with woods, in which are a variety of birds and quadrupeds. All of them run into the Marañon. The islands of Joanes or Marajo, of Cahete and others, belong to this district. [The trade (observes Mr. Andrew Grant) between Brazil and Europe is chiefly carried on by three principal points, viz. Rio de Janeiro, Bahia, or the bay De Todos Santos, and Grand Para. this city, though an equal degree of luxury does not prevail here as in the capitals of the more s. captainships. Another circumstance which has tended to modify the character of the Parabians is, that Negro slavery was introduced among them at a later period than in most of the other captainships. Too poor to purchase these devoted victims of injustice and tyranny, they were long forced to content themselves with what feeble assistance they derived from the natives, who were longer kept in a state of subjection in the n. parts of Brazil than in the captainships towards the s. In 1755 an exclusive company was appointed for Grand Para and Marañan, possessing a capital of about £125,000. Count d'Oyeras was at the head of this monopoly. It was permitted to gain 15 per cent. exclusive of all expences, on articles of provisions, and to sell its merchandise at 45 per cent. more than they would have cost even at Lisbon. This company was also empowered to make its own price for what provisions were furnished by the districts subject to The captainship of Grand Para is the most n. its jurisdiction. These unjust and extraordinary of any of the Portuguese settlements in Brazil. privileges were granted to this company for 20 Belen, the capital, is situated on the banks of years, after which period they could be renewed the river Para or Amazonas, and defended by a by application to the government of Portugal. strong fortress, named Notre Dame de las Mer- It is easy to conceive the tendency which such a ces, erected at the mouth of the river De Muja, company must have had in paralizing the efforts which forms the port of Para. This port is dif- of the colonists; and, in fact, it was not until ficult of access, from the currents which run in 1778, at which period they were relieved from different directions, and which are occasioned by the oppression necessarily attending these exclua multitude of small islands, rendering the navi- sive privileges, that the colony began to exhibit gation of ships slow and uncertain. But when any signs of prosperity. once they get into the harbour, they anchor in a muddy bottom, with four, five, or six fathoms of water. The canal which leads up to it grows, however, more shallow every day, and in a short time it will not be navigable, if, as it must be supposed, the waters continue to deposit as much earth as they have done for the last century. The foundation of Belen, which is situated at about 20 leagues from the sea, was laid in 1615 by Francis Caldeira. It stands on a spot of ground which rises about 13 feet above the level of the sea, and for a long time afforded only a mart for the articles collected by the wandering Indians in the neighbourhood, such as the wild cocoa, vaynilla, tortoise and crab-shells, sarsaparilla, different kinds of balsams, cotton, &c. The population of Belen amounts to about 10,000 souls. The same indolence, superstition, and ignorance which characterise the Portuguese in general, are evident among the inhabitants of The principal commodities received from Para are sugar, which is prepared in more than 30 ingenios, or sugar houses, in the interior of the district; coffee, cocoa, and Brazil wood, particularly that species called by the Portuguese burapemina, which is beautifully veined, and from which an odoriferous oil is extracted; the bark is also burnt as a perfume. From the bark of a tree, called araribá, which is very common in the neighbourhood of Para, the inhabitants extract a fine purple colour, which is said to be extremely permanent. A new species of puchari, or precious fruit, is also met with in this division of Brazil. It does not attain to such a large size as the common kind; but the fruit is more aromatic, and forms an excellent substitute for nutmegs. The real jalaptree (convolvulus jalappa) abounds in Para; as well as various kinds of contrayerva (dorstenia contrayerva), and many other medicinal plants.] [Brazil abounds with gums of different kinds, well calculated to supply the place of gum arabic: the jutuicisica of Para is well calculated for making sealing-wax. Several parts of Para abound with yellow ochres (ochra ferri), which is frequently intermixed with a red ochre, of as brilliant a colour as vermilion. White argil (argilla bolus alba), called by the colonists tabatinga; and likewise red bole (argilla bolus rubra), is very common in different parts of the province. The animals in this province are similar to those in the other districts of Brazil. Formerly the sale of the flocks which grazed in the island of Marajo was one of the principal resources of this colony; but at present the number of oxen are greatly diminished. A large species of silk-worm (phalena atlas), whose ball is three times the size of the common silk-worm's, is found in great plenty in Para. It feeds on the leaves of the orange-trees, and the silk produced by it is of a dark yellow colour. Were this species cultivated with care, the silk obtained from them might prove a profitable article of commerce. The people of Minas Geraes have already set them the example, so far as regards the common silk-worm. Eighty-seven miles from Para, on descending the river of the Amazonas, is a large tongue of land formed into several islands, the largest of which, that of Joannes, is very populous, and defended by a small fort. These isles belong to different Portuguese nobles, and have the title of baronies. A league and a half from the city stands the town of St. Georges dos Alamos, with a regular fortress. About 84 miles s. w. on the borders and on the w. side of the river Tocantines is another town, named Camuta, or Cameta, with the fort of Gurupa: along the river are the forts of Paru, which the French took and destroyed in the year 1698, of Tapergos, and Rio Negro. To the n. the province of Para is terminated by Cayenne; on this side it is limited by the n. cape, where stands the fort of Cumanha, opposite that of Camon and that of Dos Aragoariz. In this province are four cities or towns; viz. Para, St. Georges dos Alamos, Camonta, and Cahete, and about-fifty thousand inhabitants. The Portuguese formed new establishments on the Rio Negro, where they discovered diamond and gold mines: in 1766; four hundred soldiers and marines were sent from Lisbon, as well as workmen of all kinds; and several families were tempted, by the great encouragement offered them, to join this expedition, with the view of settling in this part of Brazil. During war with any nation which may be in possession of Guayana, this district would be much exposed to invasion from that quarter. Its great distance from Bahia, and even from Para and Marañan, renders it next to impossible for these provinces to afford it the necessary aid to repel an invading foe. The new colony of Rio Negro was extremely ill-conducted by François Xavier de Mendoça, Minister of Marine. Sufficient advantages, indeed, have not yet been derived from this fine country, from the improper steps taken to colonize it. It is true that the population of this district has been augmented by many families who have been forced to abandon Guayana, from the bad success of the establishments attempted by France in the year 1764, along the banks of the Courou. It is a melancholy truth that colonization which, if conducted with wisdom and benevolence, might prove a blessing to mankind, has in general proved most ruinous to those unfortunate individuals who, attracted by the love of gain, or driven from their country by the pressure of want, have sought an asylum in those new establishments. The government of Para is dependent upon that of Marañan, and this is separated from that of Para on the n. by the river Tocantines. The Portuguese were driven upon this province by a storm in 1535, but did not form any settlement till 1599. The French, who invaded this colony in 1612, kept possession of it from that period till 1615, when it was wrested from them by the Dutch, from whom the Portuguese again recovered it in 1644. Before it was visited by the Portuguese, the chief employment of the savages was collecting the ambergrease which abounds on this part of the coast; and this likewise became the occupation of the first European settlers. For many years after the re-settlement of the Portuguese, Marañan continued in a very languishing state, till some of the more enterprising colonists began to cultivate cotton, which is said to be superior to any other raised in the New World. For several years past, rice (oryza mutica), a species which is natural to Brazil, and differing from the aryza sativa, in not being furnished with awns, has also been cultivated to a considerable extent, though it is inferior to Levant rice, and even to that produced in N. America. Several attempts were lately made to produce silk in this colony; but either from the unfitness of the climate, the improper methods employed in the management of the insects, or from some] [other cause, the project has proved wholly abortive. The same want of success has not, however, attended the culture of indigo, as the numerous plantations of this valuable vegetable are in a flourishing condition, and promise amply to renumerate the proprietors. The finest Brazil arnotto is also brought from this district. The Island of St. Louis constitutes that part of the province of Marañan, which is by far the most populous. It is 26 leagues in circumference, extremely fertile, and only separated from the continent by a small river. The capital, which is also named St. Louis, was built by the French in 1612. The only public building it contains worthy of notice is the Episcopal Palace, the houses in general being ill-built and inconvenient. This town is defended by a citadel and several forts, and is the residence of the governor-general of the three northern provinces. All the trade of the island is transacted here; the harbour is capacious, but might be greatly improved by art. The population of the island is estimated at about 15 thousand souls. The plantations are not here equally flourishing with those on the continent, particularly on the banks of the rivers Ytapicorie, Mony, &c. Towards the eastern part of the interior of the province, the natives have not yet been reduced to complete subjection. This part of the country, which is elevated and of a sandy soil, is principally inhabited by shepherds. The surface of the ground, which is covered with saltpetre, is altogether appropriated to rearing horses and horned cattle, which are sold to considerable advantage in the neighbouring countries; but the sheep degenerate there as well as in the other parts of Brazil, except about Coritibe. Unfortunately, the too frequent droughts, and the excessive heats, often destroy whole flocks, when sufficient attention is not paid to lead them in time to distant pastures. Mines of sulphur, alum, copperas, iron, lead, and antimony. are extremely common, though very superficial in these mountains, and yet none of them have been opened. In 1572, permission was indeed granted to work a silver one, which had been discovered three or four years before; but the court soon after retracted this permission, for reasons that were never fully explained. This government consists of 8993 white men, 17,844 negroes, or free Mulattoes, and slaves; and of 38,937 Indians, either scattered or assembled in 10 villages. The exports have not as yet been equal to this degree of population. Their value has never been estimated at more than £29,000; but since the suppression of the company already mentioned, it is to be presumed they must every year become more considerable. The ecclesiastical, the military, and civil establishment of Marañan, are on the same footing as those in the other captainships of Brazil. In matters of consequence, however, this province, as well as that of Grand Para, is allowed to appeal directly to the mother-country, without being obliged to appear before the two intermediate tribunals of Bahia and Rio de Janeiro.] PARA, GRAN, the capital of the above province and captainship of the same name, and with the dedicatory title of Nuestra Señora de Belen. It is commercial, handsome, and rich, and adorned with beautiful edifices; amongst these the most conspicuous are two parish churches, the convents of the monks of Nuestra Señora del Carmen, of La Merced, San Francisco, and S. Domingo, of the Capuchins and of the chapel of Christo, which belongs to the troops. It had a college of the Jesuits, under whose charge was a seminary for studies and the principal missions of the Marañan. It has a citadel and a castle called Nuestra Señora de Las Mercedes, at the entrance of the bar upon the river, both of them being furnished with plenty of good artillery of brass and iron, and garrisoned with four companies with a commandant and serjeant-major. It is the head of a bishopric erected by pope Clement XI. at the instance of king D.Juan V. in 1720; Don Fr. Bartolomé del Pilas, a Carmelite monk, being nominated as its first bishop. It had, indeed, been made a bishop's see by pope Innocent XI. at the desire of king Peter II. and D. Fr. Manuel de la Natividad, provincial of the Capuchins of Corral, had been appointed to its functions, when D. Fr. Gregorio de Los Angeles, who had hitherto presided over it as belonging to the bishopric of Marañan, disputed the claims of the new-comer, and had litigations with the court of Rome, which were only put an end to by the death of the two rivals. The population of this city amounts to 4000 housekeepers. [Mr. Mawe, however, takes the present population at ten thousand inhabitants. The town of Para, continues the same traveller, is situated on the river of its name, called by some Tocantines, the navigation of which is difficult, and is seldom attempted, except by small craft the Confiance sloop of war with great care sailed up it, and anchored near the town, several days previous to the expedition against Cayenne. The inhabitants are in general very] : |