Fr. 17. Res furtiva ne usucapiatur.

(Legis veteris Atiniae verba sunt: "Quod subreptum erit, eius rei aeterna auctoritas esto.")

Title to property in stolen goods cannot be acquired by prescription, even when in the hands of a bonâ fide purchaser.

Fr. 18. De unciario foenore.

Tacitus Annal. VI. 16. Nam primo XII tabulis sanctum, ne quis unciario foenore amplius exerceret.

Interest is not legal at a higher rate than one per twelve [eight and a third per cent.] per ten months [ten per cent. per annum]. Cato de R. R. praef. 1. Maiores nostri sic habuerunt, itaque in Legibus posuerunt, furem dupli damnari, foeneratorem quadrupli. Our ancestors condemned a thief to pay double, a usurer quadruple.

Fr. 19. Dupli condemnatio ex causa depositi.

Pauli S. R. II. 12. § 11. (ex Collat. X. 7.) Ex causa depositi lege XII tabularum in duplum actio datur.

A fraudulent depositary shall pay twice the value of the deposit.

Fr. 20. De tutore suspecto, et de condemnatione in duplum.

A tutor suspected of mal-administration may be removed by action, which anybody may bring, and condemned in damages to twice the amount of the injury done to the pupil.

Fr. 21. Patronus si clienti fraudem fecerit sacer esto.

A patron who wrongs his client shall be accursed.

Fr. 22. Qui se sierit testarier libripensve fuerit, ni testimonium fariatur, inprobus intestabilisque esto.

He who has consented to be a witness or acted as scale-bearer in the formality of mancipation, and refuses to appear and give evidence, shall be incapable of giving evidence, or of having evidence given in his favour.

Fr. 23. De poena falsi testimonii.

The punishment of false testimony.

Gellius XX. 1. § 53. An putas,-si non illa etiam ex XII tabulis de testimoniis falsis poena abolevisset, et si nunc quoque, ut antea, qui falsum testimonium dixisse convictus esset, e saxo Tarpeio deiiceretur, mentituros fuisse pro testimonio tam multos quam videmus?

Do you think if the penalty of the twelve tables had not fallen

into desuetude, and if false witnesses were still condemned to be hurled from the Tarpeian rock, there would be as many false witnesses as there are at present?

Fr. 24. De homicidio.

Festus. Parricidii Quaestores appellabantur qui solebant creari causa rerum capitalium quaerendarum. Nam paricida non utique is qui parentem occidisset dicebatur, sed qualemcunque hominem indemnatum. Ita fuisse indicat lex Numae Pompilii regis, his composita verbis: "Si quis hominem liberum dolo sciens morti duit, paricida esto."

To kill a freeman wilfully and maliciously shall be murder. Fr. 25. Qui malum carmen incantasset-malum venenum. Incantations and wicked drugs.

Fr. 26. Ne quis in urbe coetus nocturnos agitet.

Seditious assemblages by night are forbidden.

Fr. 27. Ut sodalibus legem sibi ferre liceat.

Gaius libro IV. ad L. XII Tab. fr. 4. D. de collegiis. (47, 22.) Sodales sunt qui eiusdem collegii sunt, quam Graeci éraιpíav vocant. His autem potestatem facit Lex pactionem quam velint sibi ferre, dum ne quid ex publica lege corrumpant. Sed haec lex videtur ex lege Solonis translata esse.

Associations may be formed for any purposes, religious, commercial, or social, and governed by any rules consistent with public law.

TABULA IX.

JUS PUBLICUM.

Fr. 1. Privilegia ne inroganto.

No laws shall be proposed respecting individuals.

Fr. 2. De capite civis, nisi per maximum comitium, ne ferunto.

No man shall be tried for his life at any assembly of the people but the comitia centuriata.

Fr. 3. Ne iudex arbiterve ob rem iudicandam pecuniam accipiat. No judge or arbiter shall receive money for his judgment. Gellius XX. 1. § 7. Dure autem scriptum esse in istis Legibus (sc. XII tab.) quid existimari potest? nisi duram esse legem putas quae iudicem arbitrumve iure datum qui ob rem dicendam [iudicandam?] pecuniam accepisse convictus est capite poenitur.

Are the twelve tables harsh? Do you think it harsh that a judge or arbiter convicted of corruption should be punished with death?

Fr. 4. De quaestoribus parricidii et de provocatione.

Of inquisitors of murder and right of appeal.

Fr. 5. De eo qui hostem concitaverit quive civem hosti tradiderit.

Treason.

Marcianus fr. 3. pr. D. ad L. Iuliam maiest. (48. 4.) Lex XII tabularum iubet eum qui hostem concitaverit, quive civem hosti tradiderit, capite puniri.

By the laws of the twelve tables, he who stirs an enemy against his country, or betrays a citizen into the hands of the enemy, shall be punished with death.

TABULA X.

JUS SACRUM.

Fr. 1. Hominem mortuum in urbe ne sepelito neve urito.

A dead man shall not be buried or burnt within the city.

Fr. 2. Hoc plus ne facito.-Rogum ascia ne polito.

More shall not be done. The wood of the funeral pile shall not be smoothed with the axe.

Fr. 3. 4. Mulieres genas ne radunto, neve lessum funeris ergo habento. Women shall not wail nor lacerate their faces.

Cicero de Legg. Extenuato igitur sumptu [concessisque tantummodo] tribus riciniis et vinculis purpuræ, et decem tibicinibus, tollit etiam lamentationem: Mulieres genas ne radunto, &c.

After moderating the expense and allowing only three robes with purple borders to be buried with the dead and ten flute players to attend the procession, the law proceeds to prohibit wailing.

Fr. 5. Homini mortuo ne ossa legito, quo post funus faciat.

Cicero de Legg. II. 24. § 60: Cetera item funebria quibus luctus augetur XII tabulæ sustulerunt: homini, inquit, mortuo he ossa legito, quo post funus faciat. Excipit bellicam peregrinamque mortem.

The bones of a dead man shall not be preserved for subsequent funeral rites, unless he fell in battle or died abroad.

Fr. 6. De unctura, circumpotatione, respersione, coronis.

Unction, potation, sprinkling the pyre with wine and myrrh, garlands.

Festus. Murrata potion e usos antiquos indicio est, quod etiam nunc Aediles per supplicationes Dis addunt ad pulvinaria, et quod XII tabulis cavetur, ne mortuo indatur, ut ait Varro in Antiquitatum Libro I.

Wine was anciently perfumed with myrrh, as appears from such wine still forming part of the sacred banquet which the Ediles provide in days of supplication, and from the prohibition in the twelve tables to pour it over the dead.

Fr. 7. Qui coronam parit ipse pecuniave eius virtutis ergo, duitor ei. A crown which a man has earned by his own merit, or by the merit of his property, may be placed on his head at his funeral.

Plinius Hist. Nat. XXI. 3. Quam servi equive meruissent, pecunia partam lege dici nemo dubitavit. Quis ergo honos? ut ipsi mortuo parentibusque eius, dum intus positus esset, forisve ferretur, sine fraude esset imposita.

Slaves and horses were always interpreted to be the meaning of property. What honour was permitted? The dead man and his parents might wear the crowns, whilst the corpse was lying in the house or being borne to the sepulchre.

Fr. 8. Ne uni plura funera fiant, neve lecti plures sternantur.

A man shall not have more than one funeral, nor more than one funeral feast.

Fr. 9. Neve aurum addito. quoi auro dentes vincti escunt, ast im cum illo sepelire urereve se fraude esto.

No gold shall be burnt or buried with the dead, except gold employed to fasten the teeth.

Fr. 10. Ne rogum bustumve novum propius LX pedes adiciantur aedes alienas.

A funeral pile or sepulchre for burning a corpse shall not be erected within 60 feet of another man's house.

Fr. 11. Ne forum sepulcri bustumve usucapiatur:

Neither a sepulchre for burning nor its vestibule can be acquired by usucapio.

TABULA XI.

SUPPLEMENTARY.

Fr. 1. Ne patribus cum plebe connubium sit.

There is no right of intermarriage between patricians and com

moners.

Dionysius Halic. Χ. 60. Οἱ δὲ περὶ τον ̓́Αππιον τοὺς λοιποὺς συγγράψαντες νόμους ἐν δέλτοις δυσί, καὶ ταύτας ταὶς πρότερον ἐξενεχθεί σαις προσεθήκαν ἐν αἷς καὶ ὅδε ὁ νόμος ἦν, “ μὴ ἐξεῖναι τοῖς πατρικίοις πρὸς τοὺς δημοτικοὺς ἐπιγαμίας συνάψαι.”

Cicero de Rep. II. 37. § 36: Qui decemviri duabus tabulis iniquarum legum additis, quæ etiam disiunctis populis tribui solent conubia, haec illi ut ne plebei cum patribus essent inhumanissima lege sanxerunt; quae postea plebeiscito Canuleio abrogata est.

Appius added two tables containing a prohibition of intermarriage between Patricians and Plebeians.

The decemvirs added two tables of unjust laws, wherein intermarriage, that is usually permitted between aliens, was prohibited between Patricians and Plebeians. This prohibition was afterwards abrogated by the plebiscite of Canuleius.

TABULA XII.

SUPPLEMENTARY.

Fr. 1. De pignoris capone adversus eum qui hostiam emit.

Action of distress against the purchaser of a victim for sacrifice who fails to pay the price.

Fr. 2. Si servus furtum faxit noxiamve nocuit, noxae dedendum esse. If a slave commit a theft, or any other injury, he may be surrendered in lieu of damages.

Fr. 3. Si vindiciam falsam tulit si velit is....tor arbitros tres dato: eorum arbitrio. ... fructus duplione damnum decidito.

Cujas restores the passage thus: Si vindiciam falsam tulit, rei sive litis arbitros tres dato; eor. arb. fructus dupl. damn. decidito. -Müller thus: Si vind. fals. tulit, stlitis et vindiciarum Praetor arb. III dato, eorum arbitrio possessor (sive reus) fr. dupl. damn. decidito.

If possession during litigation be obtained from the magistrate by the party who is not the true owner, the three arbiters appointed