Thus, soldiers not in disguise who have penetrated into the zone of operations of a hostile army to obtain information are not considered spies. Similarly, the following are not considered spies: soldiers or civilians, carrying out their mission openly, charged with the delivery of despatches destined either for their own army or for that of the enemy. To this class belong likewise individuals sent in balloons to deliver despatches, and generally to maintain communication between the various parts of an army or a territory. ARTICLE XXX A spy taken in the act cannot be punished without previous trial. ARTICLE XXXI A spy who, after rejoining the army to which he belongs, is subsequently captured by the enemy, is treated as a prisoner of war, and incurs no responsibility for his previous acts of espionage. CHAPTER III.-On Flags of Truce ARTICLE XXXII An individual is considered as bearing a flag of truce who is authorized by one of the belligerents to enter into communication with the other, and who carries a white flag. He has a right to inviolability, as well as the trumpeter, bugler, or drummer, the flag-bearer, and the interpreter who may accompany him. ARTICLE XXXIII The Chief to whom a flag of truce is sent is not obliged to receive it under all circumstances. Il peut prendre toutes les mesures nécessaires afin d'empêcher le parlementaire de profiter de sa mission pour se renseigner. Il a le droit, en cas d'abus, de retenir temporairement le parlementaire. ARTICLE XXXIV Le parlementaire perd ses droits d'inviolabilité, s'il est prouvé, d'une manière positive et irrécusable, qu'il a profité de sa position privilégiée pour provoquer ou commettre un acte de trahison. CHAPITRE IV.-Des Capitulations ARTICLE XXXV Les Capitulations arrêtées entre les Parties Contractantes doivent tenir compte des règles de l'honneur militaire. Une fois fixées, elles doivent être scrupuleusement observées par les deux parties. CHAPITRE V. - De l'Armistice ARTICLE XXXVI L'Armistice suspend les opérations de guerre par un accord mutuel des parties belligérantes. Si la durée n'en est pas déterminée, les parties belligérantes peuvent reprendre en tout temps les opérations, pourvu toutefois que l'ennemi soit averti en temps convenu, conformément aux conditions de l'armistice. ARTICLE XXXVII L'armistice peut être général ou local. Le premier suspend partout les opérations de guerre des États belli He can take all steps necessary to prevent the envoy taking advantage of his mission to obtain information. In case of abuse, he has the right to detain the envoy temporarily. ARTICLE XXXIV The envoy loses his rights of inviolability if it is proved beyond doubt that he has taken advantage of his privileged position to provoke or commit an act of treachery. CHAPTER IV.-On Capitulations ARTICLE XXXV Capitulations agreed on between the Contracting Parties must be in accordance with the rules of military honor. When once settled, they must be scrupulously observed by both the parties. CHAPTER V.-On Armistices ARTICLE XXXVI An armistice suspends military operations by mutual agreement between the belligerent parties. If its duration. is not fixed, the belligerent parties can resume operations at any time, provided always the enemy is warned within the time agreed upon, in accordance with the terms of the armistice. ARTICLE XXXVII An armistice may be general or local. The first suspends all military operations of the belligerent States; gérants; le second, seulement entre certaines fractions des armées belligérantes et dans un rayon déterminé. ARTICLE XXXVIII L'armistice doit être notifié officiellement et en temps utile aux autorités compétentes et aux troupes. Les hostilités sont suspendues immédiatement après la notification ou au terme fixé. ARTICLE XXXIX Il dépend des Parties Contractantes de fixer, dans les clauses de l'armistice, les rapports qui pourraient avoir lieu, sur le théâtre de la guerre, avec les populations et entre elles. ARTICLE XL Toute violation grave de l'armistice, par l'une des parties, donne à l'autre le droit de le dénoncer et même, en cas d'urgence, de reprendre immédiatement les hostilités. ARTICLE XLI La violation des clauses de l'armistice par des particuliers agissant de leur propre initiative, donne droit seulement à réclamer la punition des coupables et, s'il y a lieu, une indemnité pour les pertes éprouvées. SECTION III.—DE L'AUTORITÉ MILITAIRE SUR LE TERRITOIRE DE L'ETAT ENNEMI ARTICLE XLII Un territoire est considéré comme occupé lorsqu'il se trouve placé de fait sous l'autorité de l'armée ennemie. L'occupation ne s'étend qu'aux territoires où cette autorité est établie et en mesure de s'exercer. the second, only those between certain fractions of the belligerent armies and in a fixed radius. ARTICLE XXXVIII An armistice must be notified officially, and in good time, to the competent authorities and the troops. Hostilities are suspended immediately after the notification, or at a fixed date. ARTICLE XXXIX It is for the Contracting Parties to settle, in the terms of the armistice, what communications may be held, on the theatre of war, with the population and with each other. ARTICLE XL Any serious violation of the armistice by one of the parties gives the other party the right to denounce it, and even, in case of urgency, to recommence hostilities at once. ARTICLE XLI A violation of the terms of the armistice by private individuals acting on their own initiative, only confers the right of demanding the punishment of the offenders, and, if necessary, indemnity for the losses sustained. SECTION III.-ON MILITARY AUTHORITY OVER HOSTILE TERRITORY ARTICLE XLII Territory is considered occupied when it is actually placed under the authority of the hostile army. The occupation applies only to the territory where such authority is established, and in a position to assert itself. |