"The Wabash Prophet is more rogue than fool, if to be a rogue is not the greatest of follies: He rose to notice while I was in the administration, and became, of course, a proper subject for me. The inquiry was made with diligence. His declared object was the reformation of his red brothers and their return to their primitive manner of living. He pretended to be in constant communication with the Great Spirit. * * I concluded from all this, that he was a visionary, enveloped in their antiquities and vainly endeavoring to lead back his brethren to the fancied beatitude of the golden age. I thought there was little danger of his making many proselytes from the habits and comforts they had learned from the whites, to the hardships and privations of savagism, and no great harm, if he did. But his followers increased, until the British thought him worth corrupting, and found him corruptible. I suppose his views were then changed, but his proceedings in consequence of them were after I left the administration, and are therefore unknown to me; nor have I ever been informed what were the particular acts on his part which produced an actual commencement of hostilities on ours. I have no doubt, however, that the subsequent proceedings are but a chapter apart, like that of Henry and Lord Liverpool, in the book of the Kings of England."

It is admitted that there is no doubt that the Shawnee Prophet really sought the good of his people, and believed in the beneficial effects of his doctrines, although it is claimed that his inquisition was shocking in its cruelty.

TERRITORY ACQUIRED

Through the Treaty of Paris the United States acquired the territory Great Britain claimed by right of discovery, and would have held notwithstanding the natural rights of those dispossessed. Upon the organization, in 1788 of this addition to the Union, named the "Northwest Territory" Gen. Arthur St. Clair was appointed the first governor and was made commander-in-chief of the militia therein, to order, rule, and govern conformably to the ordinance of the 13th of July, 1787, entitled "An ordinance for the government of the territory of the United States northwest of the River Ohio." The commission took effect the Ist day of February, 1788, to continue three years, and he held the post until 1802. In the beginning of his administration he met the tribes who complained that the whites were not willing to regard the Ohio River as a boundary, at Fort Harmar (now Marietta)-erected in 1785-86 on the right bank of the Muskingum River at its junction with the Ohio, in honor of Gen. Josiah Harmar-in order to make treaties with them; and in his address he reminded them that they had been allies of Great Britain in the Revolutionary war, and the loss of the lands was one of the consequences of defeat. The first division of the Northwest Territory was into Ohio and Indiana. Ohio was admitted into the Union and Michigan was created, and the boundaries of Michigan extended to take in a good part of North Dakota.

DRAWING THE LINE

It was when the religious excitement attending the rise of the Shawnee Prophet was at its height, that Tecumseh took advantage of it to incite the Indians

of the west and southwest to resist the further advance of the whites, drawing the line at the Ohio River, as later, Sitting Bull drew it at the Missouri.

Messengers were sent to every Indian nation, and representatives of the various tribes of the northwest convened at the headquarters of the Shawnee Prophet at Greenville, Ohio, in order to learn the new doctrine and receive confirmation of the belief in him through his dreams and repeated revelations and predictions; among the latter the eclipse of the sun in the summer of 1806, which he claimed as a proof of his own supernatural powers.

The movement was a revolt against the breaking down of old Indian customs and modes of life and the encroachment of the whites on their domain.

HARRISON AND TECUMSEH

Tecumseh and the Prophet held a tract of land on the Tippecanoe River, one of the tributaries of the Wabash River. To this place in the western part of what is now Indiana, Tecumseh and the Prophet, with their following, removed in the spring of 1808. They laid out a village known as the Prophet's Town, and attracted to this center a large number of northern Indians.

General William Henry Harrison had served under Major General St. Clair and Gen. Anthony Wayne, and commanded Fort Washington (now Cincinnati) in 1795, and was secretary of the territory northwest of Ohio in 1797. In 1801, he was appointed governor of the new territory of Indiana, which comprised the present states of Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin, nearly all in the possession of the Indians, with whom as superintendent of Indian affairs, Harrison made treaties. The year of his appointment he went to the French Village of Vincennes, and in June, 1808, Tecumseh sent a deputation of Indians to him there with a message from the Prophet. This was followed in August, by a visit from the Prophet in person who was entertained at Vincennes two weeks; General Harrison forming a very favorable opinion of him and his abilities. The party carried a supply of provisions on their return to Tippecanoe.

In June, 1810, Geneal Harrison sent two agents to Tippecanoe to more fully acquaint himself with the designs of the Prophet, and invited Tecumseh to meet him at Vincennes on August 15th, for the purpose of an interchange of friendly greetings, but Tecumseh came with an armed force of seventy warriors. They met in a grove of trees southwest of the Harrison mansion, in front of the porch, General Harrison on the porch, Chief Tecumseh in the grove. The grove and porch remained until 1840; the main house and grounds in good preservation until 1855.

Tecumseh, in response to Harrison's assurance of friendly feeling, insisted on an exact interpretation of his words in language which implied that Harrison lied when he said the Government was friendly to the Indians, for it had cheated' them and stolen their lands. This terminated the interview by Harrison's order, and Tecumseh and his warriors withdrew.

In the following autumn, General Harrison was informed by a chief that the attitude of the Prophet was hostile, and Gen. William Clark, governor of Missouri, wrote to General Harrison that belts of wampum had been sent to the tribes west of the Mississippi, with an invitation to unite in a war against the United States.

BATTLE OF TIPPECANOE

A year later, on the 26th of September, 1811, General Harrison in command of a military expedition against the Tippecanoe confederacy, left Vincennes, with, as it proved, a fallacious hope, that the advance of the forces of the United States army would frighten the Indians into abandoning their designs against the government.

He sent a message to the Prophet's Town, "directing the assembled Indians who were at Tippecanoe, to return to their tribes; that stolen horses should be restored and murderers of white people be delivered up."

The agent of the governor having delivered his message, returned to headquarters, and on the 29th of October the army, numbering about nine hundred men, began their march; on the night of the 5th of November encamping within ten miles of "Prophet's Town," and meeting parties of Indians in the vicinity of the village. On the 6th of November two interpreters were directed to communicate with some of the Indians, but they refused to hold communication with them except by gestures. The forces of General Harrison encamped for the night within a mile and a half of the town, sending forward a flag of truce.

The Indians at first refused to answer and tried to cut his messenger off from the rest of the army, but later sent out three Indians to inquire the reason for the advance.

The messenger they said had gone another route, and they had missed him. General Harrison agreed to suspend hostilities until the next day, for purposes of treaty, and that night his army slept on their arms.

Tecumseh was absent in the southwest and had left orders that war was to be avoided at all hazards until his return, but early in the evening the Indians held a council, and formed a plan, which during the night was changed, it was said through the deception of the Shawnee Prophet, who told them that one-half of Harrison's army was dead, and the other half crazy, and before daylight the entire force of the Prophet's army was creeping through the grass upon the outposts of General Harrison's camp. The men had not been roused for reveille an hour before daylight, when a single shot of a sentinel surprised by an Indian creeping upon him, broke the stillness. The wild yell of the Indian fired on was followed by the war whoop, and the entire Tippecanoe force was upon them, first overwhelming the guard, who fell back on the camp which was prepared for immediate action.

The Prophet, discreetly taking his position on a hill in the rear, prophesied success to the Indians who would be safe from all harm, spurring them to action by the shriek of his war song, and under this influence they made bold to fight in open battle, rushing right upon the bayonets in the hands of their antagonists, who with a last fierce charge put the Indians to flight, just as the dawn broke over the field of carnage.

The loss of the United States forces in killed at the Battle of Tippecanoe, including those who died from their wounds soon after, was 50, and the total loss in killed and wounded 188. The Indians left 38 dead on the field of battle, and with those they carried with them their loss must have amounted to an equal number.

On the morning of the 8th of November, 1811, "Prophet's Town" was deserted, and the United States troops moved slowly back to the fort at Vincennes. The Prophet's influence was overthrown, and the Universal Indian Confederacy was a dream of the past.

General Harrison was promoted to major general, and fought the Battle of the Thames River, October 5, 1813, defeating the allied British and Indians, including Tecumseh, in the recovery of American territory. Tecumseh was killed. The Thames River flows between Lake Huron and Lake Erie, discharging into Lake St. Clair, and the battlefield was near the site of the present City of Chatham, Ontario.

General Harrison died in the executive mansion at Washington, April 4, 1841, after an illness of eight days, at the close of a month's administration as President of the United States.

THE PASSING OF TENSKWATAWA

Many Indians who after the defeat at Tippecanoe at first seemed inclined to treat, joined the British forces during the War of 1812, but at that period the Shawnee Prophet was shorn of his prestige, and faith in his doctrines had diminished to almost complete extinction.

In an official report, Lieut. General Prevost formally acknowledged the indebtedness of the British "to Tecumseh and the Prophet," after the destruction of Detroit by their forces.

Pensioned by the British government, under whose flag he had fought in that war, Tenskwatawa at its close became a resident of Canada, but in 1826, rejoined his tribe in Ohio, from thence removing to Missouri, and subsequently with his band to Kansas, where he died in 1837 in the month of November-which seemed to hold a strange fatality for him—and is buried in an unknown grave. To him might Joaquin Miller's counsel well apply:

"Speak ill of him who will, he died.

Say this much and be satisfied."

"A CHAPTER APART"

LORD LIVERPOOL-VISCOUNT CASTLEREAGH-SIR JAMES CRAIG-H. W. RYLAND-CAPT. JOHN HENRY-ORDERS IN COUNCIL-IMPRESSMENT OF SAILORS--THE EMBARGO PRELIMINARY LETTERS-THE SECRET CORRESPONDENCE.

The chapter apart involving "Henry and Lord Liverpool," which President Jefferson places on a par with the "subsequent proceedings" of the Shawnee Prophet episode, left an ineffaceable impression upon the page of the political history of the century.

Capt. John Henry, whose origin is 'subject of dispute, came from somewhere in the British Isles in 1793 to Philadelphia, where he became editorially connected with the public press. During the unpleasantness with France he served in the United States army as a captain of artillery, hence his title, and at its close once more took up the profession of journalism. Some of his articles in opposition to a republican form of government had a wide circulation, and showed a discrimination so keen, and a knowledge of the internal affairs of the republic so intimate and apparently so useful for shaping the policy of foreign powers that they aroused interest on both sides of the Atlantic, and were called to the attention of the chief actors in the stirring events immediately preceding the War of 1812.

Thomas Jefferson of Virginia, the most prominent figure in the United States during his term of service, 1801-1809, was serving his two terms as President of the United States. In 1790 the country was divided into two political parties, the federalists and the republicans, the cabinet of President Washington being composed of warring elements. Thomas Jefferson, secretary of state, represented the republicans and was an unyielding advocate of state sovereignty and decentralization. Alexander Hamilton, secretary of the treasury, charged by Jefferson with the desire of creating a monarchy in America, stood at the head of the federalists, and established the Bank of the United States against the protest of Jefferson, and of Edmund Randolph, the attorney-general. In 1791 Jefferson carried on a correspondence with the British minister in relation to alleged violations of the treaty of peace with Great Britain.

The year 1799 brought a change in public opinion in favor of the republican party, and Jefferson was elected President and was inaugurated March 4, 1801. Then followed the Louisiana Purchase, the exploration of the continent to the Pacific Ocean, and the re-election of Jefferson for the presidential term commencing March 4, 1805, the year of the Shawnee Prophet uprising.

In a message to the Tenth Congress President Jefferson thus refers to our relations with the Indians:

"With our Indian neighbors the public peace has been steadily maintained.