built quarters for themselves outside. After the troops were withdrawn the traders returned for a short time and then made way for the Indian agency." The United States troops were withdrawn from Fort Berthold when the construction of Fort Stevenson was begun in 1867. Fort Stevenson was abandoned in 1883, and the reservation was sold at private sale to a syndicate from Cincinnati represented by Hon. L. C. Black. CHAPTER XIII INCLUDING THE SIOUX MASSACRE OF 1862 - INDIAN WARS PRIMEVAL INGRAFTING OF MAN'S INHUMANITY ΤΟ MAN Ay, my own boy! thy sire Is with the sleepers of the valley cast. Woe! that the linden and the vine should bloom -Nathaniel P. Willis, The Soldier's Widow. In 1520, the Spanish carried away large numbers of the inhabitants from the islands of the West Indies and the Carolinas, and sold them for slaves; committing outrages, outranking in studied and fiendish cruelty anything ever charged to American Indians. De Soto came with bloodhounds to run down, and handcuffs, shackles and chains to bind, American Indians it was his purpose to enslave. It is not too much to say that Christian monarchs encouraged exploration in the search of new worlds, and to exploit and to hold as vassals or slaves the conquered people. From Africa, 40,000,000 people were stolen, kidnapped or purchased from warring tribes, before the slave trade was abolished and the tide of public sentiment turned in humanity's favor. In the Carolinas, Indians made captive in their raids upon the setlements, or in the punitive expeditions sent against them because of such raids, were enslaved under authority of laws enacted for the protection of the settlements, until the Indian and negro slaves outnumbered the inhabitants and became a menace. The first outbreak in Virginia and the first encounter in New England were based on the terror and dread of the white men from previous outrages committed in Florida and on the Labrador Coast. In the Virginia uprising, March 22, 1622, the Indians partook of food in the morning from the tables of colonists whom they intended to slaughter at noon, and in the first surprise 347 colonists were killed, and in the warfare which followed the eighty plantations in Virginia were reduced to eight, Jamestown and two others escaping through warning given by a Christian Indian, and the 4,000 settlers were reduced to 2,000, while the Indian tribes engaged were nearly destroyed. The colonists were restrained by law from making peace on any terms, and each year sent three expeditions against them to prevent them from planting crops in the spring, or harvesting should any be raised, and to destroy their homes should any be rebuilt. In 1636 a peace was arranged, but not of long duration. April 18, 1644, Opechancanough, brother and successor of Powhatan, responsible for the massacre of 1622, again attacked the Virginia colonists, killing 300 in a few hours, when, realizing their own helpless condition, they fled. Opechancanough, made captive, was treacherously shot by his guard, whose family had suffered in the uprising, and dying of his wounds the Powhatan confederacy was ended, and now no tongue speaks the dialect of the tribe of Powhatan. Then came the war of extermination by the Pequots, a powerful tribe of 4,000 warriors in the Connecticut Valley, in 1637, and then the King Philip's War of the Plymouth Colony, inaugurated July 20, 1675, and the Swamp fight of the following autumn, all of which are treated in detail in other parts of this volume. In 1621 the servants of a Dutch director murdered a Raritan warrior on the west shore of the Hudson near Staten Island. August 28, 1641, a nephew of the murdered warrior of the Raritans, to avenge the death of his uncle twenty years before, killed an old man of the Dutch Colony. In January, 1642, steps were taken toward punishing the Raritans for the later murder. The first demand for the offender was refused, the Indians holding that he did no wrong in avenging the death of his uncle, but they finally agreed to the surrender. While these negotiations were pending, à Hackensack Indian was made drunk and was beaten and robbed, and to avenge his wrongs killed two of the Dutch Colony. The Hackensacks had been attacked by the Mohawks and fled to the Dutch Colony for protection. Pity was shown them and they were supplied with food and finally scattered, some going to the Raritans. Some of the Dutch decided that then was the time to avenge the three murders and other alleged outrages, and attacked them March 1, 1642, under the leadership of an “ex-West India convict," killing eighty men, women and children. Babes were snatched from the care of mothers and thrown into the river, and when the mothers jumped into the stream to rescue them they were prevented from landing. Eleven petty tribes joined the outraged tribes, followed later by eight other tribes, and a long and disastrous war resulted. The homes of the colonists were burned, their animals slaughtered, the men killed and the women and children made captive; in this displaying a larger degree of humanity than the Dutch aggressors, who had found profit in selling them fire-arms and teaching their use. The attack was made after the tribe had offered to surrender the murderer and pay a suitable indemnity. In the massacre at Fort William Henry in July, 1757, the English defenders had surrendered after a six days' siege, and were marching out unarmed,— accompanied by refugees returning to the British lines or their homes under the terms of their surrender,-assured of full protection, when about a mile from the fort the Indian allies, promised opportunity for plunder as the price of |