the only feasible route for a Ship-Canal across and the third Granada, on Lake Nicaragua, the continent. Its northern boundary is an through which a great part of the trade of irregular line running from the Gulf of Fo- the country, via Lake Nicaragua and the nesca on the Pacific, to Cape Gracias a Dios river San Juan, is conducted. It has about on the Atlantic; and its southern a right line 12,000 inhabitants. Managua and Nicaragua extending from the head of the Gulf of Nico- (or Rivas) are both considerable places. The ga, to a point on the Atlantic midway between most important port on the Pacific is that of the mouth of the San Juan and the port of Realejo, between which and San Francisco Matina, in Costa Rica. It has a diversified a valuable trade is springing up. Indeed, it surface, and a soil of unbounded fertility. is very evident that Central America mast The great basin of the lakes consists of plains be to California and Oregon what the West and undulating slopes, relieved by high and Indies have hitherto been to our Confederacy. steep volcanic cones, in which may be found Sugar, cotton, coffee, cacao, rice, indigo, toall the productions of the tropics in the great-bacco, maize-in short, all the staples and est abundance. The northern departments, fruits of the tropics—are produced in Nicacalled Segovia and Chontales, are more ele-ragua in the greatest abundance and perfecvated and mountainous, abounding in miner- tion. There are a large number of cattleals, producing many of the fruits of the tem- estates in the country; and hides, with indigo, perate zone, and having an atmosphere com- coffee, and Brazil-wood, form the principal paratively cool and bracing, The Atlantic articles of export. coast, or what is sometimes called the Mosquito Shore, is generally low, and the rain falling during the entire year, it is hot and less salubrious than other portions of the State. It is very sparsely inhabited by Indians of the Charib stock, ranaway Negroes from the West India islands, and a squalid brood, a mixture of both. The principal, we may almost say the entire population of Nicaragua, is situated upon the Pacific slope. Here the soil is not only fertile and easily cultivated, but the climate is favorably modified by a variety of causes. There are two seasons, called the wet and the dry: the former com mencing about the middle of May, and lasting until the middle of November. During the rest of the year scarcely any rain falls. The temperature is very equable, averaging about 82 of Fahrenheit. There is probably no equal extent of country under the tropics more salubrious, or possessing a more delight-gua, from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, ful climate.

The Constitution of Nicaragua is exceedingly liberal, and the best feeling toward the United States pervades all classes of the people from the highest to the lowest. They are kind and hospitable. The Government consists of a Supreme Director, elected by the people bi-annually, and the Legislative Chambers, consisting of a House of Representatives and a Senate,-the latter elected for two years, the former for one. The officers of state are now

Don NORBERTO RAMERIZ....Supreme Director.
"SEBASTIAN SALINAS.... Sect. of For. Affairs.
"PABLO BUITRAGO.. Secretary of War.
"NARCISSO CHARVARRI... Secr'y of Finances.
"JOSE TRINIDAD MUNOZ. General-in-Chief.

of Honduras is styled President. The President
of the former is Don DOROTEO VASCONCELOS;
of the latter, Don JUAN LINDO.

The first Executive officer of San Salvador and

Since the acquisition of California, the project of opening a Ship-Canal through Nicara

via the river San Juan and Lake Nicaragua, The State is divided into five departments, has not only been renewed, but invested with and has an aggregate population of not far an immediate and practical importance. A from 250,000, residing chiefly in the towns. great number of contracts had previously The principal city is Leon, which is the seat been made for constructing such a work, but of Government (although the Legislative nothing was effected under them. General Chambers meet at Managua), and has a pop- Taylor, upon his election to the Presidency, alation of from 25,000 to 30,000. The second was deeply impressed with the importance in size is Masaya, which is essentially an In- of facilitating communication between our dian town, remarkable for its manufactures; Atlantic and Pacific territories; and one of

tained that British assumptions have been in any degree relaxed in consequence of our treaty with England above referred to; but we are reliably assured that they have been, and that the British occupation will soon be abandoned.

the first acts of his administration was to the Royal forces by the Republican army of send a Special Minister to Nicaragua (Mr. Nicaragua, peaceably occupied by the peoE. G. SQUIER), empowered to agree with ple of that State, and, as a part of Nicaragua, that State for the extension of the protection blockaded by the English in 1844-this port of both countries to any Company of Ameri- was wrested from the Nicaraguans in Janucan citizens which should contract, in good ary, 1848, by a British force under the comfaith, to construct the proposed Canal. Such mand of Captain G. C. Loch, of H. B. Majes. a contract was entered into by a New-York ty's ship "Alarm," and has since been oc Company, styled "The American Atlantic cupied by English authorities, under the preand Pacific Canal Company," on the 27th of tense of belonging to the so-called Mosquito August, 1849; and on the 2d of September Kingdom. It has not been surrendered to following Mr. Squier signed a treaty with Nicaragua, nor has it been formally ascerthe plenipotentiaries of Nicaragua (ratified by the Government of that State on the 27th of the same month), which provided for the neutrality and protection of the Canal. It also provided for the free transit forever of the citizens of the United States and their property through the territories of Nicaragua, Previous to 1763, Great Britain made some for the entire freedom of all the ports of the pretensions upon the Mosquito Shore,-not, country, and for extending the same liberal however, as protector of any Indian tribes, concessions to all nations which should enter but in absolute sovereignty. These were into the same treaty stipulations. This treaty sweepingly disposed of by the treaties of 1763, was approved by General Taylor, and sent 1783, and 1786, between Great Britain and in to the Senate for ratification, but has not yet Spain, in which the former agrees not only (December 3, 1859) been acted upon by that to evacuate the Mosquito Shore, but to withbody. Subsequently, a treaty was negotiated draw her protection from her own subjects by Mr. Clayton, Secretary of State of the Uni- who should be so" daring as to presume" to ted States, and Sir Henry Bulwer, Minister remain there, or "to obstract the entire evacuof Great Britain, providing for extending the ation agreed upon by His Britannic Majesty." protection of both countries over any route of The length of the proposed line of water communication which may be opened across communication through Nicaragua is estimathe continent, and also for the abandonment ted by Mr. Squier, in his report to the Deof British territorial pretensions, and the with-partment of State, at 313 miles, as follows: drawal of the British establishments, on the Length of the River San Juan......... 90 miles. Part of Lake Nicaragua to be traversed.110 do. Length of Rio Tipitapa... 18 do. Length of Lake Managua.. From Lake to Realejo.

coast of Central America.

Total..

50 do.

45 do.

.313 miles.

extent of actual canalization, therefore, would be, to Realejo, 120 to 140 miles; to Tamarinda, 90 to 110; to Fonseca, 100 to 120.

The British pretensions consist in an alleged protectorate over a mixed brood of Indians and Negroes, which have maintained a miserable existence on that part of the Atlantic coast of Nicaragua bearing. the geographical designation of the "Mosquito From this must be deducted 25 miles, in Shore," and whom, it is claimed by the Brit-case the line is terminated at the port of Tamish Government, are entitled to be considered arinda. In case it should terminate in the as a sovereign people. They have, however, Gulf of Fonseca, it is possible it would not no written languages, no religion, no laws-be many miles longer than to Realejo. The not a single feature to elevate them above the lowest order of savages. Under the pretense above indicated, the agents of Great Britain have undertaken to fix the limits of the supP. S.-Since the above was written, we positious Mosquito Kingdom, as including the learn that the engineer of the Company has entire coast from Cape Honduras to the boun- discovered and surveyed a most favorable dary of New-Granada, a line of more than route from the lake to the Pacific, passing near 800 miles, and extending inward indefinitely. the city of Nicaragua, and avoiding altogethThis preposterous claim, of course, takes in er the Lake Managua and the outlet thereof. the mouth of the river San Juan and the port This route is only twelve miles from Lake to of San Juan de Nicaragua, the only possible Ocean, and requires a cutting of but sixtyAtlantic terminus of the proposed Canal. This eight feet at the highest to cause the water port, which, as we have seen, was occupied of Nicaragua to mingle with that of the Pa by the Spaniards as early as 1529, and which cific. The adoption of this route will deci was subsequently, by royal decree, made a dedly shorten the Ship-Canal, and expedite port of entry, and fortified by the Spanish the passage of vessels from sea to sea. We Government, and afterward captured from trust it will soon be accomplished.

ELECTION RETURNS,

BY STATES, CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICTS, AND COUNTIES.

MAINE.

MASSACHUSETTS.

Gov.-1850.

Gov. 1850. PERS. 1848. PRES. 1844. Pass. 1848. Przs. 1844. Co's. Crosby. Hub'd. T'lb't. Ta'lr.Cass. V. B. Clay. Polk. Co's. Briggs. Bout'l. Ph'ps. Tay't. Cass. V. B. Clay. Polk. 868 106.. 398 881 18.. 431 907 Barnstable1362 707 390..2015 802 Aroostook. 664 516..2290 1415 Cumberl'd.4522 6111 1243..4797 5989 1745..4483 6367 Berkshire.3510 3162 516..3549 2387 1549..3656 3685 Franklin... 910 1672 608.. 895 1460 813..1274 1743 Bristol....3893 2270 1677..4840 2170 2532..4872 490) 247..1938 2697 Dukes.... 187 151 31..290 133 81.. 302 255 Hancock...1723 2025 138..2102 2321 Kennebec..4020 3091 872..5056 2634 1657..5393 3635 Essex.....8177 5190 3741..3555 4678 5020..8415 6259 2047 Lincoln....4855 4652 433..5316 4670 967..4566 5354 Franklin..2585 1867 1173..2133 1542 1645..2725 Oxford.....1509 4214 707..1529 3605 1206..1887 4395 Hampden.3507 3400 664..3306 3061 1284..3416 3593 Penobscot.3562 5136 782..3973 4646 1560..3376 4895 Hampshi'e3403 1271 1266..3055 1070 1806..3725 1605 Piscataquis 911 1174 307.. 937 1168 432..1074 1136 Middlesex 9445 7060 4284..9854 6820 5964..9581 9124 63 127.. 444 Somerset..2651 2282 601..2453 2086..1021..2849 £530 Nantucket 306 89 159.. 633 Waldo.....1777 3755 605..1816 3596..1124..1826 4661 Norfolk...4640 2271 2796..4739 9451 3638..5217 4287 Washingt'n2193 2263 292..2505 2466 456..2339 2627 Plymouth.3335 1713 2692..3568 1847 3189..4449 3315 York.......3011 3964 646..3466 4697 844..3216 5117 Suffolk....6447 2138 1251..8895 8173 2132..8778 4659 TOTALS. Worcester6577 5105 7295..5827 6058 8343..9359 .7562 TOTALS.

1850, Crosby, W.32,308. Hubbard, Op.41,220. Talbot, F.S.7,252
1848, Taylor....35,276. Cass........40,206. V. Buren..12,178
...45,964. Birney.... 4,862
1844, Clay......34,619. Polk....
Dist.

CONGRESS-1860.

I. York County and 21 towns, &c., in Oxford.
Moses M'Donald, Opp., 5173; elected-plurality 490;
N. D. Appleton, W., 4683; M. Sweat, F.S., 530; Sc'g 48.
II. Cumberland County.

John Appleton, Opp., 5943; elected-maj. over all 29.
W. P. Fessenden, W. and F.S., 6903; Sc'g 11. F. contests.
III. Kennebec(except town of Greene)and Franklin Co's.
Robert Goodenow, H., 4831; elected-plurality 131;
Lot M. Morrill, Opp., 4700; Seth May, F.S., 1274; Sc'g 4.
IV. Lincoln Co., Oxford Co. (except 21 t.), and t. of Greene.
Charles Andrews, Opp., 6718; elected-plurality 66.
Isaac Reed, W., 6652; Alfred Pierce, F. S., 183; Sc'g 6.
V. Waldo (except town of Vinallaven) and Somerset Co's.
Ephraim K. Smart, Op., 5911; elected-maj. over all 554;
Theophilus Cushing, W., 5895; Scattering 62.
VI. Penobscot and Piscataquis Counties.

Terael Washburn, jr., W, 8412; elected-plurality 1716;
Strickland, Op., 3696; Stetson, Op., not a cand. 2554; Sc. 32.
VII. Aroostook, Hanc'k, and Wash'n Co's, and Vinallaven.
Thomas J. D. Fuller, Opp., 4814; elected-plurality 185;
Jas. S. Pike, W., 4629; S. C. Foster, F. S. 716; Sc'g 89.

1849-

46

2:37

1850-Briggs...67,364; Boutwell..36,363; Phillips..27,209.
...53,718;
..30,730;
..24,364.
1848-Taylor..61,070; Cass......35,981; V. Buren.38,058.
1844-Clay....67,418; Polk.. 62,846; Birney...10,860.
LEGISLATURE for 1851.
SENATE (full, will be): Whigs 13; Coalition (Opp. & F.S.) 27.
HOUSE: W. 174; Op. (inc'g F.S. 4 Coal'n) 210; no choice 55
Dist.
CONGRESS.-1850.
1. City of Boston (Suffolk County).

William Appleton, W., 5639; elected-maj, over all 9789;
J T. Heard, Opp., 1855; B.B.Mussey, F.3.1167; Sc'g 35.
11. 2 towns in Suffolk Co., 16 in Essex, and 734 in Middlesex.
Charles W. Upham, Whig, 5862; no choice-wants 766;
R. Rantoul, jr., Opp., 4364; S. E. Sewall, F.S. 2979: Sc. 49.
11. 14 towns in Essex Co., and 11 in Middlesex.
James H. Duncan, Whig, 6089; no choice-wants 148;
A. R. Brown, Opp., 3753; Higginson, F.S. 2496; Sc'g 135
IV. 26% towns in Middlesex Co., and 14 in Worcester.
Benjamin Thompson, W., 5626; no choice-wants 1551;
J. G. Palfrey, F.S., 4970; Frothingham, Op., 3742; Sc. 14.
v. 42 towns in Worcester County,

Charles Allen, F. S., 6799; no choice wants 1358;
1. M. Barton, W.,4317; J. S. C. Knowlton, Op., 4175; Sc.21.
VI. 15 t. in FranklinCo., 14 Hamp'n, 13 Hampsh'e, Wore'r.
George T. Davis, Whig, 6975; no choice wants 303;
C. W. Chapin, Op., 6329; Huntington, F. S. 2211; Sc'g 39.
V11. Berkshire Co., 11 t. Franklin, & Hamp'n, 10 Hampshire.
John Z. Goodrich, Whig, 5599; no choice wants 522;
Bishop, Op., 5449; Hayden, F.8., 837; Rockwell, W., 267.
VIII. Norfolk Co., 5 t. in Middiesex, and 4 in Plymouth.
Horace Mann, F.S. Whig, 6902; elec'd-maj. over all 116;
S. H. Walley, W., 4374; E. K. Whitaker, Op., 2362; Sc. 60.
IX. 16 towns in Bristol Co., and 16 in Plymouth.

VERMONT. Co's. Will'ms. Peck. R'b'ts. Tay'r. V.B. Cass. Clay. Polk. 772 319..2527 953 163..2558 1035 Beanington.1885 1304 245..1559 616 1150..1656 1450

Addison...2186

Caledonia.. 1603 2096 73..1367 888 Chittenden. 1992 1332 610..1763 1516 Essex..... 421 406 3.. 370 42 Franklin...1721 983 935..1456 1204 206.. 311 104 564.. 289 754

Grand Isle. 304 35
Lamoille... 483 943

1158..1762 1730
671..1924 1444
331..392 331
691..1872 1438
130.. 339 165
474.. 485 759

Orin Fowler, F.S. Whig.,6860; elected-maj. over all 3330;
Little, Op., 3047; Atwood 301; Baylies, W., 147; Sc'g 35.

Orange.....2141 2657 139..1780 1308 1414..2076 1910 X. Barnstable, Dukes,and Nant'ket Cos., 3 t. Brist'l, 2 Ply 'h.

Orleans....1308 1159 119..1056 536 662..1192 833
Rutland...2920 1176 495..2911 1377 744..3584 1578
Washing'n. 1623 2784 190..1398 1106 1693..1650 9086
Windham..2408 1115 668..2648 1443 -608..2642 1703
Windsor...3814 2246 69..3656 1908 1103..4669 1843

1. Bennington, Rutland, and Windham Counties.
*A. L. Miner, Whig, 4369; A. P. Lyman, Whig, 4,126;
D. Roberts, jr., Opp., 2,689; M. Clark, "Opp." 431;Sc. 34.
[*Second trial-Miner elected by plurality. No choice at
first trial; vote: M. 3,668; L. 3726; R. 3,282; C.1,218; Sc,72.]
11. Orange and Windsor Counties.

William Hebard, Whig, 6652; elected-maj, over all 1,062;
Jefferson P. Kidder, Opp., 4,384; Scattering 206.
III. Addison, Chittenden, Franklin, and Grand Isle Co's,
James Meacham, IV., 5,945; elected-maj. over all 1,369;
Beardsley, Op., 2,960; Harrington, "Opp." 1,621; Sc'g 95.
IV. Caledonia, Essex, Lamoille, Orleans, and Wash'n Co's.
Thos. Bartlett, jr., Op, 7,009; elected-maj, over all 1,241;
B. N. Davis, Whig, 6,014; Willard, "Opp.,"640; Sc'g 14.

Zeno Scudder, Whig, 2800; no choice wants 183; Fessenden, Op., 1624; Hart, F. S., 1064; Fisher, W., 504. *Including vote of towns not included in official count.

CONNECTICUT.

Gov.-1850. Pass.-1848. Pazs.-1844. Co's. Foster.S'ym'r. Boyd. Tay'r. Cass, V. B. Clay. Polk. Fairfield....4326 4248 176..5036 4064 462..5368 4599 Hartford....5561 6183 361..6000 6345 810..6259 5624 4335 Litchfield...3940 3999 621..3918 3674 800..4668 Middlesex...1969 2420 199..2136 2152 361..2324 2354 New Haven.4909 4728 445..5273 4516 806..5546 4796 New London.3530 3516 427..4020 3421 776..4081 3709 Tolland.....1807 1809 179..1665 1612 191..1961 1960 Windham...2167 2119 670..2266 2262 799..2620 2544 1844, Birney in F., 142; H., 287; L., 368; M., 130; N.H., ......1943 229; N. L., 304; T., 120; W., 363:-total..

NEW YORK.
COMPT'R.-1849-ATT'Y GEN L.

Hunt. Sey'.Ch'n.Cor'il. Ch'ch. Hunt. Lott. Tap'n St'ns.Chat'd. Taylor. V. B. Cass. Clay. Polk. Bir'y,
..1752 2028....2444 800 1310....2547 2751
¿23 901....1099 121 860....1049 1063 1
..1347 2054....2180 1399 1051....2487 3375 14
..6085 4924....7509 818 4882....6107 4648 77
117
3

9..3588 2566....3729 2100 20..3893 3159....3848 2627 16..2986 3240....2789 2040 1283....3913 3640 435 ..2670 2430....2381 1630 1337....2754 2102 442 35..6760 4991....7647 2357 3360...6905 5050 415 32. Cattaraugas..955 9775 55..2944 2777....3073 2864 52..3009 2756 ..2604 1236 1677....2743 2634 487 Chautauque..4766 3328 62..4734 3343....4497 3517 7.4497 3512....4207 1628 1911....5612 3407 314 *Including Hamilton county.]

1860, Governor.. Hunt...914.614; Seymour.214,3521849, Hunt....205,034; Lott.
Lt. Gov't.. CORNELL72.695; Church.,218,009
Can'l Com. Blakely $13,894; Matuar. 215,102 1848, Taylor...218,583; V.B.120,497; Gass 114,319; G. Smith..2,545
Prison Ina, Baker..206,142; Angel....217,980 1844, Clay.....232,482; Polk..
.237,588; Birney...16,812
CitCAp. SITE.. 211,029; Benton..217,955 1840, Harrison.225,817; V.Buren. ...212,527; Birney... 2,808
Abol.Gov.(Chaplin)3,416. [Candidates in italics nominated by Anti-renters; those in SMALL CAPS by N.Y.City "Unionists."
LEGISLATURE for 1881.-SENATE: Whigs, Dista. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 11, 13, 22, 23, 24, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32-total, 17.
Opp., Dists. 1, 7, 8, 9, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 25, 96-
ASSEMBLY: Higa 23; Opp, 44; F. £. \; Înd'p't 1. JOINT BALLOT: Whigs 99; all others 61.