ACTON BURNEL. ACTON BURNEL, or Shrewsbury. At the parliament held here by Edward I., Oct. 1283, the statute of merchants" against debtors was enacted. ACTON MURDER, see Trials, 1880. ADELPHI. ACTS, in dramatic poetry, first employed by the Romans. Five acts are mentioned by Horace (Art of Poetry) as the rule (about 8 B.C.). ́ ACTUARY, ACTUARIUS, the Roman accountant. The Institute of Actuaries founded in 1848, publishes its proceedings in the "Assurance Magazine." ADAM AND EVE, ERA OF, in the English Bible, 4004 B.C.; see Creation. ACTRESSES appear to have been unknown to the ancients; men or eunuchs performing the female parts. Charles II. is said to have first encouraged the public appearance of women on the stage in England, in 1662; but Anne, queen of James I., had previously performed in a theatre at court. Theat. ADAMITES, a sect said to have existed about Biog. Mrs. Colman was the first English public 130, and to have been quite naked in their reactress; she performed the part of Ianthe in Dave-ligious assemblies, asserting that if Adam had not nant's "Siege of Rhodes," in 1656. Victor. of Premunire, 1306. Statutes first printed in the reign of Richard III., 1483. Statutes of the Realm, from Magna Charta to George I.. printed from the original records and MSS. in 12 vols. folio, under the direction of commissioners appointed in 1801, 1811-28. The statutes passed during each session were formerly printed annually in 4to and 8vo, now in 8vo only. Abstracts are given in the Cabinet Lawyer. Between 1823 and 1829, 1126 acts were wholly repealed, and 443 repealed in part, chiefly arising out of the consolidation of the laws by Mr. (afterwards sir Robert) Peel; of these acts, 1344 related to the kingdom at large, and 225 to Ireland solely; and in 1856 many obsolete statutes (enacted between 1285 and 1777) were repealed. By the Statute Law Revision Act of 1861, 770 acts were wholly repealed, and a great many partially. By similar acts since passed, a great number of enactments have been repealed, commencing with the Provisions of Merton, 20 Henry III. (1235-6), and ending 1844. "Acts of parliament abbreviation bill" introduced by lord Brougham 12 Feb., passed 10 June, 1850. 1410 acts (passed between 1689 and 1770) partially or wholly repealed, 1867. "Chronological Table and Index to the Statutes to the end of 1869," published 1870. Ninth Edition (1235 1883), published 1884. Publication of the revised edition of the statutes (13251868); 15 volumes published, 1870-8. Report of select cominittee on acts of parliament, published July, 1875. The greatest number of acts passed in any one year since 1800 was 570, in 1846 (the railway year); 402 were local and personal, 51 private, and 117 public acts. In 1841, only 13 were passed (the lowest number), of which two were private. The average number of the first ten years of the present century was 132 public acts. In the ten years ending 1850, the average number of acts, of public interest, was 112. The number of public general acts passed in 1851 was 106; in 1852, 88; in 1853, 137; in 1854, 125; in 1855, 134; in 1856, 120; in 1857, 86; in 1858, 109; in 1859, 101; in 1860, 154; in 1861, 134; in 1862, 114; in 1863, 125; in 1864, 121; in 1865, 127; in 1866, 122; in 1867, 146; in 1868, 130; in 1869, 117; in 1870, 112; in 1871, 117: in 1872, 98; in 1873, 91; in 1874, 96: in 1875, 96; in 1876, 81; in 1877, 69; in 1878, 79: in 1870, 78; in 1880, 19 and 48 (new parliament); 1881, 72; 1882, 82; 1893, 62: 1884, 78. sinned there would have been no marriages. Their chief was named Prodicus; they defied the elements, rejected prayer, and said it was not necessary to confess Christ. Eusebius. A sect with this name arose at Antwerp in the 12th century, under Tandemus or Tanchelin, whose followers, 3000 soldiers and others, committed many crimes. It became extinct soon after the death of its chief; but another of the same kind, named Turlupins, appeared shortly after in Savoy and Dauphiny. Picard, a Fleming, revived this sect in Bohemia, about 1415; it was suppressed by Ziska, 1420. ADDA, a river N. Italy, passed by Suwarrow after defeating the French, 27 April, 1799. ADDINGTON ADMINISTRATION. Mr. Pitt, having engaged to procure Roman Catholic emancipation to promote the union with Ireland, and being unable to do so as a minister, resigned 3 Feb. 1801. A new ministry was formed by Mr. Addington, March-July, 1801; after various changes it terminated about 10 May, 1804. Henry Addington,* first lord of the treasury and chancellor of the exchequer. Lord Eldon, lord chancellor. Duke of Portland, lord president. Earl of Westinoreland, lord privy seal. Lord Pelham, home secretary. Mr. R. B. Jenkinson (lord Hawkesbury, 1803; and earl Earl St. Vincent, first lord of admiralty. Charles Yorke, secretary-at-war. ADDISCOMBE COLLEGE, near Croydon, Surrey, purchased by the East India company in 1809, for education of candidates for scientific branches of the Indian army, was closed in 1861. ADDISON'S DISEASE, a dangerous affection of the renal capsules, described by its discoverer, Dr. Thomas Addison, in 1855. their employment in populous places was founded ADDITIONAL CURATES, the society for 1837 (High Church). ADDLED PARLIAMENT, see Parliament. ADDRESSERS, see Abhorrers. ADELAIDE, the capital of South Australia, was founded in 1836. It contained 14,000 inhabitants in 1850, and 18,259 in 1855; about 30,000 in 1875. It was made a bishopric in 1847. University founded, 1876. It was visited by the duke of Edinburgh, 1 March, 1869. ADELPHI (Greek for brothers) several streets on the south side of the Strand, London, erected about 1768 by the brothers, John, Robert, James, * Born 1757; became viscount Sidmouth, Jan. 1805; held various offices afterwards, and died in 1844. His circular to the lords lieutenants, dated 27 March, 1817, directing them to adopt severe measures against the authors of blasphemous and seditious pamphlets, was greatly censured, and not carried into effect. ADEN. and William Adam, after whom the streets are named. ADELPHI THEATRE, built 1806, rebuilt 1858; see under Theatres. ADEN, a free port on the S. W. corner of Arabia, where in Dec. 1836 a British ship was wrecked and plundered. The sultan promised compensation, and agreed to cede the place to the English. The Sultan's son refusing to fulfil this agreement to captain Haynes, a naval and military force, under captain H. Smith, of the Volage, was dispatched to Aden, which captured it, 19 Jan. 1839. It is now a garrison and coal depot for Indian steamers, &c. ADIAPHORISTS(from adiaphora, indifferent things), a term applied to Melanchthon and others, who were willing to give up certain things to the Romanists as indifferent, about 1548. ADIGE, a river in N. Italy, near which the Austrians defeated the French on 26, 30 March, and 5 April, 1799. ADJUTATORS, see Agitators. ADMINISTRATIONS OF ENGLAND AND OF GREAT BRITAIN. Until the Restoration, 1660, there was not any cabinet approaching to the modern sense. The sovereign was aided by privy councillors, varying in number, the men and offices being frequently changed. The separation of the cabinet from the privy council became greater during the reign of William III. His ministers included both Whigs and Tories, and their dissensions led to much maladministration, civil, military, and naval, and consequent popular discontent; the king was therefore compelled to have a united ministry, at first wholly composed of Whigs. The change was gradually effected, 1694-6. The control of the chief, now termed the premier," began in the reign of Anne. "The era of ministries may most properly be reckoned from the day of the meeting of the parliament after the general election of 1698." Macaulay. For a fuller account of each administration, since 1700, see separate articles headed with the name of the PREMIER, given below in italics. HENRY VIII.-Abp. Warham; bps. Fisher and Fox; earl of Surrey, &c. Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, &c. A. D. 1509 Earl of Surrey: Tunstall, bishop of London, &c. 1514 1523 1529 1532 1540 Lord Wriothesley; Thomas, duke of Norfolk; lord *Til! 1850 the cabinet council usually consisted of the following twelve members: First lord of the treasury; lord chancellor; lord president of the council; chancellor of the exchequer; lord privy seal; home, foreign, and colonial secretaries; first lord of the admiralty; president of the board of trade; president of the board of Control: chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster. In 1850 the number was fifteen, and included the secretary-atwar, the postmaster-general, and the chief secretary for Ireland. In the Palmerston-Russell cabinet (which see), the president of the poor-law-board replaced the secretary for Ireland. In 1868 the Gladstone cabinet consisted of 15; that of Mr. Disraeli in Feb., 1874, of 12. The average duration of a ministry has been set down at four, five, and six years; but instances have occurred of the duration of a ministry for much longer periods: sir Robert Walpole was minister from 1721 to 1742 (21 years); Mr. Pitt, 1783 to 1801 (18 years); and lord Liverpool 1812 to 1827 (15 years). Several ministries have not lasted beyond a few months, as the Coalition Ministry in 1783. and the "Talents" Ministry in 1806. The "Short-lived' Administration lasted 10 to 12 Feb. 1746. ADMINISTRATIONS. EDWARD VI. Lord Wriothesley, now earl of Southampton, lord chancellor (expelled); Edward, earl of Hertford, lord protector, created duke of Somerset; John, lord Russell; Henry, earl of Arundel; Thomas, lord Seymour; sir Win. Paget; sir Wm. Petre, &c. . John Dudley, late lord Lisle and earl of Warwick, created duke of Northumberland; John, earl of Bedford; bishop Goodrich, sir William Cecil, &c. MARY.-Stephen Gardiner, bp. of Winchester; Edmund Bonner, bp. of London: William, marq. of Winchester; sir Edwd. Hastings, &c. ELIZABETH. Sir Nicholas Bacon'; Edward lord Clinton; sir Robert Dudley, aftds. earl of Leicester; sir William Cecil, aftds. lord Burleigh William, lord Burleigh (minister during nearly all the reign); sir N. Bacon, &c. Robert Lord Burleigh; sir Thomas Bromley: Devereux, eart of Essex (a favourite); earl of Leicester; earl of Lincoln; sir Walter Mildmay; sir Francis Walsingham, &c. Lord Burleigh: Robert, earl of Essex; sir Christopher Hatton, &c. Thomas Sackville, lord Buckhurst, afterwards earl of Dorset ; Sir Thomas Egerton, afterwards lord Ellesmere and viscount Brackley; sir Robert Cecil, &c. 1547 1551 1554 1558 1572 1579 1587 . 1599 JAMES I.-Thomas, earl of Dorset ; Thomas, lord Ellesmere; Charles, earl of Nottingham; Thomas, earl of Suffolk; Edward, earl of Worcester; Robert Cecil, afterwards earl of Salisbury, &c. 1603 Robert Cecil, earl of Salisbury: Thomas, lord Ellesmere Henry, earl of Northampton; Charles, earl of Nottinghain; Thomas, earl of Suffolk, &c. 1609 Henry, earl of Northampton; Thomas, lord Ellesmere; Edward, earl of Worcester; sir Ralph Winwood; Charles, earl of Nottingham; Robert, viscount Rochester, aftds. earl of Somerset, &c. 1612 Thomas, lord Ellesmere; Thomas, earl of Suffolk; Charles, earl of Nottingham; sir George Villiers (a favourite), afterwards viscount Villiers, and successively earl, marquis, and duke of Buckingham Lionel, lord Cranfield, afterwards earl of Middle- 1620 sex; Edward, earl of Worcester; John, earl of CHARLES I.-Richard, lord Weston, afterwards earl Wallingford house CHARLES II.-Sir Edward Hyde, afterwards earl of Clarendon; George Monk, created duke of Albemarle Edward Montagu, created earl of Sandwich; lord Saye and Sele; earl of Manchester; lord Seymour; sir Robert Long, &c. George Monk, duke of Albemarle, made first commissioner of the treasury, &c. "Cobal" Ministry; Clifford, Ashley, Buckingham, Arlington, Lauderdale (see Caba) Thomas, lord Clifford; Anthony, earl of Shaftesbury; Henry, earl of Arlington; Arthur, earl of Anglesey; sir Thomas Osborne, created viscount 1660 1667 1670 The king nominated a new council on 21 April, consisting of 30 members only, of whom the principal were the great officers of state and great officers of the household.] Sidney, lord Godolphin; Lawrence, earl of Rochester; Daniel, earl of Nottingham; Robert, earl of Sunderland; sir Thomas Chicheley; George, lord Dartmouth; Henry, earl of Clarendon; earls of Bath and Radnor JAMES II.-Lawrence, earl of Rochester; George, marquis of Halifax; sir George Jeffreys, afterwards lord Jeffreys; Henry, earl of Clarendon ; sir John Ernley; viscount Preston, &c. . The earl of Rochester was displaced, and John, lord Belasyse, made first commissioner of the treasury in his room, 4 Jan. ; the earl of Sunderland made president of the council; viscount Preston, secretary of state, &c. [The king left Whitehall in the night of 11 Dec., and quitting the kingdom, landed at Ambleteuse, in France, Dec. 1688.] 1679 1687-8 WILLIAM III. AND MARY.-Charles, viscount Mordaunt; Thomas Osborne, earl of Danby, created marquis of Carmarthen, afterwards duke of Leeds; George, marquis of Halifax; Arthur Herbert, afterwards lord Torrington; earls of Shrewsbury, Nottingham, and Sunderland; earl of Dorset and Middlesex; William, earl (afterwards duke) of Devonshire; lord Godolphin; lord Montagu; lord De la Mere, &c. Sidney, lord Godolphin; Thomas, earl of Danby; Richard Hampden; Thomas, earl of Pembroke; Henry, viscount Sydney; Daniel, earl of Nottingham, &c. Sir John Somers became lord Somers in 1697, and lord chancellor; Charles Montagu, afterwards lord Halifax, was made first commissioner of the treasury, 1 May, 1698, succeeded by Ford, earl of Tankerville 1689 1690 1699 May, 1702 ANNE.-Sidney, lord (afterwards earl of) Godolphin Robert Harley, earl of Oxford; sir Simon Harcourt, James (afterwards earl) Stanhope: William lord Charles, earl of Sunderland, &c. 1715 1717 1718 1721 . 1727 Robert Walpole, afterwards sir Robert Walpole, and earl of Orford, &c. GEORGE II.-Robert Walpole continued [Sir Robert remained prime minister twenty-one years; numerous changes occurring in the time; see Walpole.] Earl of Wilmington; lord Hardwicke, &c. Henry Pelham, in the room of earl of Wilmington, deceased 1742 Aug. 1743 "Broad-bottom" administration-Henry Pelham; lord Hardwicke, &c. .Nov. 1744 "Short-lived" administration-earl of Bath; lords Winchilsea and Granville . 10-12 Feb. 1746 Henry Pelham, &c., again . 12 Feb. 1746 Thos. H. Pelham, duke of Newcastle; earl of Holderness, &c. Duke of Devonshire; William Pitt, &c. April, 1754 Nov. 1756 June, 1757 GEORGE III.-Duke of Newcastle, Mr. Pitt's ministry, continued Duke of Newcastle, and Mr. Pitt, afterwards earl of Chatham, &c. 1760 Earl of Bute; lord Henley, &c. . May, 1762 Earl Grey resigns, owing to a majority against him in the lords, on the Reform Bill, 10 May; but resumes his post 18 May, 1832 Viscount Melbourne ; &c. July, 1834 [Melbourne administration dissolved, Nov. 1834. The duke of Wellington held the seals of office till the return of sir Robert Peel from Italy, Dec. 1834.] Sir Robert Peel; lord Lyndhurst; duke of Welling- Subsequent accessions, F. T. Baring; earl of Clarendon; T. B. Macaulay, &c. Viscount Melbourne resigned, and sir Robert Peel received the queen's commands to form a new administration, 8 May. This command was withdrawn, and lord Melbourne returned to power .. 10 May, 1839 Sir Robert Peel; duke of Wellington; lord Lyndhurst; sir James Graham; earl of Aberdeen; lord Stanley, &c. Aug. and Sept. 1841 [Accessions, Sidney Herbert; W. E. Gladstone, &c.] Lord John Russell; viscount Palmerston; earl Grey, &c. July, 1846 [Accessions: earl Granville: Mr. Fox Maule: earl of Carlisle; sir Thomas Wilde, created lord Truro, &c.] Lord John Russell and the marquis of Lansdowne on the 24 Feb. announced the resignation of ministers, owing to their defeat on Mr. Locke King's motion respecting the franchise; they informed parliament, that it having been found impossible to construct a coalition ministry, the *The duel between lord Castlereagh and Mr. Canning, 22 Sept., 1809, led to the breaking up of this adminis tration. ADMINISTRATIVE. queen, by the advice of the duke of Wellington, had called upon her late ministers to resume office. Lord Stanley (since earl of Derby), in the interval, had been unable to form a cabinet 3 March, 1851 Earl of Derby (late lord Stanley); lord St. Leonards: Benjamin Disraeli; Spencer H. Walpole; earl of Malinesbury; sir John Pakington; duke of Northumberland, &c. Earl of Aberdeen; lord John Russell; viscount Palmerston, &c. 27 Feb. 1852 28 Dec. 33 Various changes of offices took place; a fourth secretary of state was appointed, by the separation of the war from the colonial department; see Secretaries of State. The retirement of lord J. Russell, 24 Jan. 1855, and a majority in the commons against ministers of 157 (305 to 148), on Mr. Roebuck's motion respecting the conduct of the war, led to the resignation of lord Aberdeen and his colleagues, 30 Jan. ; the cabinet was reconstructed by Viscount Palmerston lord Cranworth; &c. 7 Feb. 1855 Secession of sir J. Graham, Mr. Gladstone, and Mr. S. Herbert. Accession of lord John Russell; earl of Clarendon; sir G. Grey; sir G. C. Lewis; sir W. Molesworth, &c.] 24 Feb. On the second reading of the Foreign Conspiracy bill, the government (defeated by a vote of censure being passed by a majority of 19, on the motion of Mr. Milner Gibson) resigned immediately. 19 Feb. 1858 Earl of Derby: B. Disraeli; Spencer Walpole; lord Stanley; sir F. Thesiger (lord Chelmsford), &c. 26 Feb. 39 [The Derby administration. in consequence of a vote of want of confidence in it being carried by a majority of 13, 10 June, 1859, resigned the next day. Earl Granville failed to form an administration.] Viscount Palmerston; lord John (since earl) Russell, 18 June, 1859 [Lord Palmerston died 18 Oct. 1865.] Earl Russell; W. E. Gladstone; earl of Clarendon ; &c. Oct. 1865 [Resigned, in consequence of a minority on the Reform Bill, 19 June] .26 June, 1866 Earl of Derby, B. Disraeli, lord Stanley, &c. : for changes see Derby Administrations. 6 July, [Earl of Derby resigned through ill health] Feb. 25, 1868 B. Disraeli reconstituted the administration 29 Feb. Mr. Disraeli resigned in consequence of the elections in November giving a majority of about 114 to the Liberals. 2 Dec. W. E. Gladstone; earl of Clarendon; Robert Lowe: John Bright, and others, received seals 9 Dec. Lost their majority by the general election, Feb.; resigned 17 Feb. 1874 B. Disraeli (earl of Beaconsfield, 16 Aug. 1876), the earl of Derby, the marquis of Salisbury, and others, received seals. 21 Feb. [For changes, see Disraeli Administrations.] Lost their majority by elections in April; resigned . 22 April, 1880 W. E. Gladstone; earl Granville, marquis of Hartington, duke of Argyll, sir Wm. Harcourt, John Bright, and others, received seals 28 April, For changes, see separate articles under the Premier's name. ADMINISTRATIVE REFORM ASSOCIATION derived its origin from an opinion that the disasters which occurred to the army in the Crimea in 1854-5 were attributable to the inefficient and irresponsible management of the various departments of the state. The association was organised in London, 5 May, 1855. A meeting was held in Drury-lane theatre, on 13 June, and Mr. Layard's motion on the subject in parliament was negatived 18 June following. The association was reorganised in 1856, Mr. Roebuck, M.P., becoming chairman, but soon became unimportant; see Civil Service. ADMIRAL. The title, derived from the Arabic, emir-al-bahr, "Lord of the sea," which occurs in the Chanson de Roland, 11th century, does not appear to have been adopted in England until about 1300. Alfred, Athelstan, Edgar, Harold, and other kings, were commanders of their own fleets. The first French admiral is said to have been appointed 1284. The rank of admiral of the English seas was first given to William de Leybourne by Edward I. in 1297. Spelman; Rymer. The first LORD HIGH ADMIRAL in England was created by Richard II. in 1385 there had been previously high admirals of districts the north, west, and south. The duties have generally been executed by lords commissioners; see Admiralty. A similar dignity existed in Scotland from the reign of Robert III. In 1673, Charles II. bestowed it upon his natural son Charles Lennox, afterwards duke of Richmond, then an infant, who resigned the office to the crown in 1703: after the union it was discontinued.-The dignity of lord high admiral of Ireland (of brief existence) was conferred upon James Butler by Henry VIII., in May, 1534. The Admiral of the Fleet is the highest rank in the Royal Navy, corresponding to that of field-marshal in the army. We have now 6 admirals of the fleet, 15 admirals, 21 viceadmirals, 35 rear admirals, and 180 captains (Jan. 1885). The first admiral of the United States of America, David G. Farragut, was nominated in 1866. ADMIRALTY, COURT OF, a court for the trial of causes relating to maritime affairs, said to have been erected by Edward III., in 1357. It was enacted in the reign of Henry VIII., that criminal causes should be tried by witnesses and a jury, some of the judges at Westminster (or, as now, at the Old Bailey) assisting. The judgeship of the admiralty was constituted in 1514, and was filled by two or more functionaries until the Revolution, when it was restricted to one. Beatson. The judge has usually been an eminent doctor of the civil law. In 1844 the criminal jurisdiction of this court was removed, and by 20 & 21 Vict. c. 77 (1857), the judge of the Probate court was to be also judge of the Admiralty court. The judge of the Admiralty court, Dr. Stephen Lushington (appointed in 1838), resigned I July, 1867, and was succeeded by sir Robert Phillimore, who retired March, 1883, succeeded by C. P. Butt, 3 April. The jurisdietion of this court was extended in 1861. See Supreme Court. ADMIRALTY OFFICE dates from 1512, when Henry VIII. appointed commissioners to inspect his ships of war. During the Commonwealth the admiralty affairs were managed by a committee of the parliament; and at the restoration in 1660, James, duke of York, became lord high admiral. In 1662 the admiralty was first put into commission, the great officers of state being the commissioners; see succeeding changes below. In 1688-9 the admiralty was put into commission, and the board appears to have assembled at admiral Herbert's at that time first lord. In 1830, 1832, and 1836 lodgings, in Channel-row, Westminster, he being various changes were made in the civil departments, several offices being abolished or consolidated with others. In March, 1861, a royal commission recommended the abolition of the board of admiralty and the appointment of a minister of the navy department. The board was reconstituted 14 Jan. 1869, and 4 May, 1872. The collective action of the board was taken away, and concentrated in the person of the first lord. The office removed from Somerset House to Whitehall, 1874-5. New buildings erected by virtue of the Public Offices Site Act passed 24 July, 1882. The designs of ADMIRALTY. 12 ADULTERATION. Messrs. Leeming & Leeming, of Halifax, selected for built by Ripley about 1726; the screen was erected, approval by parliament, July, 1884. 1685. KING JAMES II., 17 May. Office in commission. 1689. Arthur Herbert, esq., 8 March. 1690. Thomas, earl of Pembroke and Montgomery, 20 Jan. 1692. Charles, lord Cornwallis, 10 March. 1693. Anthony, viscount Falkland, 15 April. to conceal the ugliness of the building, by the brothers Adam, in 1776.-Lord Nelson lay in state in one of the apartments on 8 Jan. 1806; and on the next day was buried at St. Paul's. ADMIRALTY AND WAR OFFICE ACT, to facilitate improvements in the organisation of these offices, by the retirement of clerks from certain of the civil departments by granting gratuities, was passed 10 Aug. 1878. "ADMONITION TO THE PARLIAMENT," condemning all religious ceremonies but those commanded by the New Testament, was published by 1694. Edward Russel, esq., (aft. earl of Orford), 2 May. certain Puritans in 1571. Its presumed authors, 1699. John, earl of Bridgewater, 2 June. 1701. Thomas, earl of Pembroke, 4 April. 1702. GEORGE, PRINCE OF DENMARK, lord high admiral, 20 May. 1708. Thomas, earl of Pembroke, ditto, 29 Nov. Office in commission. 1709. Edward, earl of Orford, 8 Oct. 1712. Thomas, earl of Strafford, 30 Sept. 1756. Richard, earl Temple, 19 Nov. 1757. Daniel, earl of Winchilsea, 6 April. George, lord Anson, 2 July. 1762. George M. Dunk, earl of Halifax, 19 June 1763. George Grenville, esq., 1 Jan. John, earl of Sandwich, 23 April. 1766. Sir Charles Saunders, 10 Sept. Augustus, viscount Keppel, 18 July. 1783. Richard, viscount Howe, 28 Jan. 1788. John, earl of Chatham, 16 July. 1794. George John, earl Spencer, 20 Dec. 1801. John, earl St. Vincent, 19 Feb. 1804. Henry, viscount Melville, 15 May. 1805. Charles, lord Barham, 2 May. 1806. Hon. Charles Grey, 10 Feb. Thomas Grenville, esq., 23 Oct. 1807. Henry, lord Mulgrave, 6 April. 1809. Charles Yorke, esq., 10 May. 1812. Robert, viscount Melville, 25 March. Field and Wilcox, were imprisoned. A second Admonition by Thomas Cartwright was answered by archbishop Whitgift. ADORNO AND FREGOSO, two families, of which the doges were frequently members, disturbed Genoa from the 14th to the 16th centuries, the former favouring the emperor, the latter the French king. Their power was annihilated by Andrea Doria about 1528. ADRIAN'S WALL (to prevent the irruptions of the Scots and Picts into the northern counties of England, then under the Roman government) extended from the Tyne to Solway frith, and was eighty miles long, twelve feet high, and eight feet in thickness, with watch-towers; built 121. It was repaired and strengthened by Severus, 207-210. ADRIANOPLE, in Turkey, so named after its restorer the emperor Adrian (who died 10 July, 138). Near here Constantine defeated Licinius and gained the empire, 3 July, 323; also, near here the emperor Valens was defeated and slain by the Goths, 9 Aug. 378. Adrianople was taken by the Turks under Amurath in 1361, and was their capital till the capture of Constantinople in 1453. It was taken by the Russians on 20 Aug. 1829; and restored 14 Sept. same year; occupied by the Russians, without resistance, 20 Jan. 1878. See Turkey. ADRIATIC. The ceremony of the doge of Venice wedding the Adriatic sea (instituted about 1173), took place annually on Ascension-day. The doge dropped a ring into the sea from his bucentaur, or state barge, being attended by his nobility and 1827. WILLIAM HENRY, DUKE OF CLARENCE, lord high foreign ambassadors. The ceremony was first admiral, 2 May, resigned 12 Aug. 1828. 1828. Robert, viscount Melville, 19 Sept. 1830. Sir James R. G. Graham, bart., 25 Nov. 1834. George, lord Auckland, 11 June. Thomas Philip, earl de Grey, 23 Dec. 1835. George, lord Auckland, 25 April. Gilbert, earl of Minto, 19 Sept. 1841. Thomas, earl of Haddington, 8 Sept. 1846. Edward, earl of Ellenborough, 13 Jan. George, earl of Auckland, 24 July. 1849. Sir Francis Thornhill Baring, 18 Jan. 1852. Algernon, duke of Northumberland, 28 Feb. 1853. Sir James Robert George Graham, 5 Jan. 1855. Sir Charles Wood, bart., 24 Feb. 1859. Edward, duke of Somerset, June. 1858. Sir John Pakington, bart., 26 Feb. 1866. Sir John Pakington, bart., 6 July. 1867. Henry Lowry Corry, 8 March. 1868. Hugh Culling Eardley Childers, 9 Dec. 1871. George Joachim Göschen, 9 March. 1874. George Ward Hunt, 21 Feb.; died 29 July, 1877. 1877. Wm. Henry Smith, about 7 Aug. 1880. Thos. Geo. Baring, earl of Northbrook, 28 April. ADMIRALTY, Whitehall. "At the south end of Duke-street, Westminster, was seated a large house made use of for the admiralty office, until the business was removed to Greenwich, and thence to Wallingford-house, against Whitehall." It was re omitted in 1797. ADULLAM, a cave to which David fled from the persecution of Saul about 1062 B.C. (1 Sam. xxii. 1, 2.) Mr. Horsman, Mr. R. Lowe, earl Grosvenor, lord Elcho, and other liberals who opposed the Franchise Bill in 1866 were termed " Adullamites." During a debate on this bill on 13 March, 1866, Mr. Bright said of Mr. Horsman, that he "had retired into what may be called his political cave of Adullam, to which he invited every one who was in debt, and every one who was discontented," &c. On 19 April, lord Elcho said, “No improper motive has driven us into this cave, where we are a most happy family, daily-I may say, hourly -increasing in number and strength, where we shall remain until we go forth to deliver Israel from oppression." Although their opposition led to the defeat and resignation of the Russell ministry, they declined to take office under lord Derby in July, 1866. They did not vote together uniformly in 1867, and (lord Elcho and Mr. Wyld excepted) voted with Mr. Gladstone, for the disestablishment of the Irish church, 1 May, 1868. ADULTERATION. That of food was prohibited in England in 1267, and punishments for it enacted, 1581, 1604, 1836, 1851, &c. Much attention was drawn to it in 1822, through Mr. Ac |
