DUBLIN. Ashcled, said to have been built 140. Auliana, daughter of Alpinus, a lord or chief among the Irish, having been drowned at the ford where now Whitworth-bridge is built, he changed the name to Auliana, by Ptolemy called Eblana (afterwards corrupted into Dublana). Alpinus is said to have brought "the then rude hill into the form of a town," about 155; see Ireland and Trinity Colleges. Christianity established by St. Patrick, and St. Patrick's cathedral founded about Dublin environed with walls by the Danes Named by king Edgar in the preface to his charter "Nobilissima Civitas" 448 798 13 May, 1848 964 Battle of Clontarf (which see) 23 April, 1014 [These persons were afterwards tried at Clonmel, and found guilty.] . 15 May,,, . 1171 1173 26 May, Dublin taken by Ramond le Gros, 1170, for Henry II. who soon after arrives Charter granted by this king 1180-1225 Christ church built by the Danes, 1038; rebuilt Assemblage of Irish princes, who swear allegiance to king John Foundation of Dublin castle laid by Henry de Loundres, 1205; finished 1209 1210 1213 John de Decer first provost; Richard de St. Olave and John Stakebold first bailiffs (see Mayor) 1308 Thomas Cusack, first mayor Besieged by the son of the earl of Kildare, lord deputy 1409 150C 1698 1728 Christ church made a deanery and chapter by Henry VIII. (see Christ Church) . 1541 Bailiff changed to sheriffs; John Ryan and Thomas Comyn, first Trinity college founded Charter granted by James I. Convocation which established the Thirty-nine articles of religion. Besieged by the marquis of Ormond, defeated at battle of Rathmines (which sec) 1548 1591 1609 1614 2 Aug. 1649 Cromwell arrives in Dublin with 9000 foot and 400 horse Aug. Chief magistrate styled lord mayor 1665 Blue coat hospital incorporated 1670 Essex bridge built by sir H. Jervis Royal hospital, Kilmainham, founded James II. arrives in Dublin, 24 March; The queen visits Dublin Royal exchange opened as a city hall 30 Sept. 1852 Dublin industrial exhibition, which owed its existence to Mr. Dargan, who advanced 80,000l. for the purpose, was erected by Mr. (afterwards sir) John Benson, in the Dublin society's grounds, near Merrion-square. It consisted of one large and two smaller halls, lighted from above. It was opened by earl St. Germains, the lord-lieutenant 12 May, 1853 Visited by the queen and prince Albert, 30 Ang.; and closed on 1 Nov. Acts passed to establish a national gallery, museum, &c. 10 Aug. 1854; and 2 July, 1855 British Association meet here (2nd time) . 26 Aug. 1857 Arrival of lord Eglinton-disgraceful contest between the Trinity college students and the police; the latter severely blamed .12 March, 1858 Fine art exhibition proposed, 20 July, 1860; opened by the lord-lieutenant, the earl of Carlisle, 24 May, 1861; visited by the prince of Wales, 1 July; and by the queen and prince consort 22 Aug. 1861 National association for social science met, 14-22 Aug. Demonstration at the funeral of the rebel M'Manus, Chenevix Trench Statue of Oliver Goldsmith inaugurated by the lord-lieutenant, 5 Jan.; who opens the national gallery of Ireland 30 Jan. 1864 New Richmond hospital, to be called the "Carmichael School of Medicine," founded by lord Carlisle (Mr. Carmichael, the surgeon, bequeathed 10,000l. to it) 29 March, Industrial exhibition opened by the lord chancellor, The O'Connell monument founded The international exhibition opened by the prince 25 May, 8 Aug. 24 Feb. 1865 1786 of Wales The newspaper 1792 International exhibition closed 9 May, The Irish People" seized, and several Fenians taken in custody. (See Fenians, and Ireland.) 15 Sept. 9 Nov. . 1794 1796 Great banquet to John Bright Great fire: Mrs. Delany and five others burnt; firebrigade blamed 7 June, 1866 30 Oct. Meeting of Royal Agricultural Society of Ireland, Spencer dock inaugurated by the lord-lieutenant, International Rifle Match, Irish and Americans; 29 June, 1875 6 Jan. 1876 " Statue of Henry Grattan unveiled Entry of the duke of Marlborough, new lord lieutenant . 10 Jan. 1877 Freedom of city given to Mr. W. E. Gladstone, 7 Nov. Christ church cathedral thoroughly restored by Mr. G. E. Street, at the expense of Mr. Henry Roe (above 250,000l.), re-opened 1 May, 1878 British Association meet here (3rd time) 14 Aug. Death of cardinal Paul Cullen, r.c. abp. of Dublin (siace 1851), 24 Oct.; successor, monsignor McCabe, elected 28 Nov. Centenary of birth of Thomas Moore celebrated, 28 May, 1879 Theatre Royal burnt down, Mr. Egerton, the manager, and 5 others, perish 9 Feb. 1880 Great convention of the land league; Mr. Parnell declares for abolition of landlordism 15 Sept. 1881 Phoenix park murders (see Ireland). 6 May, 1882 Statue of D. O'Connell unveiled, and the Exhibition of Irish Arts and Manufactures (not patronised by the queen and loyalists) opened by the lord mayor Dawson, 15 Aug. 1882, closed 6 Jan. 1883. Disaffection of the police, 1-2 Sept.; submission, 3 Sept. Discovery of the assassination plot (see Ireland) Feb. 1883 A futile attempt to blow up Ship-street barracks 25 April, 1884 Visit of the duke of Edinburgh with the Channel fleet warmly received end of Ang. Grand review of the troops in the Phoenix park by the duke of Cambridge 30 Sept. Archbishop Trench retires, 28 Nov.; lord Plunket elected archbishop about 18 Dec. Death of cardinal M'Cabe 11 Feb. 1885 The prince and princess of Wales enthusiastically received, 8 April; he lays foundation of Museum of Science and Art, &c. 10 April, DUBLIN, ARCHBISHOPRIC OF. It is supposed that the bishopric of Dublin was founded by St. Patrick, in 448. Gregory, bishop in 1121, became archbishop in 1152. It was united to Glandalagh in 1214. George Browne, an Augustine friar of London (deprived by queen Mary in 1554), was the first Protestant archbishop. Dublin has two cathedrals, Christ Church, and St. Patrick's. The revenue was valued, in the king's books, 30 Henry VIII., at 534l. 158. 2d. Irish. Kildare, on its last avoidance, was annexed to Dublin, 1846; see Bishops. DUCAT, a coin so called because struck by dukes. Johnson. First coined by Longinus, governor of Italy. Procopius. First struck in the duchy of Apulia, 1140. Du Cange. Coined by Robert, king of Sicily, in 1240. DUCKING-STOOL; see Cucking-stool. DUDLEY GALLERY. The exhibition held since 1865 in the Egyptian Hall was removed to a new building in Piccadilly, under the direction of the Dudley Gallery Art Society, established in 1883. New Dudley gallery society formed . 1883 DUELLING took its rise from the judicial combats of the Celtic nations. The first formal duel in England, between William count of Eu and Godfrey Baynard, took place 1096. Duelling in civil matters was forbidden in France, 1305; Francis I. challenged the emperor Charles V. 1528 without effect. The fight with small swords was introduced into England, 1587. Proclamation that no person should be pardoned who killed another in consort. DUELLING. a duel, 1679.** Duelling was checked in the army, 1792; and has been abolished in England, by the influence of public opinion, aided by the prince A society "for the discouraging of duelling was established in 1845. "The British Code of Duel," published in 1824, was approved by the duke of Wellington and others. See Battle, Wager of, Combat, and Jarnac. MEMORABLE DUELS. Capt. Peppard and Mr. Hayes; latter killed 13 Nov. 1779 Charles James Fox wounded by Mr. Adam, 30 Nov. Col. Fullerton wounded lord Shelburne, 22 March, 1720 Rev. Mr. Allen killed Lloyd Dulany. 18 June, 1782 Col. Thomas killed by col. Gordon 4 Sept. 1783 Lord Macartney wounded by major-general Stuart, 1804 Capt. Best killed lord Camelford 6 (died 10) March, 22 March, 1806 Surgeon Fisher killed lieut. Torrens Baron Hompesch wounded Mr. Richardson, 21 Sept. Sir Francis Burdett and Mr. Paull; both wounded 5 May, 1807 Mr. Alcock killed Mr. Colclough; and lost his reason 8 June, M. de Granpré and M. Le Pique, in balloons, near 3 May, 1808 23 June, 30 May, 1809 Lord Castlereagh wounded Geo. Canning 21 Sept. Mr. Clarke killed George Payne. 6 Sept. 1810 Ensign de Balton killed capt. Boardman, 4 March, 1811 Lieut. Stewart killed lieut. Bagnal 7 Oct. 1812 Mr. Edward Maguire killed lieut. Blundell, 9 July, 1813 Captain Stackpole (of "Statira" frigate) and lieut. Major Campbell and captain Boyd; latter killed M. Manuel and Mr. Beaumont . 16 Feb. 1821 9 April, The duke of Buckingham and the duke of Bedford: no fatality. 2 May, Gen. Pepe wounded gen. Carascosa 28 Feb. 1823 Mr. Westall killed capt. Gourlay. 1824 Mr. Beaumont and Mr. Lambton: no result 1 July, 1826 Mr. Hayes killed Mr. Bric 26 Dec. I Rev. Mr. Hodson wounded Mr. Grady Aug. 1827 Duke of Wellington and the earl of Winchelsea; no Capt. Helsham killed lieut. Crowther . 262 DUNDEE. 18 Sept. " After much delay the Sultan signed the decree for its cession to Montenegro 12 Oct. After a slight conflict with Albanians 22 Nov., ocen pied by Dervish Pasha 24 Nov., and surrendered to the Montenegrines 26, 27 Nov. DULWICH COLLEGE (Surrey) called God's-gift college, founded by Edward Alleyn, an eminent comedian, was completed and solemnly opened 13 Sept. 1619. Alleyn was its first master, and died in 1626. In 1686 Wm. Cartwright, an actor, gave a library and some portraits, and on 20 Dec. 1810 sir Francis Bourgeois bequeathed his collection of pictures, the gallery for which was erected by sir John Soane, and opened in 1812. Sir Francis died 8 Jan. 1811. In 1857, an act was passed by which the college was reconstituted. Two schools were established; and the number of the almspeople increased. In 1860 the annual income I was 11,4827. The new school buildings, founded Capt. Dickson wounded gen. Evans. 8 April, 1836 26 June, 1866, were opened by the prince of Wales, Mr. W. Lambrecht killed Mr. O. Clayton Mr. Storey wounded Mr. Matthias 22 Jan. 1833 Sir John W. Jeffcott and Dr. Hennis; the latter 10 May, 4 May, 1835 Sir Colquhoun Grant and lord Seymour: no fatality 29 May, Mr. Roebuck, M.P., and Mr. Black, editor of the "Morning Chronicle;" 2 shots each 19 Nov. Mr. Ruthven and Mr. Scott; and Mr. Ruthven and 23 May, Emile de Girardin killed Armand Carrel (both journalists). 24 July, The earl of Cardigan and captain Tuckett; 2 shots each; the latter wounded; (the earl was tried in the house of lords and acquitted, 16 Feb. 1841) 12 Sept. 1840 Captain Boldero and hon. Craven Berkeley; no fatality 15 July, 1842 1 (died 3) July, 1843 20 May, 1845 Lieut. Munroe killed col. Fawcett Oct. 1862 4 Sept. 1868 Paul de Cassagnac and M. Lissagaray, journalists; (latter run through) Don Enrique de Bourbon killed by the duc de Montpensier, near Madrid, after much provocation, 12 March, 1870 Paul de Cassagnac (wounded) and M. Rane, Paris, 7 July, 1873 Prince Soutza kills N. Ghika at Fontainebleau, 27 Nov. MM. Gambetta and De Fortou; neither hit 21 Nov. 1878 Duels (often nominal) still frequent in France 1875-84 Capt. Fournier and H. Rochefort, for attack in Intransigeant; both slightly wounded 10 Oct. 1884 DUKE, from Latin dux, a leader. In England, during Saxon times, the commanders of armies were called dukes, duces. Camden. In Genesis xxxvi. some of Esau's descendants are termed dukes. Duke-duke was a title given to the house of Sylvia, in Spain, on account of its possessing many 21 June, 1870. The Endowed Schools Commissioners put forth a draft scheme for remodelling the charity about Oct. 1872; and another scheme was issued in 1881. Four parishes are benefited by the charity, St. Luke's, Middlesex; St. Botolph's, Bishopsgate; St. Saviour's, Southwark; and St. Giles's, Camberwell. DUMB, see Deaf and Dumb. DUMBLANE or DUNBLANE (Perth), an ancient city, near which took place a conflict called the battle of Sheriffmuir, between the royalist army under the duke of Argyle, and the Scots rebels under the earl of Mar, 13 Nov. 1715. Both claimed the victory. DUNBAR (Haddington). Here the Scottish army and king John Baliol were defeated by Warrenne, earl of Surrey, 27 April, 1296, and Scotland was subdued. Near here also Cromwell obtained a signal victory over the Scots, in arms for Charles II. 3 Sept. 1650. DUNCIAD, the celebrated satirical poem by Alexander Pope, was published in 1728. DUNCOMBE PARK, N. R. Yorkshire, the magnificent mansion of the earl of Feversham, with valuable treasures (really a museum open to the public), was destroyed by fire, 11 Jan. 1879. at Foughard near this place, was defeated and slain DUNDALK (Louth, Ireland). On 5 Oct. 1318, Edward Bruce, who had invaded Ireland in 1315. The walls and fortifications of Dundalk were destroyed in 1641. It was taken by Cromwell in 1649. The first cambric manufacture in Ireland was established in this town by artisans from France in 1727. DUNDEE (E. Scotland), on the Tay. The site was given by William the Lion (reigned 11651214), to his brother David, earl of Huntingdon, DUN ECHT. who built or strengthened the castle, and erected a large church, the tower of which, 156 feet high, still remains. The town was taken by the English in 1385; pillaged by Montrose, 1645; stormed by Monk in 1651; and visited by queen Victoria in 1844. It has thriven since 1815, through its extensive linen manufactories; at one of these (Edwards's) a steam explosion took place on 15 April, 1859, when twenty persons were killed. Claverhouse, viscount Dundee (killed 1689), had a house here. See Population. The Baxter park, the gift of sir David Baxter, The Albert Institution opened by the earl of The Queen-street calendering works more 263 27 Aug. 1873 I Nov. burnt, loss 20 Dec. lord Strath16 Aug. 1875 The Tay bridge (which see) completed Aug. 1877; opened, 31 May, 1878; destroyed by a gale; belives lost, 7.15 p.m. tween 80 and 90 16 Oct. 1880 Statue of Burns unveiled. Armistead's flax warehouse burnt, loss about 16 Jan. 1883 10,000!. 28 Dec. 1879 New university founded by sir D. Baxter; pro- DUN ECHT, Aberdeenshire, seat of the earl of Crawford, who has erected an observatory here. On 3 Dec. 1881, it was discovered that the body of the late earl had been stolen from the mau- DUNES, see Dunkirk. DUNGAN-HILL (Ireland). Here the English army, commanded by colonel Jones, signally defeated the Irish, of whom 6000 are said to have been slain, while the loss on the side of the English was inconsiderable, 8 Aug. 1647. DUNKELD (Perthshire) was made a bishopric by David I. in 1127; the ancient Culdee church, founded by king Constantine III., becoming the cathedral. The beautiful bridge over the Tay, erected by Thomas Telford, was opened in 1809. DUNKIRK (N. France), founded in the 7th century, was taken by the Spaniards, Sept. 1652, and retaken from them by the English and French after Turenne's victory over them under Condé on the dunes (or sands), 14 June, 1658, and put into the hands of the English, 25 June following. It was sold by Charles II. for 500,000l. to Louis XIV., 17 Oct.; restored 1662, and was one of the best fortified ports in the kingdom; but the works were demolished in conformity with the treaty of Utrecht in 1713. The works were ordered to be demolished at the peace of 1763; but in 1783 they were again resumed. The English attempted to besiege Dunkirk; but the duke of York was defeated by Hoche, and forced to retire with loss, 7 Sept. 1793. It was made a free port in 1816. DUNMOW (Essex), famous for the tenure of the manor (made by Robert Fitz-Walter, 1244), "that whatever married couple will go to the priory and kneeling on two sharp-pointed stones, will swear that they have not quarrelled nor repented DURHAM. of their marriage within a year and a day after its The last claimants previous to 1855 were John Shake- sum by selling slices of the flitch to witnesses of the Flitches were awarded to Mr. and Mrs. Barlow, of Chip The lord of the manor opposed the revival, but Mr. W. A flitch was awarded in 1860 and 9 July, 1873; on 17 July, DUNSE (S. Scotland). Here on 18 June, DUNSINANE (Perthshire). On the hill was fought the battle between king Macbeth formerly the thane of Glammis, and Siward, earl of Northumberland, 27 July, 1054. Edward the Confessor had sent Siward on behalf of Malcolm III., whose father Duncan, the usurper had murdered. Macbeth was defeated, and it was said was pursued to Lumphanan, in Aberdeenshire, and there slain, 1056 or 1057. DUOMO, see Milan, Florence. DUPES (day of), 11 Nov. 1630, when Richelieu DUPLEX TELEGRAPHY. See Electric DÜPPELor DYBÖL. See under Denmark, 1864. DUPPLIN (Perthshire). Here Edward Balliol and his English allies totally defeated the Scots the crown for three months. under the earl of Mar, 11 Aug. 1332, and obtained DURBAR, an East Indian term for an audiencechamber or reception. On 18 Oct. 1864, a durbar was held at Lahore by the viceroy of India, sir John Lawrence, at which 604 of the most illustrious princes and chieftains of the north-west province Similar ones were present, magnificently clothed. were held in 1866, 1867, and on 27 March, 1869, at Umballah. 6 Oct. 1868 Sir Seymour Fitzgerald, governor of Bombay, held 22 Oct. 1870 at Rawul Pindi, at which the Ameer of Afghanis The earl of Dufferin, viceroy, held a grand durbar tan and the Duke of Connaught were present, 8 April, 1885 DURHAM, an ancient city, the Dunholme of the Saxons, and Durême of the Normans. The BISHOPRIC was removed to Durham from Chesterle-street in 995; whither it had been transferred from Lindisfarne, or Holy Island, on the coast of Northumberland, in 875, in consequence of the invasion of the Danes. The bones of St. Cuthbert, the sixth bishop, were brought from Lindisfarne, and interred in Durham cathedral. This 1 1826. Wm. Van Mildert (the last prince bishop), died 21 Feb. 1836. 1836. Edward Maltby, resigned in 1856; died 3 July, 1859, aged 90. 1856. Charles Thomas Longley; became archib. of York, May, 1860. 1860. Hon. H. Montagu Villiers (translated from Carlisle); died 10 Aug. 1861. 1861. Charles Baring, resigned 3 Feb., 1879; died 14 Sept. 1879. 1879. Joseph Barber Lightfoot. DURHAM LETTER, see Papal Aggression. DUST. A controversy respecting the connection between dust and disease originated with a lecture on the subject by professor Tyndall at the Royal Institution, 21 Jan. 1870, when he demonstrated the presence of organic matters in the dust of the atmosphere in conformity with the experiments of Pasteur and other eminent philosophers. See Germ Theory and Vivisection. The agency of dust in promoting fires and explosions was asserted by Faraday in relation to coal mines in 1845, and by Rankine and Macadam in relation to flour mills in 1872. Professor F. A. Abel gave a discourse at the Royal Institution on Some of the Dangerous Properties of Dusts, 28 April, 1882. DUTCH PLAYS, "Annie Mie," by Rosier Faassen, and others, were performed at the Imperial Theatre, Westminster, 7 June et seq., 1880. Madame Catherine Beersman's acting was much approved. DUTCH REPUBLIC, see Holland. DUTIES, see Customs, Excise, &c. DUTY, see Whole and Deontology. DUUMVIRI, two Roman patricians appointed by Tarquin the Proud 520 B.c. to take care of the books of the Sibyls, which were supposed to contain the fate of the Roman empire. The books were placed in the Capitol, and secured in a chest under the ground. The number of keepers was increased to ten (the Decemviri) 365 B.C., afterwards to fifteen, the added five called quinque viri. DWARFS: ANCIENT. Philetas of Cos, distinguished about 330 B.C., as a poet and grammarian, was said to have carried weights in his pockets, to prevent his being blown away. He was preceptor to Ptolemy Philadelphus. Elian. Julia, niece of Augustus, had a dwarf named Coropas, two feet and a hand's breadth high; and Andromeda, a freedmaid of Julia's, was of the same height. Pliny. Aug. Cæsar exhibited in his plays a man not two feet in stature. Sueton. Alypius of Alexandria, a logician and philosopher, was but one foot five inches and a half high; "he seemed to be consumed into a kind of divine nature." Vos. Instit. 264 DYNAMITE. MODERN DWARFS.-John d'Estrix, of Mechlin, was brought to the duke of Parma, in 1592, when he was 35 years of age, having a long beard. He was skilled in languages, and not more than three feet high. Geoffrey Hudson, an English dwarf, when a youth of 18 inches high, was served up to table in a cold pie, before the king and queen, by the duchess of Buckingham, in 1626. He challenged Mr. Crofts to fight a duel, but the latter came armed with a squirt. At another meeting the dwarf shot his antagonist dead, 1653. Count Borowlaski, a Polish gentleman, of great accomplishments and elegant manners, well known in England, where he resided for many years, was born in Nov. 1739: His growth was at one year of age, 14 inches; at six, 17 inches; at twenty, 33 inches; and at thirty, 39. He had a sister, named Anastasia, seven years younger than himself, and so much shorter that she could stand under his arm. He visited many of the courts of Europe, and died in England in 1837. Charles Heywood Stratton (termed general Tom Thumb), an American, was exhibited in England, 1846. In Feb. 1863, in New York, when 25 years old and 31 inches high, he married Lavinia Warren, aged 21, 32 inches high. He, his wife and child, and commodore Nutt, another dwarf, came to England in Dec. 1864, and remained there some time. Died 15 July, 1883. Mr. Collard, aged 22, smaller than Stratton, sang at concerts in London, and was termed the "Pocket Sims Reeves," May, June, 1873. Several dwarfs (said to be smaller than the preceding) exhibited at the Westminster Aquarium, July, 1878. Che-mah, a Chinese, 42 years old, 25 inches high, exhibited at the Westminster Aquarium, 11 June, 1880. Lucia Zarate, born 2 Jan. 1863, in Mexico, height 20 inches, weight 43 lbs., and general Mite, Francis Joseph Flynn, born 2 Oct. 1864, in New York State, height ar inches, weight 9 lbs., exhibited in Piccadilly. 22 Nov. 1880, et seq. Milly Edwards exhibited in London, July, 1882, 15 years of age, weighing 7 lbs. ; these two were married at Manchester, 28 May, 1884. DYEING is attributed to the Tyrians, about 1500 B.C. The English are said to have sent fine goods to be dyed in Holland, till the art was brought to them probably in 1608. "Two dyers of Exeter were flogged for teaching their art in the north" (of England), 1628. A statute against abuses in dyeing passed in 1783. The art has been greatly improved by chemical research. A discovery of Dr. Stenhouse in 1848, led to M. Marnas procuring mauve from from coal-tar, has led to the invention of a number lichens; and Dr. Hofmann's production of aniline of beautiful dyes (mauve, magenta, red, green, black, &c.); see Aniline. DYNAMITE, a new explosive compound, consisting of 25 parts of silicious earth saturated with 75 parts of nitro-glycerine (which sce). It is suitable for mining purposes, and was tried and approved at Merstham 14 July, 1868. It was invented by A. Nobel to obviate danger. Its manufacture is very dangerous. Thirteen men killed by explosion of dynamite in a railway tunnel at Cymmer, S. Wales, 21 April, 1876. A man named Thomson, Thomassin, or Thomas, consigned a cask of dynamite to Bremerhafen, to be conveyed by the North German Lloyd steamer Mostl With it he sent a clock-work machine, which would in eight days give the cask a blow powerful enough to explode the dynamite and destroy the ship. From some cause the machine went off and exploded in the dock, killing above 8o and wounding about 200 persons, chiefly emigrants and their friends, 11 Dec. 1875. Thomson committed suicide, dying 16 Dec. 1875, after confessing his crime, his object being to obtain the paltry sum for which he had insured his goods. It appears that similar machines were known in 1873Use of dynamite for killing oxen tried and advocated, summer, 1877. Its use in fisheries prohibited by parliament, 14 Aug. 1877. A parcel containing 27 cartridges of dynamite placed on |