FAITH. An "old English fair" was opened at the Royal Albert FALCK LAWS, see Prussia, 1873. FALCONRY OR HAWKING in England cannot be traced with certainty before the reign of king Ethelbert, the Saxon monarch, 858. Pennant. The grand seignior at one time kept six thousand falconers in his service. Juliana Berners' book on "Hawkynge and Huntynge" was printed in 1496; see Angling. Recent attempts have been made to revive falconry. Hawking was practised in Thrace. Aristotle. FALCZI, on the Pruth, Turkey. Here was concluded a Peace between Russia and Turkey, 21 July, 1711, the Russians giving up Azof, and all the possessions on the Black Sea to the Turks. The Russians were saved from imminent destruction by the address of Catherine the empress. In 1712 the war was renewed, and terminated by the peace of Constantinople, 16 April, 1712. FALERII, a city of the Falisci, an Etruscan people who joined the Veientes against Rome, and were beaten by Cornelius Cossus, 437 B.C. It is recorded that when the city was besieged by Camillus in 394, a schoolmaster offered to betray to him the children of the principal citizens. On his refusal, the citizens from gratitude surrendered. They opposed Rome during the first Punic war; and in 241 the city was taken and destroyed. FALERNIAN WINE, celebrated by Virgil and Horace, was the produce of Falernus, or, as called by Martial, Mons Massicus, in Campania. Horace in his Odes boasts of having drunk Falernian wine that had been, as it were, born with him, or which reckoned its age from the same consuls, 14 B.C. FALKIRK (Stirlingshire, Scotland), the site of a victory by the English under Edward I. over the Scots, commanded by Wallace, part of whose forces deserted him. It is said from 20,000 to 40,000 Scots were slain, 22 July, 1298. A battle was fought at Falkirk Muir between the royal forces under Hawley, and prince Charles Edward Stuart, in which the former were defeated, 17 Jan. 1746. FALKLAND ISLANDS, a group in the South Atlantic, belonging to Great Britain, seen by Americus Vespucius, 1502, and visited by Davis, 1592; explored by Hawkins, 1594; taken possession of by France, 1764. The French were expelled by the Spaniards; and in 1771, Spain resigned them to England. Not having been colonised by us, the republic of Buenos Ayres assumed a right to these islands, and a colony from that country settled at Port Louis; but owing to a dispute with America, the settlement was destroyed by the latter in 1831. In 1833 the British flag was hoisted at Port Louis, and a British officer has since resided there. Gover nors, Wm. Cleaver F. Robinson, 1866; col. George A. K. D'Arcy, 1870; Thos. F. Callaghan, 1876; Thos. Kerr, 1880. FALLING STARS, see Meteors. FAMILY COMPACT, see Bourbon. FAMILY OF LOVE, a society, called also Philadelphians, from the love they professed to bear to all men, assembled at Brew-house yard, Nottingham. Their founder, David George, an Anabaptist, of Holland, propagated his doctrines in Switzerland, where he died in 1556. The tenets of the society were declared impious, and George's body and books ordered to be burned by the hangman. In England a sect with a similar title was repressed by Elizabeth, 1580; but existed in the following century. See Agapemone. FAMINES. The famine of the seven years in Egypt began 1708 B.C. Usher; Blair. Famine at Rome, when thousands of people threw themselves into the Tiber. In Scotland; thousands died B.C. 436 A.D. 42 262 272 306 310 370 In Italy, when parents ate their children (Dufresnoy) 450 954 .1016 1087 In England and France: this famine leads to a pestilential fever, which lasts from Another famine in England 1193 to 1195 1251 • 1315 • 1335 • 1353 Again, so dreadful that the people devoured the flesh One throughout these islands • 1438 1565 1693 • 1748 • 1771 • 1775 At Cape de Verde; 16,000 persons perish Scarcity of food severely felt by the Irish poor, 1814, 1816, 1822, 1831, 1846, in consequence of the failure of the potato crop. Grants by parliament, to relieve the suffering of the people, were made in the session of 1847, the whole amounting to ten millions sterling. In N.W. India; above 800,000 perish In Bengal, through drought. (See India): In Asia Minor 1813 In Bombay, Madras, Mysore, &c.; about 500,000 perish (see India and Mansion-house). In N. China; very severe; 9,500,000 said to have perished (45.503/. collected in England for relief) 1877-8 In Cashmere (which see) 1879 . July, 1833 Very severe in Tauris, &c., Asia Minor tuAN. Used by the ancients; Cape hoc Aabel"Take this fan, lum, et ventulum huic sic facito, and give her thus a little air." Terence's Eunuchus, 166 B.C.-Fans, together with muffs, masks, and false hair, were first devised by the harlots in Italy, and were brought to England from France. Stow. In the British Museum are Egyptian fan-handles. Great competitive exhibition of fans at Drapers hall, London, opened 2 July, 1878 FARADAY MONUMENT, &c. Professor Michael Faraday, natural philosopher and chemist (see Electricity), died 25 Aug. 1867. A public meeting was held at the Royal Institution, 21 June, 1869, the prince of Wales in the chair, to take measures to provide a public monument to him. A sufficient sum having been subscribed, the production of a statue was entrusted to Mr. Foley. The statue was placed at the Royal Institution, London, in 1876. The "Faraday Medal," to be given to distinguished foreign philosophers by the Chemical society, was awarded to M. Dumas, June, 1869; to professor Cannizzaro, May, 1872; to Dr. A. W. Hofmann, FARCE, a short comic drama, usually of one or two acts: One by Otway is dated 1677. The best English farces (by Foote, Garrick, Bickerstaff, &c.) appeared from about 1740 to 1780. This species of dramatic entertainment originated in the droll shows which were exhibited by charlatans and their buffoons in the open streets; see Drama. FARMERS' ALLIANCE, an organization of agricultural reformers; held a provisional meeting 27 May, and a conference 2 July, 1879. It was active during the elections of April, 1880. Farmers' Alliance for Scotland was founded at Aberdeen, I Dec. 1881. FARMERS-GENERAL, see Fermiers. A FARMERS' UNION, National, established at Leamington, by lord Walsingham and others, to oppose the Agricultural Labourers' Union, June, 1874.. FARNESE FAMILY became important through the elevation of Alexander Farnese to the papacy as Paul III. He gave his natural son Peter the duchy of Parma, and his descendants ruled till the death of Antony without issue in 1731. Alexander prince of Parma was governor of the Netherlands in 1579. FARRINGDON-MARKET, erected by the corporation of London, near the abolished Fleetmarket, was opened 20 Nov. 1829. FARTHING, an early English coin. Farthings in silver were coined by king John, in copper by James I. and Charles I.; the Irish farthing of John's reign (1210) is rare. Farthings were coined in England in silver by Henry VIII. First coined in copper by Charles II. 1665; and again in 1672, when there was a large coinage of copper money. Half-farthings were first coined in 1843; see Queen Anne's Farthings. A single copy, of the "Penny-a-week Country Daily Newspaper' (conservative), No. 1, sold for d., 25 June, 1873. The Farthings Act, 21, 22 Vict. c. 75, 1858, relates to the payment for portions of a mile travelled by third class railway trains. FARTHINGALE, see Crinoline. FASTI CAPITOLINI, marble tablets dug up in the forum at Rome, 1547, contain a list of the consuls and other officers from the year of Rome 250 to 765. Other fragments were found in 1817 and 1818. The "Fasti Consulares," from 509 B.c. to A.D. 235, are given at the end of Smith's " Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities." FEEJEE. Christian church, in the second century, 138. The occasions to appease the anger of God, began in the Mahometan fast is termed Ramadan (which see). Fast days are appointed by the Reformed churches for the Russian war, and 7 Oct. 1857, for the Indian in times of war and pestilence (as 21 March, 1855, mutiny); see Abstinence. FATHERS OF THE CHURCH. The following are the principal: FIRST CENTURY. Hermas Apostolical. Barnabas Greek. Clemens Romanus, d. 100 Athenagoras. THIRD CENTURY. Greek. Hippolytus Latin. d. abt. 220 Tertullian FOURTH AND FIFTH CENGreek. d. abt. 340 d. 373 . Ephrem Syrus, d. abt. 378 Gregory Nyssen d. abt. 394 d. 403 d. 407 John Chrysostom d. 457 FATIMITES, see Ali and Mahometanism. FATS are oils solid at ordinary temperatures. The researches of Chevreul since 1811 on their chemical nature are very important; see Candles. FAUGHARD, see Foughard. chap books, flourished about the end of the 15th FAUSTUS, a professor of magic, renowned in century. Goethe's dramatic poem, "Faust," appeared in 1790. FEASTS AND FESTIVALS. The "Feasts of the Lord," viz., those of the Passover, Pentecost, Trumpets, and Tabernacles, were instituted 1490 B.C. (Leviticus xxiii.) Feast of Tabernacles, celebrated upon the dedication of Hezekiah (726 B.C.) and Josiah (623) kept the feast of the Temple of Solomon, 1004 B.C. Passover in a most solemn manner. In the Christian Church the feasts of Christmas, Easter, Ascension, and the Pentecost or Whitsuntide (which see), are said to have been ordered to be observed by all Christians in the 1st century. Rogation days appointed 469. Jubilees in the Romish Church were instituted by Boniface VIII. in 1300; see Jubilees. For fixed festivals observed in the Church of England, as settled at the Reformation, et seq., see Book of Common Prayer. Feasts of Charity; see Agapa. vinity), the second month of the year, in which were FEBRUARY (from Februus, an Italian dicelebrated Februa, feasts on behalf of the manes of deceased persons. This month, with January, was added to the year by Numa, about 713 B.C. February 24, 25 Constitution, see France, 1875. FECIALES or FETIALES, twenty in number, heralds of Rome, to denounce war or proclaim peace, FASTS, observed by most nations from the re-appointed by Numa, about 712 B.C. motest antiquity; by the Jews (2 Chron. xx. 3); by the Ninevites (Jonah iii.); see Isai. lviii.Ẩ fast was observed by the Jews on the great day of atonement. Lev. xxiii. 1490 B.C. Moses fasted 40 days and nights on Sinai, Exod. xxiv. 1491 B.C. The first Christian ministers were ordained with fasting (A.D. 45) Acts xiii. 2. Annual fasts, as that of Lent, and at other stated times, and on particular FEDERAL STATES are those united by treaty as one state, without giving up self-governNorthern United States of America during the great ment-as in Switzerland. The people of the conflict in 1861-5 were styled Federals; their opponents Confederates. FEEJEE, see Fiji. FELODESE. FELODESE, see Suicide. FELONY, in English law (says Blackstone, in 1765), comprises every species of crime which occasions the forfeiture of land and goods. An act to abolish forfeitures for treason and felony, and to otherwise amend the law relating thereto, passed 4 July, 1870. FEMALE MEDICAL SCHOOL, London, held its first session in 1865, when courses of lectures were given. Dr. Mary Walker attended Middlesex hospital, in a modified female dress, in 1866. She gave an autobiographical lecture at St. James's Hall, 20 Nov. 1866. In 1869 the decision that "ladies should be admitted to study medicine in the university of Edinburgh," led to disturbances. Female Orphan Asylum, Beddington, Surrey, established Female Orphans' Home, Hampton, Middlesex. 319 1758 1855 . 1836 1836 FEMALE SUFFRAGE, &c., see Women. FENCIBLE LIGHT DRAGOONS, a body of cavalry raised voluntarily in various counties of England and Scotland in 1794, to serve during the war in any part of Great Britain. This force (hetween 14,000 and 15,000), which did its duty with mnch judgment during a period of intense popular excitement, was disbanded in 1800. FENCING was introduced into England from France. Fencing-schools having led to duelling in England, were prohibited in London by statute 13 Edw. I. 1285. În 1859 there were eight teachers of fencing in London; in 1872, ten. FENIANS (the name of ancient Irish national militia), a "brotherhood" in the United States and Ireland united to liberate Ireland and establish a republic. The agitation was begun, it is said, by Stephens in March, 1858, and in 1864 enlistments and secret drillings took place. A convention was formed in 1863 in America. The movement is opposed by the Roman Catholic clergy. See Ireland. Riot between the Fenians and their opponents at the Rotondo, Dublin . 22 Feb. 1864 25 persons arrested in Dublin, and the newspaper the Irish People (established Sept. 1863) seized, 15 Sept.; others arrested at Cork, &c. 16-30 Sept. 1865 The Fenians in America publish an address, stating that officers were going to Ireland to organise an army of 200,000 men Fenians arrested at Manchester Sept. 21 Sept. Sept. A ship with gunpowder seized at Liverpool Allocution of the pope, condemning secret societies 30 Sept. " Evidence that 5000l. and 2000 pike-heads had been received from America in Sept. O'Donovan and 5 others committed for high treason 2 Oct. 33 Fenians committed for trial up to 14 Oct. A Fenian provisional government at New York, and a congress of 600 members held at Philadelphia Oct. Fenians in United States said to have raised 200,000l. Oct. Capture of James Stephens, Irish head-centre, 11 Nov.; he escapes from gaol 24 Nov. Fierce disputes between the senate and O'Mahony, the head-centre, who is charged with corruption and deposed; Mr. Roberts appointed his successor Dec. 380.000 Fenians reported in the United States Jan. 1866 Habeas Corpus act suspended in Ireland; about 250 suspected persons arrested immediately 17 Feb. FENIANS. 7 June, Spear and others cross the boundary near Vermont, 7 June; the corps demoralised; many return 9 June, Much dissension among the Fenians, July, et seq. They exercise much influence in the elections in America in Oct. TRIALS IN CANADA.-Col. Lynch and Rev. John MacMahon (sentenced to be hanged on 13 Dec.) reprieved 24-26 Oct. James Stephens, "central organiser of the Irish republic," said to sail from America 24 Νον. The British government offer 2000l. for his apprehension " 67 Fenians from Liverpool arrested in Dublin 12 Feb. Irruption of Fenians into Chester; compelled to retire 11, 12 Feb. Outbreak in Kerry; Killarney threatened; capt. Moriarty and others captured .12 Feb. Attack on coastguard station, Cahirciveen, 12 Feb.; movement collapsed 16 Feb. Kilmallock police barrack defended for three hours by 14 constables, who drove off 200 armed Fenians, with loss, by a sally 5 March, General Massey captured 4 or 6 March, Rising at Midleton in Cork; Daly, a leader, killed; rails of South and Midland railway taken up 6 March, Proclamation of the Irish republic sent to the Times 1000 Fenians hold market-place at Drogheda, but Many Fenians tried and convicted July and Aug. Several imprisoned Fenians released and sent to America Aug. and Sept. Fenian congress at Cleveland, Ohio Sept. Kelly and Deasy, two Fenians, remanded for further examination, rescued from the prisoners' van, near Manchester; and Brett, a policeman, shot for refusing to give up his keys 18 Sept Many persons taken up; 23 committed on char of murder-tried, 5 condemned to death (2 reprieved); 7 sentenced to 7 years' imprisonment 29 Oct.-12 Nov. Allen, Gould, and Larkin executed at Salford, 23 Nov, FENIANS. Funeral demonstration in London Trials of Halpin and others at Dublin, 24 Nov. 1867 Oct.-Nov. 8 Dec. Funeral demonstrations for Allen, &c., at Cork, 1 Dec.; Dublin and Limerick Address of the president and senate of the Fenian brotherhood of America to the "liberty-loving people of England," dated New York, 12 Dec. Reunion of the Roberts and Stephens parties under a new president about 20 Dec. Premeditated explosion of Clerkenwell house of detention, London, to release Burke and Casey, leading Fenians, at 3.45. (A cask of gunpowder was fired close to the prison wall; Timothy Desmond, Jeremiah Allen, and Ann Justice captured on suspicion) 13 Dec. [Consequences of the explosion."Six persons were killed outright,' six more died from its effects, according to the coroner's inquests; five, in addition, owed their deaths indirectly to this means; one young woman is in a madhouse, 40 mothers were prematurely confined, and 20 of their babes died from the effects of the explosion on the women; others of the children are dwarfed and unhealthy. One mother is now a raving maniac; 120 persons were wounded; 50 went into St. Bartholomew's, Gray's Inn-lane, and King's College Hospitals; 15 are permanently injured, with loss of eyes, legs, arms, &c.; besides 20,000l. worth of damage to person and property." -Times, 29 April, 1868.] Capt. Mackay and others rifle a Martello tower, 27 Dec. 30 Dec. Audacions seizure of arms and ammunition in a gunsmith's shop in Cork 12 suspected Fenians captured at Merthyr Tydvil, 31 Dec. Mullany, a prisoner, turns queen's evidence, and accuses Barrett or Jackson (captured at Glasgow, 14 Jan.) of firing the barrel at Clerkenwell, . "" 28 Jan. 1868 28 Jan. Attack on Martello tower near Waterford Capt. Mackay arrested at Cork, 7 Feb. ; much rioting there II, 12 Feb. Conviction of Patrick Lennon, a leader, 12 Feb. Habeas corpus act susp. till 1 March, 1869 Feb. Mullany and Thompson convicted as accessories in murder of Brett 18 March, Capt. Mackay convicted; sentenced to 12 years 20 March, imprisonment O'Farrell, a Fenian, wounds the duke of Edinburgh at Port Jackson, 12 March; sentenced to death, 31 March, Mr. Darcy M'Gee, M. P., shot dead by a Fenian at 7 April, Trial of Wm. and Timothy Desmond, Nicholas English, John O'Keefe, Michael Barrett, and Ann Justice, for murder (Clerkenwell outrage) begun 20; acquittal of Justice, 23; of O'Keefe, 24; and of the two Desmonds and English, 27. Conviction of Barrett 27 April, Richard Burke, a leader, convicted of treason-felony, 30 April, Michael Barrett (for causing the Clerkenwell explosion) executed 26 May, O'Donovan Rossa and others released, behave violently Ottawa March, 1869 The government declines to release others, 18 Oct. Manifesto from John Savage, executive officer, Dec. Fenian raid into Canada vigorously repelled by the militia, and their general, O'Neill, captured by the U. S. marshal 26 May, 1870 Michael Davitt and John Wilson convicted of treason-felony for endeavouring to transmit arms secretly to Ireland (detected March) 18 July, Captured Fenian generals (Thompson and Starr) in United States, sentenced to imprisonment for breach of neutrality laws July, President Grant's proclamation against Fenian raids into Canada 13 Oct. Letter from Mr. Gladstone announcing early release Davitt prominent during the land league agitation, 1880-31 Arrested and committed to prison Elected M.P. for co. Meath Seizure of arms and ammunition, St. John Street Road, Clerkenwell; Thomas Walsh arrested 17 June Committed for trial, 17 July; sentenced to 7 years' penal servitude 9 Aug. Detection of a murderous Fenian plot in Dublin, carried out by a band termed the "Irish Invincibles," said to be connected with the Land League 19 Jan.-17 Feb. 1833 Plot to explode public buildings in England concocted in New York, by O'Donovan Rossa, a chief of the Fenian Brotherhood, Wm. J. Lynch (Norman) sent to England; conveys explosives from Birmingham to London (see Birmingham), gives evidence at Bow-street 19 April, Great convention at Philadelphia opened, 25 April; denounced by O'Donovan Rossa, who revives the Irish Revolutionary Brotherhood 6 May. " See Dynamite and Explosions. Centre of Fenian organization discovered at Paris; Frederick Allen apprehended . Oct. Capt. Thos. Phelan stabbed (not killed) as a suspected traitor by Richard Short-in Rossa's house, in New York, 9 Jan.; O'Donovan Rossa shot in the street by Lucilla Yseult Dudley, an English widow, aged 25, 2 Feb.; Phelan and he recover, in the same hospital Feb. 1885 Threatening Fenian manifesto sent to Mr. Gladstone and others from Paris about 19 Feb. Great Fenian congress held in Paris James Stephens expelled from France FÈRE-CHAMPENOISE (France). the French army under Marmont, Mortier, and Arrighi, were surprised and defeated by the allies under the prince of Schwarzenberg, 25 March, 1814, after a heroic resistance. Paris surrendered six days after. FERGHANA, see Khokand. FERIÆ LATINÆ, solemn Roman festivals, said to have been instituted by Tarquin the Proud, about 534 B.C. The principal magistrates of fortyseven towns of Latium assembled on a mount near Rome, and with the Roman authorities offered a bull to Jupiter Latialis. FERMENTATION, termed by Gay-Lussac one of the most mysterious processes in nature: he showed that in the process, 45 lbs. of sugar are resolved into 23 of alcohol and 22 of carbonic acid. His memoir appeared in 1810. In 1861 Pasteur brought forward evidence to show that fermentation depends on the presence of minute organisms in the fermenting fluid, and that the source of all such organisms is the atmosphere. For his researches he was awarded an annual pension of 120,000 francs in 1874. FERMIERS GENERAUX, officers who farmed the French revenues previous to 1789, frequently with much oppression. Lavoisier and 27 of these were executed 8 May, 1794. FERNDALE EXPLOSION. FERNDALE COLLIERY EXPLOSION; 8 Nov. 1867; about 178 lives lost. See under Coal, FERNS (Ireland), an ancient bishopric, once archiepiscopal. St. Édan was seated here in 598. Leighfin and Ferns were united in 1600; and by the Church Temporalities Act, passed Aug. 1833, both were united to the bishopric of Ossory. See Ossory.-FERNS, an order of cryptogamous plants, now much cultivated in Wardian cases; which see, and also Nature-Printing. FEROZESHAH (India). The British, com manded by sir Hugh Gough, attacked the entrenchments of the Sikhs, and carried their first line of works, 21 Dec. 1845; but night coming on, the operations were suspended till daybreak, when their second line was stormed by general Gilbert, and 74 guns captured. The Sikhs advanced to retake their guns, but were repulsed with great loss, and retreated towards the Sutlej, 22 Dec.; and recrossed that river unmolested, 27 Dec. The British loss was reckoned at 2415. FERRARA, formerly part of the exarchate of Ravenna, under the emperors of the East. It was subdued by the Lombards in the 8th century, and taken from them about 752 by Pepin, who gave it to pope Stephen II. About 1208 it fell into the hands of the house of Este (which see), and became the principal seat of the literature and fine arts in Italy. Pope Clement VIII. obtained the sovereignty in 1598, on the death of the duke Alphonso II., the last legitimate male of the Este family. His illegitimate nephew, Cæsar, became duke of Modena. The French under Massena took Ferrara in 1796; but it was restored to the pope in 1814; An Austrian garrison held it from 1849; it retired in June, 1859, and the people rose and declared for annexation to Sardinia, which was accomplished in March, 1860. FERRARS' ARREST. In March, 1542, Mr. George Ferrars, a member of parliament, while in attendance on the house was taken in execution by a sheriff's officer for debt, and committed to the Compter prison. The house despatched their serjeant to require his release, which was resisted, and an affray taking place, his mace was broken. The house in a body repaired to the lords to complain, when the contempt was adjudged to be very great, and the punishment of the offenders was referred to the lower house. On another messenger being sent to the sheriff's by the commons, they delivered up the senator, and the civil magistrates and the creditor were committed to the Tower, the inferior officers to Newgate, and an act was passed releasing Mr. Ferrars from liability for the debt. The king, Henry VIII., highly approved of all these proceedings, and the transaction became the basis of that rule of parliament which exempts members from arrest. Holinshed. FERRO, see Canary Isles. FERROL (N.W. Spain). Upwards of 10,000 British landed near Ferrol under the command of sir James Pulteney, in Aug. 1800. They gained possession of the heights; but, despairing of success, on account of the strength of the works, sir James re-embarked his troops. His conduct was much condemned. Soult captured Ferrol, 27 Jan. 1809. An insurrection of about 1500 men in the arsenal here broke out, headed by brigadier Pozas and capt. Montojo, who raised the red flag, II Oct. They dispersed or surrendered when about to be attacked, 17 Oct. 1872. FESCENNINE VERSES were rude extemporary dialogues, frequently licentious, in favour among the ancient Etruscans at weddings, and still popular in Italy. FESTIVALS, see under Feasts, Clergy, Music. in honour of the real' presence in the Lord's SupFÈTE DE DIEU, a feast of the Roman church per, kept on the Thursday after Trinity Sunday. See Corpus Christi. Berengarius, archbishop of Angers, opposed the doctrine of transubstantiation, and to atone for his crime a yearly procession was made at Angers, called la fête de Dieu, 1019. FÊTE DE VERTU, an annual assemblage, chiefly of young persons, to whom were adjudged rewards for industry and virtue. These fêtes, held at Nuneham, in Oxfordshire, begun by lady Harcourt in 1789, were continued till her death. FEUDAL LAWS. The tenure of land by suit and service to lord or owner, in use in England by the Saxons, about 600, was mainly introduced by William I. in 1066. The kingdom was divided into baronies, which were given on condition of the holders furnishing the king with men and money. The vassalage, limited by Henry VII., 1495, was abolished by statute, 1660. The feudal system was introduced into Scotland by Malcolm II. in 1008, and the hereditary jurisdictions were finally abolished in that kingdom, 1746-7. The feudal laws, established in France by Clovis I. about 486, were discountenanced by Louis XI. in 1470. Jean de la Barrière in 1577 at the abbey of FeuilFEUILLANTS, a religious order founded by lant, near Toulouse, and settled in Paris in 1587. The Feuillant club, formed in Paris by La Fayette and others in 1789, to counteract the intrigues of the Jacobins, was so named from the convent where they met. A body of Jacobins burst into their hall and obliged them to separate, 25 Dec. 1791; and the club was broken up în 1792. founded by Edris, a descendant of Mahomet, about FEZ (in the ancient Mauritania, Africa), 787, was long capital of the kingdom of Fez. Morocco about 1550. Leo Africanus describes it as After long-continued struggles, it was annexed to other public edifices, in the 12th century. containing more than 700 temples, mosques, and FICTIONS, see Romances.-FICTIONS IN LAW were invented by the lawyers in the reign of Edward I. as a means of carrying cases from one court to another, whereby the courts became checks to each other. Hume. Lord Mansfield, in the court of King's Bench, emphatically declared that "no fiction of law shall ever so far prevail against the real truth, as to prevent the execution of justice:" 31 May, 1784. They have been mostly abolished in the present century. "FIDELIO," Beethoven's single opera; composed in 1804, produced at Vienna, 20 Nov. 1805. FIDENÆ, a Sabine city, frequently at war with Rome. It was finally captured and the inhabitants enslaved, 426 B.C., by the Romans, whose ambassadors they had slain." FIEF, see Feudal Laws. FIELD. The country gentleman's weekly appeared 1 Jan. 1853. paper, devoted to natural history, sports, &c., first FIELD OF MARCH AND MAY, see Champ. Y |
