DUNDRUM BAY-DUNES.

was remitted, but he was deprived of the order DUNEDIN, capital of the provincial district of of the Bath, of his rank in the navy, and expelled Otago, in New Zealand, is situated in lat. 45° 50′ S., from the House of Commons. A new writ was long. 170° 36′ E., on the east side of South Island, issued for Westminster; but his constituents imme- towards its southern extremity. It is 200 miles by diately re-elected him, notwithstanding his expulsion sea from Lyttleton, and 150 miles from Invercargill. from the House; and his daring was shewn by his Since its foundation by the New Zealand Company escape from prison, and his re-appearance in the in 1848, the city has rapidly increased in importHouse. He represented Westminster until 1818, ance; chiefly after the year 1861, when the diswhen, panting for a more active and eventful career, covery of extensive gold-fields in the neighbourhood he drew his sword in defence of the independence of caused a sudden increase of population. For three the South American colonies of Spain. The com- years, the city, as well as the province, made great mand of the fleet of the republic of Chili was offered strides in wealth and prosperity; and although to him, and the terror of his name materially subsequently the excessive increase of population contributed to the success of the national cause. was checked by a decrease in the yield of gold, D. Valdivia, the last stronghold of the Spaniards, was has ever since made steady progress. The populacaptured by him. Another daring exploit was the tion of the city proper in 1881 was 24,372, an cutting out of a large 40-gun frigate from under increase of above 9500 since 1871: inclusive of the guns of the castle of Callao, 5th November the suburbs, near 35,000. Within the last few 1820. The Emperor of Brazil, Dom Pedro, after- years, the population has been increased by emigrawards gave him the command of the Brazilian tion from the colony of Victoria. D. is divided fleet, and created him a marquis. In 1827 and into four wards. It is as well laid out as the hilly 1828, he assisted in the Greek war of independ- nature of its site will allow; it is well paved, and ence. In 1830, the Whig administration of Earl lighted with gas. There are many handsome Grey came into office, and, believing him to have buildings-about a dozen of them churches; the been the victim of a cruel and unjust persecution, new Bank of New Zealand, completed in 1882, is hastened to restore him to his naval rank. In one of the finest in the city. D. is the seat of 1831, he succeeded to the earldom. In 1847, Queen an Anglican and a Roman Catholic bishop. Other Victoria conferred on him the Grand Cross of the public buildings are the post-office, hospital, governBath. He was also appointed commander-in-chief ment buildings, mechanics' institute, &c.; and the on the North American and West India station. inhabitants of the city possess places of recreation In 1851, he was Vice-admiral of the White, and in the Vauxhall Gardens, Botanical Gardens, and the in 1854, Rear-admiral of the United Kingdom, a grounds of the Acclimatisation Society. The theatre, distinction which he held until his death. On his burned down in 1875, has been rebuilt. The Uniretirement from active service, he devoted himself to versity and High School are flourishing instituscientific inventions. He made improvements in poop tions. There are several daily papers, and numerous and signal lights, and especially turned his attention weeklies and monthlies. Amongst the manufac to naval projectiles. He declared himself to be in tories, a woollen one is the principal. The street possession of a means of annihilating an enemy's tramways are worked by locomotives. Railways fleet, and during the Russian war offered to destroy connect D. with Christchurch to the north and Sebastopol in a few hours with perfect security to Invercargill to the south. D., which is the most the assailants. His plans were, however, rejected. important commercial city in New Zealand, has When upwards of 80 years of age, he published his Autobiography-the record of a career almost frequent communication with the other colonial unequalled even by British seamen for desperate ports, with Melbourne and the home country. DUNES, from the same root as Dun (q. v.), a service and dauntless exploit. He died October hill, the name given to the sand-hills or mounds 31, 1860, and was interred in Westminster Abbey. which stretch less or more along the sea-coast of In his naval expeditions, it was his fate to be the Netherlands and north of France. These dunes constantly opposed to forces greatly superior to are a natural curiosity. As if anxious to save his own in numbers and metal. His inventivethe low countries from tidal inundation, Nature has ness and fertility of resource under such circum for centuries been energetically working to increase stances have perhaps never been equalled. His the magnitude of the mounds on the coast. At daring would have been, in a man of less genius, low water, when the beach is exposed to the action the height of rashness, yet the almost unvarying of the winds from the German Ocean, clouds of success of his manoeuvres and exploits attests his sand are raised into the air, and showered down forethought, and his happy adaptation of slender means to the achievement of great ends and noble upon the country for at least a mile inland; and this constantly going on, the result is, that along enterprises. In person, he was tall and broad built; and a slight stoop, contracted by service in the small the whole line, from Haarlem to about Dunkirk or Calais, the coast consists of sandy mounds sloops and corvettes of his early days, scarcely of great breadth, partially covered with grass and impaired a height of stature that might be described heath, but unfit for pasturage or any other purpose, as commanding. His features were Scottish in char- and these are the bulwarks which protect the acter, and strongly marked, bearing in deep lines coast. In some places, these dunes look like a the traces of struggle, sorrow, and the wear and series of irregular hills; and when seen from the tear of an unusually long, active, and eventful life. -In 1877, a petition was presented to the Queen, asking compensation to D.'s heirs for his eighteen years' loss of pay and allowances as a naval officer -a petition which was ultimately granted.

DU'NDRUM BAY, an inlet of the Irish Sea, on the east coast of Ireland, in the county of Down, 5 miles to the south of Downpatrick, is about 10 miles wide at its entrance, and forms a long curve into the shore, with a uniform breadth of about 24 miles. Here, in 1846, the steam-ship Great Britain was stranded, but was got off in the following year without having suffered any very serious damage.

704

tops of the steeples, they are so huge as to shut out the view of the sea. The traveller, in visiting them from the fertile plains, all at once ascends into a region of desert barrenness. He walks on and on for miles in a wilderness such as might be expected to be seen in Africa, and at last emerges on the sea-shore, where the mode of creation of this singular kind of territory is at once conspicuous. Loose particles of sand are blown in his face; and as he descends to the shore, he sinks to the ankle in the drifted heaps. In some parts of these dreary solitudes, the sandy soil has been prevented from rising with the wind and injuring the fertile country, by

DUNFERMLINE--DUNG BEETLE.

The tomb of Robert the Bruce was discovered at

In the

DUNGA'RVAN, a parliamentary and municipal borough, seaport, and bathing-place, Waterford county, Ireland, 25 miles west-south-west of Waterford. Pop. (1871) 7719; (1881) 7377, chiefly engaged in hake, cod, herring, and other fisheries. The chief exports are grain, butter, cattle, and fish. Vessels of more than 250 tons cannot discharge at the quay. D. has the remains of an Augustinian abbey, founded in the 7th c. by St Garvan. It has besides the remains of walls built by King John, who also built the castle, now used as barracks.Dungarvan Bay is three miles wide, about the same in length, and one to five fathoms deep.

DUNG BEETLE, the common name of many

being sown with the seeds of a kind of bent-grass, consists of a square with diverging streets. and in a few spots fir-trees have been successfully vicinity are the largest lime-quarries and collieries planted.'-Tour in Holland, by W. Chambers. The in Ulster. The chief manufactures are linen, coarse English term down (q. v.) has a similar meaning. earthenware, and fire-brick. Pop. (1861) 3886; DUNFERMLINE, a royal burgh in Fife, of the (1881) 4081. It sends one member to parliament. western district of which it is the chief town. It is It was the chief seat of the O'Neils, the kings of the seat of the sheriff courts of the district, which Ulster, till 1607. Its castle was destroyed by the are held twice a week during the session. The parliamentary forces in 1641. town is situated on a long swelling ridge, 3 miles from the Firth of Forth, and 16 miles west-northwest from Edinburgh. It stands 300 feet above the mean level of the firth, and from the south has an imposing appearance. The date of its origin is not known, but it was a place of note before the end of the 11th century. Here, King Malcolm Canmore and his queen, St Margaret, between the years 1070 and 1093, founded an abbey for Benedictines brought from Canterbury. In 1303-1304, Edward I. of England wintered here, the buildings being then described as capable of accommodating three kings and their suites. In 1588, D. was created a royal burgh by James VI. David II., James I. of Scotland, and Charles I., were born here; and coleopterous insects of the tribe Scarabaeides, which Malcolm Canmore, his queen Margaret, Edgar, Alexander I., David I., Malcolm the Maiden, feed upon the dung of animals, and for the most part Alexander III., Robert Bruce, his queen Elizabeth, live in it. They are found in all parts of the world. and nephew Randolph, Annabella, queen of Robert Many of them belong to the section of Scaraboides III., Robert Duke of Albany, governor of Scot-called Coprophagi (Gr. dung-eaters); but others, land, were buried in the abbey and its precincts. stercorarius), to the section called Arenicoli (Lat. as the DOR, or SHARD-BORN BEETLE (Geotrupes the building of the new church, which was opened sand-dwelling), distinguished by peculiarities in the in 1821. The skeleton of the king was disinterred, Neither section, however, antennæ, mandibles, &c. and a cast was taken of the cranium. Some interconsists exclusively of esting fragments of the ancient regal and eccleinsects entitled from their siastical magnificence of D. still remain. What is habits to be called dung called Malcolm Canmore's Tower is a mass of shapeless ruins, but the south wall of the palace of the beetles, some of the CopStuarts still exists, overhanging the romantic glen marine vegetables in a rophagi feeding chiefly on of Pittencrieff, a noble wreck, with massive flying buttresses. Of the abbey, the Frater Hall or state of putrescence, and refectory, and a tower and arched gateway, still some of the Arenicoli on remain. The nave of the abbey church, consecrated DOR is one of the most the roots of plants. The in 1150, is in the Romanesque style, 106 feet long, and 55 wide. The choir, built about 1250, a fine common British beetles; it example of the First Pointed style, was taken down is of a stout form, less than Dung Beetle (Geotrupes in 1818-1821, when it was replaced by what is now brilliant metallic and blue an inch long; black, with the parish church, surmounted by a square tower 100 feet high, round which is the inscription, in reflections on the under surface; it may often be open hewn capital letters, 'King Robert the Bruce.' heard droning through the air towards the close of connection with the rise of Scottish dissent, Ralph under which it burrows, making a large cylindrical The modern history of D. is chiefly remarkable in the summer twilight, and finds its way with rapidity and certainty to cow-dung, on which it feeds, and Erskine and Thomas Gillespie having respectively hole, often of considerable depth, and depositing been founders of the Seceder and Relief bodies, therein its eggs, enveloped in a mass of dung. These now joined under the name of United Presbyterians. habits-more or less modified-are shared by many The staple trade of the town is damask linen-weaving, which took its rise about the beginning of last other species, which thus not only hasten the removal century. There are establishments for the spinning surface of the ground, but even distribute it in the of linen yarn, and several large factories where soil, where it affords nourishment to plants.-The steam and hand loom weaving is carried on. There are likewise large collieries and lime-works, iron sacred beetle or Scarabaeus (q. v.) of the Egyptians foundries, breweries, dye-works, and fire-clay works. (Scarabaeus sacer, or Ateuchus sacer of modern entoSee DAMASK. The public buildings are-town-housemologists) is a true D. B., one of the Coprophagi, in size and colour much resembling the dor. It is and county buildings, each having a spire, and the found not only in Egypt, but in the south of Europe prison, poor-house, and music-hall. There are eight and west of Asia, and deposits its eggs in dung, fairs, a monthly cattle-market, and one weekly which it rolls into little balls for the purpose. A market for grain or country produce. Pop. of burgh nearly allied insect (Gymnopleurus pilularius), a (1871) 14,958; (1881) 17,085. It joins with Stir-native of North America, is known as the TUMBLEling, Inverkeithing, Queensferry, and Culross in DUNG BEETLE, from its habit of rolling globular returning a member to parliament.

DUNGANNON, a parliamentary and municipal borough in the east of Tyrone, near a tributary of the Blackwater, eleven miles north-north-west of Armagh, and eight west of Lough Neagh. It lies on a hill-slope, in a densely peopled district, with high mountains to the west. It is well built, and 149

stercorarius)

of what would otherwise become offensive on the

pellets of dung to the place where they are to be buried in the earth. Several individuals sometimes combine their strength in this curious operation, which is performed by the hind-feet pushing backwards.-The dor, and some other dung beetles, simulate death to deceive their enemies when they apprehend danger not, like many insects,

705

DUNGEON-DUNNET HEAD.

by contracting their bodies as much as possible, and drawing in their legs, but by stretching every part out to the utmost, and rigidly fixing themselves in that position. Crows and other birds are supposed to prefer them in a living state.

DU'NGEON. See DONJON.

DUNKE'LD, a city and burgh of barony in the east of Perthshire, 15 miles north-north-west of Perth. It lies in a deep romantic hollow, on the great east pass (of Birnam) to the Highlands, on the left bank of the Tay, across which it communicates with the south by a handsome bridge, built in 1809 by the Duke of Athole. It is environed by darkwooded and craggy mountains. Pop. (1881) 768. D. is a place of great antiquity, dating probably from the 7th or 8th century. About the year 1130, King David I. made it the seat of a bishopric, of which the Culdees of the ancient abbey were the chapter. The choir of the cathedral, chiefly in the First Pointed style, was built between 1318 and 1337; the nave, in the Second Pointed style, was built between 1406 and 1464; and the tower and chapterhouse, also in the Second Pointed style, were built between 1470 and 1477. The choir is now the parish church. The nave, which is in ruins, contains one or two ancient monuments. The monument of the Wolf of Badenoch (Alexander Stuart, Earl of Buchan, who died in 1384) lies in the vestibule. The Duke of Athole's grounds, unsurpassed in Scotland for extent and beauty, lie on the west and north of D., and include the cathedral; Craigvinean and Craig-y-Barns; 50 miles of walks, and 30 miles of drives; falls of the Bran (upper one, 80 feet), near Ossian's Hall at the Rumbling Bridge; and 20 square miles of larch-wood, including the first two larches planted in Britain (in 1737). D., in ancient times, said to have been the seat of the Pictish kings. It was the seat of a diocese from 1127 to 1688. Three miles south of D. stood Birnam Wood, so famous in connection with the fate of Macbeth.

1658, but sold to Louis XIV. by Charles II. for a sum of money in 1662. By the treaty of Utrecht in 1715, the French were compelled to destroy the fortifications of D., which were again restored, however, in 1783. In 1793, the allies under the Duke of York laid siege to D., but were compelled by the French to retire, after having suffered severely. D. was made a free port in 1826.

DU'NLIN, or PURRE (Tringa alpina, T. cinclus, or T. variabilis), a bird of the family Scolopacida (Snipes, &c.), and of the large group to which the names Sandpiper and Stint are variously given. It is not quite nine inches in length from the extremity of the bill to that of the tail. The plumage undergoes great variations in summer and winter. It is a

very widely diffused bird. In summer, it frequents even the desolate shores of Melville Island. It is to be seen in autumn and winter on the shores of Britain and of most parts of Europe; often in very great numbers on sandy or muddy sea-shores; and Gulf of St Lawrence to the Gulf of Mexico. It is equally common on those of America from the exhibits great restlessness and activity in running about, searching and probing for its food. When flying in great autumnal flocks, its aërial movements are extremely beautiful, each individual of the vast assemblage yielding so instantaneously to the same impulsion as to exhibit alternately the upper and the under surface of the body, so that we have for a time a living moving cloud of dusky brown, and then a brilliant flash of snowy whiteness.'

DUNKIRK, or DUNKERQUE, the most northerly seaport and fortified town of France, stands on the eastern shore of the Strait of Dover, in the department of Nord, its distance from Paris being in a direct line about 155 miles north, and from Lille about 43 miles north-west. The town, which is connected by railway and canal with the principal manufacturing centres of Belgium and France, is surrounded by ramparts and ditches, and is defended by a citadel. It is well built, the streets spacious and well paved, the houses chiefly of DU'NMOW FLITCH OF BACON, a prize brick. Its quay and pier, its church of St Eloi-a Gothic structure, having a handsome though rather instituted at Dunmow, in Essex, in 1244, by Robert incongruous frontispiece in its Corinthian portico de Fitzwalter, on the following conditions: "That -its town-hall, barracks, college, and theatre, are whatever married couple will go to the priory, and the principal architectural features. The harbour kneeling on two sharp-pointed stones, will swear of D. is shallow, and the entrance difficult, but that they have not quarrelled nor repented of their the roadstead is large and safe. D. has manu-marriage within a year and a day after its celebrafactures of soap, starch, beer, beetroot-sugar, cord- tion, shall receive a flitch of bacon. The prize age, and leather; also metal foundries, distilleries, was first claimed in 1445, two hundred years after salt-refineries, and ship-building yards. Forming it had been instituted. After 1751, up to which as it does the outlet for the great manufacturing flitch was not again claimed till 1855. The tenth date only five presentations had taken place, the department of Nord, its trade by sea is very considerable. Since becoming a free port, it has also occasion of awarding the flitch occurred in 1876. carried on a good trade in wine and liqueurs. Its cod and herring fisheries are actively prosecuted. The immediate vicinity of D. has a dreary and uninteresting appearance. Pop. (1881) 36,644.

D. is a place of considerable historic interest. It owes its origin, it is said, to the church built by St Eloi in the 7th c., in the midst of a waste of sand-hills or dunes, and hence its name, Church of the Dunes.' D. was burned by the English in 1388, taken by them under Oliver Cromwell in

DU'NNAGE, on shipboard, is a name applied to miscellaneous fagots, boughs, bamboos, old mats or sails, and loose wood of any kind, laid in the bottom of the hold to rest the cargo upon; either to keep the ship in trim, or to preserve the cargo from damage by leakage.

DU'NNET HEAD, a rocky peninsula, 100 to 600 feet high, the most northerly point of Scotland, on the north coast of Caithness, in lat. 58° 40′ N., and long. 3° 21′ W. It consists of upper old red

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DUNS-DUNSTAN.