going on; the west, receiving in exchange for its produce manufactured goods more than it wanted, exchanged them with NewEngland and the Middle States for fish and such other manufactures as could not be profitably imported from abroad.

11. KENTUCKY.-Agent Louisville Manufacturing Company states: amount invested as capital, &c., $100,000; profits 6 per cent. ; produce 750,000 yards bagging and 750,000 lbs. rope, annually; consume 1,100 tons hemp, at about $55 per ton; employ 80 men, 20 women, 70 boys and girls; men's wages $3 to $9 per week; women, $2 to $4; boys and girls, $1 to $3; work 12 hours the day. These wages 25 per cent. higher than in other employments in the state, from a supposed unhealthiness-same as at the north. Cost of manufacturing bagging since 1837 has decreased from 10 to 5 cents per yard; hemp in yard decreased 10 cents; total saving to consumer 14 cents per yard. Rope, price in 1839, 9 cents per lb; in 1840, 8; 1842, 6; 1843, 5; 1844, 4; 1845, 4. In United States, $3,000,000 of bagging and rope manufactured annually, of which Kentucky produces. This supplies the whole American demand. (Bagging) was formerly imported from Dundee and Calcutta chiefly; -no rope of consequence has ever been imported. When there has been a general failure of the hemp crop, or any other cause to produce a material advance in the price of rope, Sisal and Manilla (which are foreign product) have been brought into this country and made into bale rope. Tariff or no tariff has little or no effect at this time on the bagging manufacturer, for the reason that domestic competition in its manufacture has brought it below a price at which it can be imported without the payment of duty; and for the reason that the cultivation of hemp has been greatly extended in Missouri, Tennessee, Illinois, Indiana, and in this state, until more is grown than is required for the bagging, bale rope, and cordage factories. The Goulding Bagging Factory produces 1,000,000 yards bagging, worth 9 to 10 cents; profits on capital, 3 per cent. ; consume 1,100 tons hemp, at $70; price bagging 1842, 16; 1843, 14; 1844, 12; 1845, 9 and 10 cents. Product bagging in the United States, 18,000,000 yards; in Kentucky, 13,000,000; consumption United States, 15,000,000 yards.

Lewis Saunders answers: 'Tobacco only, of the three named staples, is produced in this state; quantity, from forty to fifty thousand hogsheads; mostly sent to New-Orleans, thence to the eastern cities and to Europe; the remainder sent to Pittsburgh and manufactured at home.

"Kentucky produces for sale, besides tobacco, horses for the saddle, harness and plough; cattle, mules, hogs, sheep, poultry, beef, (mess and prime,) pork, (clear, mess and prime,) lard, oil, corn, oats, hay, potatoes, apples and other fruits, whiskey, cotton bagging, bale rope, negro clothing, hemp and wheat.

"These are the principal articles produced for export; and, except the article of hemp and a portion of those of beef and pork, in barrels, and a part of the whiskey, the remainder (four-fifths) is consumed by the cotton and sugar planters of the south; they are our best and only customers, except for tobacco, hemp, and pork,

Prices for our productions are ruled mainly, if not entirely, by the price of cotton and sugar. When the price of these articles is up. planters pay us good prices; our prosperity depends upon them. If they are depressed by the tariff, or other causes, we feel the depression also.

"We have numerous iron works, making the various kinds of castings, bar, rolled and slit iron, and nails, mostly consumed in the state; negro clothing sold in large quantities to the cotton and sugar planters. This article is made of cotton warp, filled with common wool; no foreign article can compete with it. Some cotton factories for spinning and weaving; productions mostly consumed in the state; a reduction of the tariff would but slightly, if at all, affect this interest. For an estimate, class the sheep of Kentucky at 1,000,000, mostly in small flocks; every farm has some. I know of but few large flocks in the state; nine-tenths of the wool is used by families in a domestic way; prices have been so low within the last three years that farmers are not inclined to increase their flocks.'

A. Beatty answers: This state raises a sufficient supply of horses, mules, hogs, and cattle, and of meats and other provisions of all kinds, for its own use, and a large surplus of each of those articles for export. Besides the agricultural products, the state exports large quantities of cotton bagging, bale rope, twine, and other cordage, jeans for negro clothing, wool, lard, tallow, bees-wax, feathers, and various small articles, such as skins, furs, &c.

12. INDIANA.-J. Nelson, Fort Wayne: Products, wheat, corn, rye, oats, buckwheat, potatoes, flax and hemp, are raised extensively throughout the state. None of the staples of cotton, rice, or tobacco raised, except the latter, which is cultivated quite successfully and to a considerable extent in the interior, south-eastern, and southwestern portions of the state.

Not 2 per cent. profit last three years on agriculture.

In this, the northern portion of the state, the profits of well conducted farms for the ten years preceding the last three were very large; should think not less than 10 per cent.

During most of the period above alluded to, produce was very high; wheat was worth from $1 to $2 per bushel; corn from 4s. to 12s. per bushel; other grain proportionably high. For the period of three years, since 1842, wheat has ranged from 50 to 65 cents; corn from 1s. to 3s. per bushel; other graius alike low.

John F. Reed, Jeffersonville: There are 13 cotton manufactories, with a capital of $160,000; tobacco, number not known, capital $70,000; 426 tanneries, capital $400,000; 600 saddleries, capital $270,000; 40 woollen, capital $90,000.

The quantity of wool raised in this state is about one and a half millions of pounds.

13. ILLINOIS.-Returns several, of which we shall give substance. State produces wheat, corn, oats, tobacco, hemp, flax, grain, pork, beef; profits agriculture, 2 to 4 per cent., formerly 5 to 10. Mines of lead, iron, copper and coal; first named produced extensively.

Products of state, 1845, $60,000,000 from wheat alone; $10,000,000 as an exportable surplus. Raises full supply of hogs, horses, cattle, &c. Exports lead, whiskey, flour, pork, beef, wool, &c. But few manufacturing establishments in the state. Little ship-building or naviga tion; little commerce.

14. MICHIGAN-M. Hinsdill: Agricultural products exported, wheat and wool; ten factories of wool in the state, none extensive; large number of small furnaces for making ploughs, &c.; two or three manufacture steam engines. State builds large numbers of vessels for navigation of lakes; no mines except those of copper on Lake Superior.

15. MISSOURI.-Thos. Gantt; Products, large quantities of tobacco, hemp, wheat, Indian corn, and oats; little cotton, and no rice. Besides these immediate products of the soil, pork and beef are grown in great quantities. There are manufactories of tobacco, iron, queens-ware, sugar-refining, and a cotton factory at Hannibal. Boat-building has engaged some capital of the state.

For the last three years the profits of the best conducted farms, and those most favorably situated, have been about 5 per cent. This is about the maximum of profit. In many cases the profits have been from 2 per cent. to nothing.

During the greater portion of the previous ten years, fair profits. upon the capital employed were realized-say from 5 to 15 per cent. Mines of lead have been long worked, but in an unscientific manner; but enlightened capitalists are now improving this interest, and the quantity sent to market from this state is rapidly increasing. For the last six years the price has been from $2 to $3 50 per cwt. 16. ARKANSAS.-No particulars.

17. WISCONSIN.-Various answers: Produces wheat, corn, rye, oats, vegetable wool, and some tobacco. Exports nothing but furs and peltries; has a few small woollen factories; lead and copper mines; no exportations of agricultural produce before 1842; raises sufficient supply of horses, mules, hogs, and small surplus of bread-stuffs. Wisconsin produces principal portion of the lead of the Upper Mississippi; Galena and Potosi points of shipment; net profits of agriculture 2 per cent. on best lands. Income per hand clear from 1836 to 1839, $100; 1840 to 1841, $25; 1842 to 1844, $10. Wisconsin has four or five iron foundries; as many tanneries; two or three woollen factories on a small scale.

18. Iowa.-No mines except lead. These yield annually about 4,000,000 lbs. of lead, obtained by the labor of between five and six hundred men, requiring no great capital besides. Lead sold for $2 per 100 lbs. from 1833 to 1835; from 1835 to 1837, at about $4; from 1837 to 1842, at $2 50; and at an average of $3 per 100 lbs. from 1842 to the present time. The high price of 1836-37 was chiefly caused by an inflated paper currency; and the present advanced price is caused by the great demand abroad.

Although lead brings $3 per 100 lbs. at present, it is known that those engaged in its production are not as well paid for their labor as any other class of men in the country; and, in proof of this assertion, submits the following estimate made out by several of our most experienced and practical miners:

Capital invested, $50,000, at 6 per cent. per annum.. 500 laborers for one year, at 75 cents per day, say. Powder, tools, candles, &c. ..

Total cost of producing..

4,000,000 lbs. of lead, at 3 cents per lb...

Annual loss to producers....

$3.000 ..112.500

..37.500

.153,000

.120.000

.$33,000

Or, after deducting the actual expense, tools, interest, &c., it will leave a net product of 880,500 to be divided among 500 men, or $161 each per annum, out of which they pay for boarding about $78; leaving but $83 as the earning of each working man for one year, or less than 28 cents per day.

Art. IV. THE SWORD AND THE OLIVE BRANCH.*

J. D. B. DE Bow, Esq. :

ESCHEWING politics, you will not expect from me an essay, to disturb the even tenor of your Magazine, in its march of Commerce, Literature and Science. Abhorring factions, I would not scribble a line to favor one, or put down another. Therefore, in defending a great commander in his opinions of his rights and the dignity of his office, I shall touch only upon a branch of the military art which can give no offence to any one.

To the commander-in-chief, in an offensive campaign, the sword is consigned, with some general object of the war, its lines, &c. To go with him into minute details, is not only harassing, but vicious, and he would be defended by the example of Prince Eugene, in returning to the Aulic Council, at the end of the campaign, their despatches unopened. Killing is not the object of war, but impres sions made upon an enemy and its territory to reduce its strength, and to abate its inclinations for prolonged contest. Hence, the Sword has a better office than slaughter. The Olive Branch may effect more than steel and bullets, opportunely offered or accepted. To deprive a commander of this branch, is excluding him from a main road to victory. Minerva would not have carried off the crown from Neptune, in the judgment of the gods, if the olive tree had no signification but its berries. Our American Eagle would be less one arm, if the olive branch should be snatched from its talons. The

*This paper is from the pen of a military gentleman of high character in Louisiana, and is interesting in many respects, without offending against any of the rules of our periodical.-ED.

right claw holds the branch, and the left the darts, which furnishes an apt illustration of its character, Now, if the chief represents the war eagle of the nation, to give him on his banner a bird of one leg, would not represent the Bird of Jove, nor the power of the Republic, nor the might of the commander-in-chief. No general would march with such a banner, nor would his troops rally under or around it. "Vincere facem" could not be intended under such a flag, nor would "facere pacim" be concluded under the influence of its stars or stripes.

Hannibal, during 17 years in Italy, represented Carthage, and carried no separate civil commissioner amidst his ranks.

Cæsar, in his Gallic campaigns, marched as he pleased, and treated according to his tastes, fighting aud making peace, subduing, or making allies and tributaries, and no civil commissioner would have dared to show his face near the eye of Cæsar, or beside his victorious legions.

If the son of Hamilcar had a Hanno for his enemy at Carthage, and the Great Julius had his Pompey at Ronie, neither they nor their subalterns, in regular pay, or private hire, would have dared to exhibit themselves in the fields of contest.

Let us now see how, in modern times, Bonaparte managed this thing in the fields of Italy. I quote freely from the memoirs, as it is most proper to use the General's own language. Bonaparte said: "The alliance of France with Sardinia is like that of a giant embracing a pigmy; if he stifles him it is against his will, and merely owing to the extreme difference of his organs." The Directory was not willing to comprehend the wisdom and profundity of this policy; it authorized the opening of negotiations, but threw obstacles in the way of their conclusion.

When Mantua opened its gates, Bonaparte (marching on Tolentino, to dictate the terms of peace to the Holy See, and place himself in a situation to march on Vienna) perceived the importance of bringing the affairs of Piedmont to a close, and authorized General Clark to negotiate with M. de Saint Marsan, a treaty. Here we read dictate, which is conquering a peace in earnest. The commander appoints a commissioner. Had General Bonaparte the powers? He did not ask for them, and did not care to ask. They belonged to him in his office of military commander, and he appointed negotiators to follow his instructions.

In another part of his Memoirs we read:-Napoleon had no need of this increase of difficulties; he was already menaced by Alvinzi, whose troops assembled in the Tyrol, and on the Piave. He reproached the French Directory with having left him ignorant of negotiations, which he alone was able to direct. Had he been appointed to direct them, (as ought to have been the case,) he would have delayed opening them for two or three weeks, in order to have received sixteen millions due from the Holy See, by virtue of the armistice of Bologna. The government acknowledged this, and invested him with authority to remedy its blunders if possible. He directed the French agent to disown, confidentially, all the spiritual