must be modified to show new workings and extensions at least once every six months. When a mine is abandoned the map must be extended to include all excavations, and such parts of the mine as have been worked to the boundary lines of adjoining properties or as are to be allowed to fill with water must be surveyed in duplicate. In case the owner fails to furnish a map or in case the inspector believes the map to be inaccurate, he shall have a correct map made at the expense of the owner.

The owners of adjoining mines must leave a pillar of coal along the boundary line which shall be a sufficient barrier for the safety of the employees in case either mine shall be abandoned or allowed to fill with water.

7. Escapement shafts (secs. 57–63).—Every mine must have at least two openings or outlets, separated by strata not less than 60 feet in breadth underground and 150 feet in breadth at the surface, furnishing distinct means of egress. It is not necessary that these openings should be in the same mine. Land may be condemned where necessary to secure an additional outlet; the procedure is regulated in the law. Escapement shafts or slopes shall be fitted with safe and available appliances for exit. In slopes where the angle of inclination is 15 degrees or less a separate traveling way must be provided. No inflammable structure shall be erected over the entrance of any opening and no breaker or other inflammable structure for the storage of coal shall be hereafter built nearer than 200 feet from such an opening.

8. Shafts and hoisting (secs. 63-79, 154-158, 177-180, 187).-The law regulates especially the manner of sinking shafts in order to protect workmen during the process. For example, rock and coal shall not be raised except in a bucket or cage having a safe clevis or fastening. Guides must be provided for cages, to be kept within 75 feet of the bottom of the shaft. Other provisions apply to completed shafts. Proper fences and gates are required at the top and at each slope. A safe and substantial structure must be built overhead to sustain the sheaves and pulleys, and the top must be arranged so that no material can fall into the shaft.

Only competent and experienced persons, at least 21 years of age, may be employed as hoisting engineers. Engineers must be constantly on duty. Their duties are regulated in some detail. Boilers must be examined every six months and must be provided with proper safety valves and other adjustments. The duties of firemen are regulated (sec. 176).

Efficient brakes, flanges, and indicators are required on hoisting drums. The main link of the chain connecting the hoisting rope to the cage must be of the best quality of iron, and proper bridle chains are required. Ropes, catches, etc., must be carefully examined every day. Cages must be provided with efficient hand rails, safety catches, and covers. Not more than ten persons shall ride on a cage or on a car, and no one shall ride on a loaded cage or car. The inspector may reduce the number permitted to ride. There shall be specially designated a headman and a footman in every shaft or slope, who shall be at their places at all times while men are being lowered or hoisted. An empty trip shall be hoisted, whenever the engine has been standing idle for an hour or more, before men are hoisted or lowered. Suitable appliances shall be provided by which conversation can be held between

persons at the top and bottom, and also proper signals. No person shall jump on a car or cage after the signal to start has been given, except the man giving the signal.

9. Ventilation (secs. 111-133, 142-148, 174, 175).-The operators of mines are required to furnish sufficient ventilation, securing not less than 200 cubic feet of air per minute for each person employed. The ventilating current must reach every working place in sufficient quantities. A separate current or split must be provided for each 75 persons. Air passages must be of sufficient area, and the velocity of air shall at no opening exceed 450 feet per minute if gauze safety lamps are used, except in the main inlet or outlet air ways. The quantities of air in circulation shall be measured every week and a monthly report made to the inspector. Ventilators shall be provided with recording instruments. Furnaces may not be used for ventilation in mines generating explosive gases. Headings shall not be driven more than 60 feet from the face of each chamber or breast. Cross cuts must be substantially closed. Doors must close automatically, and all main doors must have an attendant, unless an approved self-acting door is used. Main doors must be so placed that when one is open another having the same effect on the current shall be closed, and an extra main door must also be provided.

Worked out or abandoned parts of mines must so far as possible be kept free from dangerous bodies of gas or water. In mines generating explosive gases a careful examination of all working places must be made every morning, and the men shall not be allowed to enter the mine until it is reported safe. A report of the examination shall be recorded. If at any time a part of the mine becomes dangerous, every workman shall be withdrawn and it shall be rendered safe. In every working where there is likely to be an accumulation of gas, or where danger from gas is imminent, locked safety lamps must be used. Safety lamps shall be the property of the mine owner, and shall be examined, cleaned, and locked by some competent person before use. No miner shall have a key to safety lamps, and no lucifer matches or other apparatus for striking lights is permitted. No blast shall be fired in any mine where locked safety lamps are used except by the permission of the mine foreman. No accumulation of gas shall be removed by brushing where it is possible to remove it by brattice. When gas is ignited, the person igniting it must extinguish it immediately if possible, and otherwise notify the mine foreman.

10. Blasting and explosives (secs. 163-170).-Gunpowder and explosives shall not be stored in a mine, and not more than 25 pounds shall be in the possession of any one workman at one place. A wooden or metallic box, securely locked, must be used for storing, and must be at least ten feet from the track where possible. No lamp, lighted pipe, or other thing containing fire shall be brought nearer than five feet from an open box containing explosives. High explosives must be stored and used in accordance with special rules to be furnished by the manufacturers and to be approved by the mine owners. No iron or steel-pointed needles shall be used, and no tamping bar of iron or steel unless tipped with six inches of copper or other soft metal. Sufficient notice must be given before firing blasts. A charge which has missed fire shall not be withdrawn nor the hole reopened. The burning of fuses and squibs shall not be hastened in any way. No person shall

blast coal who is not duly qualified unless under the immediate charge of an experienced person.

11. Props and timbers (secs. 134-136, 151, 192).-The superintendent or foreman of every mine must furnish suitably prepared props, rails, and timbers, delivered as near the working place as is possible in mine cars. Workmen shall give notice of the need of such material one day in advance. It is the duty of workmen to properly timber all places. No props or timbers which are supporting the roof or sides of the mine shall be removed by cutting; it must be done by blasting. 12. Underground roads (secs. 180-189).-Passageways used for the transportation of materials must be wide enough to permit persons to pass cars, or, if impracticable, must have safety holes not more than 150 feet apart. Locomotives shall not move faster than 6 miles per hour, and must have a sufficient alarm. Proper ventilation must be secured where locomotives are used in any intake air way. No person shall couple cars in motion, unless it be the top man or the bottom man of the slope. When cars are run on gravity roads by brakes or sprags, the runner must ride on the rear end of the last car only, and when run by sprags a space not less than two feet from the body of the car must be provided for passageway. No person under 16, and no person not specially designated, shall run cars on a gravity road. No person shall travel on a gravity plane while cars are being hoisted or lowered. Safety brakes must be provided to prevent cars from running away. The bumpers on cars must be of sufficient length.

13. Breakers (secs. 86-90, 159, 160, 190).-There must be a competent outside foreman in charge of the breaker and outside work at each mine. The engineer of the breaker engine must be sober and competent and not under 18 years of age. A signal apparatus must be established to give notice to the engineer. No person under 15 shall oil the machinery. Where the coal dust is so dense as to be injurious to health the inspector may direct measures for its removal as far as practicable.

14. Accidents (secs. 94-100, 196-203).-Whenever loss of life or serious injury occurs, notice must be given to the inspector of mines. The inspector shall visit the scene of the accident and make suggestions to protect the safety of the persons employed. In case of death as the result of the accident the inspector shall notify the coroner and shall be present at the inquest, where he may examine witnesses. If he is not present, the coroner shall send notice in writing to the inspector if the accident appears to be caused by neglect or defect which requires remedy. No person interested or employed in a mine shall be qualified to serve on a coroner's jury as to an accident happening in that mine. If no investigation is made by the coroner, the inspector shall make a full examination and report.

Every mine owner must furnish a properly constructed ambulance unless the homes of all the workmen are within a half mile. Whenever any person is injured so as to be unable to walk, he shall be removed by the mine owner to his home or to a hospital.

15. Miscellaneous provisions.-Mine owners are directed to use every precaution to insure the safety of workmen in all cases (sec. 138). Each miner is required to report immediately any condition which leads him to suspect danger (sec. 161). The miner in charge of any breast or other place shall examine such place before commencing

work and after firing every blast, and his laborer or assistant shall not go to the place until it has been examined (sec. 171). A person who shall knowingly damage or remove any apparatus or machinery, interfere with ventilation, carry open lights where safety lamps are required, or do anything else which endangers the security of the mine, is punishable (sec. 162). No person shall play or loiter about machinery (sec. 89). All machinery must be protected by covering or railing (sec. 84). The sides of stairs and dangerous walks must be provided with railings (sec. 85). A suitable building for washing and changing clothes must be provided at the request of 20 men in any mine (secs. 91-93). Whenever a place is likely to contain a dangerous accumulation of water, sufficient bore holes must be kept constantly in advance of the workings approaching such a place (sec. 152).

APPENDIX.

PENNSYLVANIA COAL MINE INSPECTION LAW-BITUMINOUS.

[Brightly's Purdon's Digest, 1895, pp. 1359 ff. The center headings do not appear in the statute, but are inserted for convenience.]

MAP OR PLAN OF MINE.

SEC. 226. The operator or superintendent of every bituminous coal mine shall make, or cause to be made by a competent mining engineer or surveyor, an accurate map or plan of such coal mine, not smaller than a scale of two hundred feet to an inch, which map shall show as follows:

First. All measurements of said mine in feet or decimal parts thereof.

Second. All the openings, excavations, shafts, tunnels, slopes, planes, main entries, cross entries, rooms, et cetera, in proper numerical order in each opened strata of coal in said mine.

Third. By darts or arrows made thereon by a pen or pencil the direction of air currents in the said mine.

Fourth. As accurate delineation of the boundary lines between said coal mine and all adjoining mines or coal lands, whether owned or operated by the same operator or other operator, and the relation and proximity of the workings of said mine to every other adjoining mine or coal lands.

Fifth. The elevation above mean tide at Sandy Hook of all tunnels and entries, and of the face of working places adjacent to boundary lines at points not exceeding three hundred feet apart.

Sixth. The bearings and lengths of each tunnel or entry and of the boundary or property lines. The said map or plan, or a true copy thereof, shall be kept in the general mine office by the said operator or superintendent for use of the mine inspectors and for the inspection of any person or persons working in said mine, whenever said person or persons shall have cause to fear that any working place is becoming dangerous by reason of its proximity to other workings that may contain water or dangerous gas.

SEC. 227. At least once in every six months, or oftener if necessary, the operator or superintendent of each mine shall cause to be shown accurately on the map or plan of said coal mine, all the excavations made therein during the time elapsing since such excavations were last shown upon said map or plan; and all parts of said mine which were worked out or abandoned during said elapsed period of time shall be clearly indicated by colorings on said map or plan; and whenever any of the workings or excavations of said coal mine have been driven to their destination, a correct measurement of all such workings or excavations shall be made promptly and recorded in a survey book prior to the removal of the pillars or any part of the same from such workings or excavations.

SEC. 228. The operator or superintendent of every coal mine shall, within six months after the passage of this act, furnish the mine inspector of the district in which said mine is located with a correct copy, on tracing muslin or sun print, of the map or plan of said mine herein before provided for. And the inspector of the district shall, at the end of each year or twice a year if he requires it, forward said map or plan to the proper person at any particular mine, whose duty it shall be to place or cause to be placed on said map or plan all extensions and worked out or abandoned parts of the mine during the preceding six or twelve months, as the case may be, and return the same to the mine inspector within thirty days from the time of receiving it. The copies of the maps or plans of the several coal mines of each district as herein before required to be furnished to the mine inspector shall remain in 273

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