performance cannot be decreed, is inapplicable, where plaintiff has no right to specific performance.

[12] ID. PLEADING AMENDMENT OF COMPLAINT AFTER DEMURRER SUSTAINED REFUSAL OF LEAVE-ABUSE OF DISCRETION-OBJECTION UPON APPEAL.-It is too late to make the contention, for the first time on appeal, that the trial court abused its discretion in refusing leave to amend the complaint after demurrer sustained, where nothing appears in the record to show such an abuse.

Appeal from the Superior Court of Sutter County-K. S. Mahon, Judge.

For Appellant-W. A. Gett.

For Respondents-Wm. V. Cowan, Clyde H. Brand, R. T. McKisick, White, Miller, Needham & Harber.

This is an action against the executors and executrix of the will of William Land, deceased, and the devisees and legatees under such will, to specifically enforce an alleged contract between plaintiff and the deceased, by which deceased obligated himself to bequeath to plaintiff by his will the sum of $50,000. Demurrers to the complaint on the ground, among others, that the same does not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action, were sustained, without leave to amend. We have here an appeal by plaintiff from such judgment.

The case stated by the complaint, so far as material, is substantially as follows: From the year 1870 to a time not definitely alleged, but according to a recital extending over a period of forty years, deceased was engaged in conducting a large hotel and hotel business in the city of Sacramento, known as the Western Hotel, and during all of said time plaintiff was in the employ of deceased "as the chief clerk, accountant, bookkeeper and business confidant" of deceased "in the management and operation of said hotel, hotel business and all and other sundry business connected with the above mentioned business", and during the absence of deceased, as his representative and in the capacity of assistant manager of said business. During all of said time the services of plaintiff were in all respects satisfactory to deceased. During all said time plaintiff and deceased resided at said Western Hotel, associated together and "sustained each toward the other relations of mutual respect, confidence and trust". The business was prosperous, yielding to deceased a profit approximately of $30,000 each year. While plaintiff was so in the employ of deceased he received offers of similar employment in and about hotels in Sacramento and San Francisco at a higher compensation "from time to time" from "divers and sundry persons". Nothing more definite is stated as to these offers. Plaintiff communicated the fact of these offers, as made, to deceased. For the purpose of inducing plaintiff to continue in his employ, deceased agreed with plaintiff that "if he, said plaintiff, would remain with him, . . . and thereafter attend to, render and perform at his said Western Hotel, such services as he, plaintiff, was then performing for" said deceased, "so long as he, . . . owned or conducted said Western Hotel, that he would by his last will and testament devise and bequeath

to plaintiff the sum of fifty thousand dollars". It is impossible to ascertain from the complaint anything about when this agreement was made. Plaintiff relied upon this promise, consented to so remain in the employ of deceased, and did so remain until deceased "retired from the management, conducting and ownership of said Western Hotel". There is no information in the complaint as to how long after the agreement this retirement occurred. Deceased died testate on or about December 30, 1911, leaving estate of the value of about $2,000,000, all of which was acquired while plaintiff was in said employ. The debts and expenses of administration will not exceed $100,000. A paper purporting to be his last will has been admitted to probate as such. All the defendants are named in this paper as devisees or legatees. It nowhere appears in the complaint that plaintiff was not also named as a legatee. It is alleged that by reason of refusing said offers of employment from others at higher compensation, and remaining in the employ of deceased, plaintiff "has suffered great and irreparable injury and damage which cannot be compensated except" by a decree for the specific performance of the agreement. It is also alleged that each of the defendants denies and repudiates all rights of plaintiff in and to the money mentioned, and threatens to cause to have distributed to themselves as legatees and devisees the entire estate, and that the executors and executrix, unless restrained, will pay over and deliver to the defendants all the residue of the estate. There is no allegation that any claim for this money was ever presented to the executors and executrix of the will for allowance, nor any allegation other than as above stated, tending to show that the consideration of the alleged contract was just, reasonable or adequate.

As is urged by respondents, it is nowhere alleged in the complaint that deceased did not provide for the promised legacy in his will. No breach of the contract is alleged, without which, of course, plaintiff could not be entitled to relief of any kind. However, passing this and other objections made to the complaint, we will consider the main question presented by this appeal.

[1] There is no dissent in the authorities from the proposition that one may make a valid contract with another to devise or bequeath property by his last will in a certain specified way. It is clear that in the event of a breach of such a contract, the party damaged has an action at law for the damage caused by such breach of the promisor, and in some cases this, by reason of the circumstances, may be his only remedy, for a resort to any equitable remedy can be had only where the circumstances are such as to make the case one within the well settled principles relative to the proper exercise of equitable jurisdiction.

[2] Where the party damaged is restricted to his remedy at law for the breach, he must necessarily proceed upon the theory that he is a "creditor" of the deceased, having a "claim against the estate" "arising upon contract", within the meaning of those words as used in our probate law, and he is subject to the provisions of our statutes requiring presentation of claims to the

executor or administrator and judge. (Code Civ. Proc., secs. 1490 et seq.) In the absence of such presentation, such a claim, by express provision of the statute, is forever barred. While, owing to the nature of the contract before us, a final breach cannot be regarded as occurring until the death of the deceased, the breach was committed by the deceased, and the liability on account thereof is his. There is no decision in this state that is contrary to this view. Expressions in some opinions which, when detached from their context and considered alone, might appear to give some support to a contention that such a claim need not be so presented, furnish no such support when considered in connection with the question under discussion. On the other hand, it was substantially stated in Etchas v. Orena, 127 Cal. 588, that it is essential to an action for breach of contract to compensate one for services by making provision in such person's favor in a will, that a claim against the estate be presented, that no claim could exist against the estate in such case except one founded upon the fact that such services were performed and no provision made in the will for compensation, and that the particulars of the claim should be stated. It is well settled that where presentation of a claim against the estate is essential, a complaint which does not aver that the claim has been presented fails to state a cause of action, (Burke v. Maguire, 154 Cal. 462; Morse v. Steele, 149 Cal. 305.) [3] The complaint here contains no allegation as to the presentation of a claim by plaintiff to the executors and executrix, and it is not suggested that it could truthfully have been amended to show such a presentation. The claim of counsel is that it was not necessary to present a claim. It has been held that where services have been performed in pursuance of a contract to leave property by will to the one rendering the service, and the promisor fails to comply with the agreement, a recovery may be had at law against his estate for the reasonable value of the services. (See Cyc. 1069.) Of course, in such a case, presentation of the claim would be essential. Manfestly, for this defect, if for no other, the complaint must be held to be fatally defective, unless the facts stated therein entitle plaintiff to equitable relief.

[4] It is settled that courts of equity, to use the language of Pomeroy, "will, under special circumstances, enforce a contract to make a will, or to make a certain testamentary disposition,

not by ordering a will to be made, but by regarding the property in the hands of the heirs, devisees, assignees, or representatives of the deceased promisor, as impressed with a trust in favor of the plaintiff, and by compelling defendant, who must of course belong to some one of these classes of persons, to make such a disposition of the property as will carry out the intent of the agreement". (McCabe v. Healy, 138 Cal. 81, 84.) The italics are ours. What are the "special circumstances" that warrant a resort to equity? We think it may safely be asserted that in the hundreds of cases to be found in the reports in which this doctrine has been considered, none can be found to support appellant's claim that the circumstances of this case are such as to entitle him to relief in equity.

[5] Passing without discussion other requisites, it is elementary that where, as here, the primary right of a party is legal in its nature, as distinguished from equitable, and one for which the law affords some remedy, as here damages by way of compensation for breach of contract, a proper exercise of the equitable jurisdiction will not give equitable relief in any case where the legal remedy is full and adequate and does complete justice. No principle of equitable jurisprudence is more firmly established than this. (1 Pom. Eq. Jur., sec. 221.) [6] For instance, the exclu sive jurisdiction of equity to grant relief by way of specific performance of a contract will be exercised only in those cases where the legal remedy of compensatory damages is insufficient under the circumstances of the case, in the opinion of the court, to do complete justice between the parties. The fact that in applying this doctrine, courts of equity have established the further rule that in general the legal remedy of damages is inadequate in all agreements for the sale or letting of land, does not interfere with this rule. [7] In so far as cases of the character of the one before us are concerned, the very basis of the granting of equitable relief is the conclusion in view of the circumstances of the particular case that full and adequate compensation cannot be had at law. Certainly no case has been cited to us, and we know of none, in which such relief has been given where it was apparent that full and adequate compensation can be given at law. Everything that has been said by this court is in accord with this view. In Owens v. McNally, 113 Cal. 444, it was said: "But in such cases the reason for the interposition of equity is quite obvious. Plaintiff has rendered service of extraordinary and exceptional character, such vice as in contemplation of the parties was not to be compen sated for in money, and, as in contemplation of law, cannot be compensated for in money; therefore, by no action at law could a plaintiff be restored to his original position. It would be in the nature of a fraud upon him to deny him any relief, and, the law failing by reason of its universality, equity, to promote justice, makes good its imperfections." The italics are ours. And in Flood v. Templeton, 146 Cal. 374, where such relief was denied because plaintiff's remedy at law was adequate, it was said: "Equity, it is true, does entertain contracts for specific performance to convey the whole or any portion of the promisor's property by will, but it decrees such performance, first, only upon clear proof of fairness, justness and adequacy,

ser

..; and, second, it does so only where the plaintiff cannot be compensated in money. These cases usually arise where the service is of some extraordinary nature which cannot be, and in the contem plation of the parties was never expected to be, paid for in money, as where home ties are broken," etc. And quoting from Owens v. McNally, supra, the court further said: "Specific per formance .. will be decreed only when no other adequate relief is available to plaintiff," and also, "The jurisdiction of a court of equity to decree specific performance does not . . depend at all upon the question whether the contract relates to

real or personal property, but altogether upon the question whether the breach complained of cannot be adequately compensated in damages. If it can, the action has no place in a court of equity, and the plaintiff's remedy is strictly in law. . . . So it will be found that in all of the cases in which specific performance of these agreements to leave property by will has been decreed by the courts, there has been present the element of peculiar personal services, fully performed and incapable of compensation in money."

[8] There is no force in plaintiff's contention that the rule in this respect has been changed in this state by an amendment of section 3384 of the Civil Code. That section as originally enacted in 1872, in addition to providing, as it does now, that "except as otherwise provided in this article, specific performance of an obli gation may be compelled", contained four subdivisions stating instances in which such relief would be granted, and the second of these subdivisions read "When the act to be done is such that pecuniary compensation for its non-performance would not afford adequate relief". This section was amended in 1874 by striking out all of these four subdivisions. There is no provision in the article in terms precluding the relief of specific performance in the case of such a contract as the one before us, even though pe cuniary compensation would afford adequate relief. Neither is there any provision in terms precluding such relief as to any obligation to pay money. If counsel's claim in this behalf be cor rect, the effect of the amendment is to authorize a decree of specific performance of the obligation of the maker of a promissory note or any other obligation to pay money. Of course no such intent as that claimed can be attributed to the amendment. The reason for the amendment apparently was that it was deemed unwise to attempt to specify by statute all the particular circumstances under which such relief might be granted, and it was thought best to provide simply that it could always be granted, except as otherwise provided in the article. But this obviously was not intended to dispense with the fundamental requirement that the law does not afford an adequate remedy. That section simply means that specific performance of an obligation may be compelled in any case where the circumstances are such as to authorize such relief under the well settled doctrines of equity jurisprudence, except as otherwise provided in the article. Over and over again since such amendment was made, this court has said that inadequacy of any remedy at law is absolutely essential to the granting of a decree of specific performance. The only intimation to the contrary that we have been referred to, or have found, is in the opinion in Shannon v. Cavanaugh, 12 Cal. App. Rep. 434, decided by the district court of appeal of the second district. No application for a hearing in this court was made in that case. We cannot follow or approve any intimation in the opinion in that case to the effect that, under our code as it now stands, specific performance may be decreed notwithstanding the plaintiff can be fully compensated at law. It was held in that case, passing the suggestion we have referred to, that the circumstances