and yet so few feel effectually persuaded that it is their duty to come forth to the heathen! It tends greatly to the discouragement of those who are already in the field. While so great a proportion of those, who examine this point of duty, deliberately decide that it is not their duty, to engage in the missionary work, what are we to think?

"In general, those who excuse themselves from the work, must do it for general reasons, which would be as applicable to others as to themselves, and which would excuse those who have gone forth to the work, as well as themselves. Therefore, must not those men who thus excuse themselves, think either that those who engage in the missionary work do wrong, or that themselves who decline it, do wrong?

"Here it would ill become the solemnity of the subject, to cavil and quibble, and say: 'What! shall we all go to the heathen? Then what will become of our own countrymen?' Let such quibblers beware how they mock the faithfulness of God. When thousands have gone forth to the heathen, and God has failed to fulfil his promise, that he that watereth, shall be watered also himself, or when he shall not have caused religion to flourish among the people at home, in proportion as they labor for the heathen abroad, then, and not till then, let the objection be heard.

"Some seem to speak as though a man must have some secret or special call, before he can decide in favor of being a missionary. If, on rational grounds, he feels persuaded that he ought to be a minister any where, and if he feels disposed to go to the heathen, I should think that no other call than this, unless in extraordinary cases, can reasonably be required. I have doubted whether I ought to be a missionary; but it was for the same reasons, for which I ought to doubt, whether it was right for me to be a minister any where.

Brethren, you see that I think there are good reasons, why you should become missionaries to the heathen, and of course good reasons why I should desire it. Certainly I do. And I greatly long to see every one of you strenuously exerting himself to diffuse the same sentiments among all the pious young men in the country.

"Form great plans, and execute them with great zeal and prayerfulness. Every thing that can be desired, might be done by exertion with God's blessing. Seize every possible opportunity for impressing the subject upon the mind of every pious youth. But I must stop.

66 Brethren, pray for us. May the Spirit of God be with you, guide you in all your deliberations, and make you the instruments of winning many souls to Christ.

"Your affectionate brother and fellow-servant,

"G. HALL."

NOTE. There are in the United States, 1,500,000 members of evangelical churches. Supposing the average number of members in a church to be 75, it would require only one man from each church to supply the whole heathen world with one missionary to every 30,000 souls. This would be a number sufficient to place a Bible in every family, and with the aid of the press, and native assistants, make known the gospel to every creature. If, then, all the churches were animated with the spirit of Jesus Christ, could they not furnish men enough to supply the world with missionaries ?

Again suppose each church member to contribute $5 a year to purchase the Bibles, and support the missionaries. The sum would be $7,500,000. The expense of giving the Bible to every heathen family, in 30 years, would be $3,333,333 a year, leaving $4,166,666, which would support 6,944 missionaries, at a salary of $600 a year. If the number of church members should continue to increase in the same ratios as at present,

1832.] LITERARY INSTITUTIONS IN EUROPE AND UNITED STATES.

21

it would be, in 1837, not far from 2,280,000. Contributing, as before, $5 a year, they would support 13,127 missionaries. In 1842, ten years from the present time, the number of church members would be not less than 3,300,000, and they would support 21,944 missionaries, or more than enough to give the gospel to every human being. The work, then, can be done. For who can doubt the ability of the members of the churches generally, to give $5 a year for this object? Almost any one might save it from the expenses of the table, or of dress, by the practice of a little more economy, or self-denial; or might earn it by a little increase of industry. Christians pay much more for articles of mere luxury and fashion, than would be necessary to defray the expense of evangelizing the world.

T.

COMPARATIVE STATE OF INSTRUCTION IN EUROPE AND THE UNITED STATES.

In the July number of the Annals of Education and Instruction,* there are some interesting observations upon the condition of the literary institutions of this country, compared with those of Europe. The article was communicated to the American Lyceum by Mr. Woodbridge, the Editor of the Annals. The opportunities for the profound study of every branch of science and literature in Europe, are greatly superior to those in our own country. The princes of many of the smaller states of Europe, whose power or talents do not permit them to become conspicuous by their conquests or political influence, find a wide field for distinguishing themselves, by becoming the patrons of the arts and literature. How striking and painful the contrast is in our own country, need not here be mentioned. "An unhappy jealousy," remarks Mr. Woodbridge, "exists against the attempt to elevate the standard of science and literature, lest they should be made the instruments of establishing a literary aristocracy. It is forgotten, that even in despotic governments, the nation of literary men has ever remained a republic." Another encouragement to the profound studies to which the scholars of Europe devote themselves, arises from the fact, that in many countries it is the surest, if not the only road to distinction. The offices of state are assigned by inheritance or patronage, in such a manner that most of the community are forever excluded from the hope of becoming statesmen." "But in the United States, the road to distinction and wealth, is through an active or political life. Every citizen is called upon to take a part in the political, social, and religious concerns of the community, and every one, who possesses high intellectual power, is called upon to an extent, which absorbs all the time and strength which is not demanded by the labors necessary for subsistence." At the close of the preliminary observations, of which we have given a slight sketch, Mr. Woodbridge presents the following tabular statement of the number of students in the universities and colleges of the respective States of this country, and of the principal nations of Europe. The materials for the former, were derived from the American Quarterly Register, and for the latter, from the Weimar Statistical Almanac for 1831-a work of high authority.

It is a matter of regret, that our government do not embrace in the decennial enumeration of the inhabitants, statements respecting the common

*We take this opportunity to commend to our readers, the Annals of Education, as a work of great and increasing value. Such a publication should not languish for want of pecuniary support. Philanthropic men, in our towns and counties, could hardly render a more essential service to the cause of education, than by circulating gratuitously several copies, according to the population of their respective districts.

schools, and the number of pupils, academies, high schools, colleges, and professional schools. In this way, a literary census of great value might be taken, with very little trouble or expense. From period to period, it would furnish a most satisfactory exposition of the state and progress of literature and education, and materials for comparison between the several divisions of the country, and between this country and Europe.

COMPARISON OF THE NUMBER OF STUDENTS IN THE UNITED STATES
WITH THAT OF THE COUNTRIES OF EUROPE.

The number of Academical Students in the United States is here estimated at 3,475;
Theological Students, 663; Legal, 88; Medical, not far from 2,000. They belong to the
several States as here apportioned. For want of data, however, the Medical and Legal
Students were divided among the various States according to their respective population.
American States.
European Countries.

In reviewing this table, we shall perceive, that in accordance with an opinion often expressed, Scotland gives more of her youth a collegiate education than any other country in the world. Baden, Massachusetts, and Connecticut, fall little short of this standard; and these are the only countries in the world, according to these estimates, which have one collegiate pupil for less than 1,000 inhabitants. New Hampshire, according to the calculation of the American Quarterly Register, is the only American State besides, in which there is more than one for 1,500; while in Europe, Saxony, England, Hanover, Bavaria, Tuscany, Spain, and Russia, all have a proportion greater than this. It must not be forgotten, however, that the Universities and Colleges of Spain furnish nothing which deserves to be called, a truly liberal education. Vermont, Maine, New Jersey, South Carolina, Pennsylvania, New York, and Rhode Island, composing all the Eastern and three of the Middle States, and one of the Southern, have one student for less than 2,000 inhabitants, in which they are rivalled by Wurtemberg, Sweden, Portugal, and the Netherlands. Most of the Southern and Western States have from 2,000 to 4,000 inhabitants to a student. In this proportion, the highest compare with Switzerland, and the rest with Denmark, Naples, and Austria. The most recent Western States have only one to every 5,000 inhabitants; and still are placed on a level with France and Ireland. Russia, stands alone among the civilized countries of the world, and only gives a liberal education to one person in 15,000 of her population.

As a mass, it would appear that the Eastern States provide the advantages of a collegiate education, such as they are in the United States, for a greater proportion of their population than England, or any European countries except Scotland, Baden, and Saxony. The Middle States are as well provided as Wurtemberg, Sweden, and the Netherlands. The Southern States will compare with Switzerland in this respect; and the Western States, with all their destitution, are as well supplied with liberally educated men, so far as numbers are concerned, as Denmark and Austria.

The comparative state of Common School Instruction is very different from that of Collegiate Instruction. In this, the United States have the pre-eminence, whether we compare them with the mass of European countries, or select individual examples. The Edinburgh Review admitted many years since, that 'The great body of the American people is better educated (instructed) than the mass of any European community.' The following table derived from the best sources, shows the proportion of children who receive Common School Instruction to the whole population, in several European countries, and in several of the United States, and furnishes statistical evidence of the truth of this remark.

Proportion of Pupils in Common Schools to the whole Population.

It will be seen in examining this table, that the proportion of children, receiving Common School Instruction in New York and the Eastern States, is greater than in any country of the civilized world. So unusual is the proportion in New York, that Schwartz, the distinguished German historian of education, could scarcely believe it correct. In Pennsylvania and New Jersey, whose destitution is the subject of so much well-founded regret and anxiety, the mass are still better taught than in most countries of Europe better than in Scotland

itself; and even the Western States will soon have as much of common instruction as France. Still we should feel, that the neglect which may be for the time, safe in a despotism, is ruinous in a republic; for it undermines the basis of free institutions.

NEWSPAPERS.

IN 1827, there appeared, in the United States, 25,000,000 numbers to 11,600,000 inhabitants; in Great Britain, 483 different newspapers and other periodicals to 23,400,000 inhabitants; in Sweden and Norway, 82 journals to 3,866,000 inhabitants; in the States of the Church, 6 newspapers to 2,598,000 inhabitants. (Stockholm, with 78,000 inhabitants, has 30 journals; Rome, with 154,000, only 3.) Denmark, to 1,950,000 inhabitants, has 80 journals, of which 71 are in the Danish language; 23 are devoted to politics, 25 to the sciences. Prussia has 12,416,000 inhabitants, and 288 journals and periodicals. (Berlin has 221,000 inhabitants, and 53 periodical works; Copenhagen has 109,000 inhabitants, and 57 journals.) The Netherlands have 6,143,000 inhabitants, and 150 journals. In the German confederation (excluding Austria and Prussia), there are 13,300,000 inhabitants, and 305 journals; in Saxony, to 1,400,000 inhabitants, 54 newspapers; in Hanover, to 1,550,000 inhabitants, 16 newspapers; in Bavaria, to 3,960,000 inhabitants, 48 newspapers. France, with a population of 32,000,000, has 490 periodical works (660 printing establishments, 1,500 presses; in Paris, 81 printing establishments, or 850 presses). In Paris alone, containing 890,000 inhabitants, there are 176 periodical works. As curiosities in this branch of literature, we may mention the newspaper established in Egypt by authority of Mohammed Pacha, printed at Boulac, near Cairo, and containing a report of all public transactions of consequence. February 21, 1828, appeared the first number of the Cherokee Phoenix, a weekly paper, published at New Echota, Georgia, partly in English, partly in Cherokee Indian. In British India six gazettes are published in the Bengal dialect.

The following account will show the gigantic apparatus of a London daily paper. The copy-right of the Times has been calculated at from £100,000 to £120,000; but it would be difficult to affix a correct value to such an establishment. If it be true that the share-holders have sometimes divided a net profit of £24,000 per annum, the capital must be estimated at a much higher rate. Employed upon each morning paper, there are an editor, a sub-editor, from ten to fourteen regular reporters, at salaries from four to six guineas per week, each; from thirty to thirty-five compositors in the printing office; one or two readers, who correct the proofs as they come from the compositors; a reading boy, whose duty it is to read the copy aloud, whilst the reader makes his corrections upon the proof; a printer; and a certain number of men and boys to attend to the printing machine, and to take off the papers as they fall from the cylinders; a publisher and sub-publisher; two or more clerks in the office, to receive advertisements and keep the accounts; a porter, a number of errand boys, &c. The salary of an editor, upon a respectable morning paper, is from £600 to £1,000 per annum; and a sub-editor receives from £400 to £600 per annum. Besides the regular reporters of a newspaper, there are several occasional, or, as they are called, "penny a line" reporters; from the circumstance of their furnishing articles of intelligence at a fixed price per line, viz. 14d. or 1d. They are not attached to any particular newspaper. The aggregate charge for copy furnished by these persons forms a considerable item in the weekly expenditure of a newspaper. The salaries paid by a first-rate morning paper weekly, to its editors, reporters, and others on the establishment, do not amount to less than £180 per week.-Encyc. Amer.