cubines and baudes, were nat therfore named liberall, but suffreth therfore parpetuall reproche of writars, beinge called lam circumdedit cum suâ familiâ. Sorengus vero expergefactus de Bordello exiit, et fugiens in vivarium exilire voluit.'—De Ducibus Normannis, lib. vi. cap. 14, Here it is evident that vilis casa, domuncula, and bordellum, are equivalent expressions. Again, in the Black Book of the Exchequer, we find the same use of the word in a proclamation of outlawry of one William de Braose, in which it is alleged by the King that 'postquam transfretavimus in Hyberniam, ipse nobis malum fecit quod potuit, et unum molendinum et tres Bordellos combussit,' vol. i. p. 382. ed. 1771. Dugdale, who gives this document at length in his Paronage, vol. i. p. 417, translates the above passage thus: After the king was gone into Ireland (W. de B.) did more mischief by burning of houses.' And in a charter belonging to the Priory of Briweton or Bruton, in Somersetshire, we find enumerated amongst their possessions, ortum ante portam atrii cum bordello.'—Mon. Angl. vol. vi. pt. I, p. 336, ed. 1830. In a letter of protection granted by King John II. of France to the city of Florence, A. D. 1351, occurs the following clause: 'Mandantes Senescallis Tholose et Agenni, &c., quatenus dictos Consules et habitatores dictæ villæ eorum officiales et servitores, familiares hominesque suos de corpore, cum eorum bonis et rebus, juribus, domibus, maneriis, bordillis et possessionibus universis et singulis, in et sub dictis protectione et salvâ ac speciali Gardiâ Regiâ manuteneant et conservent.'-Ordon. des Rois de France, tom. iv. p. 96, ed. 1734, where the word bordillis is explained in a side note to be 'especes de maison.' The word, however, had even at this period acquired the secondary and less reputable signification which it has retained up to the present time, for we find it so used in an award of arbitrators appointed by Gregory X. to settle certain disputes between the Archbishop of Vienne and the Chapter of St. Romain, made in 1274. Item quòd prout decet, dict. Dom. Archiepiscopus, Vicarius, Judex, seu Correarius non permittant neque sustineant morari mulierem uxoratam publicè in prostibulo seu bordello.'-Hist. de Dauphiné, tom. i. p. 126, ed. 1722. Dugdale, among the charters relating to the foundation of Saint Mary's Abbey at York, prints one in which occurs the following passage: 'Item inquiratur qualiter dicti canonici capel lam sive heremitorium de Bordelbi primitus obtinuerunt, et utrum ante Conquestum dictum Bordelbi pro lupanari habebatur.'—Mon. Ang, vol. iii. p. 547, ed. 1821. To turn to English writers, the word is used by Chaucer in The Persones Tale, in the sense applied to it by Sir T. Elyot, namely these harlottis, that haunten bordels of these foule wommen.'-Works, vol. iii. p. 346, ed. 1866. While Harrison employs a form of the word which appears to be intermediate between its earliest and latest forms. Speaking of monks he says, 'Being bold from time to time to visit their tenants, they wrought oft great wickednesse, and made those endwares little better than brodelhouses, especiallie where nunries were farre off.’—— Descript. of Engl. p. 194.

This word may perhaps come from the name of the place, bordellum, borda, or from the French word baude, signifying bold, insolent, impudent. It is impossible in the face of the facts stated in the last note to accept Richardson's suggestion that bordell is derived from bawd.

a

deuourers and wasters of treasure. Wherfore in as moche as liberalite holy resteth in the geuynge of money, it somtyme coloureth a vice. But beneficence is neuer taken but in the better parte, and (as Tulli saieth) is taken out of vertue, where liberalite commeth out of the cofer. Also where a man distributeth his substaunce to many parsones, the lasse liberalitie shall he use to other; so with bounteousnes bountie is minisshed.e Onely they that be called beneficiall, and do use the vertue of beneficence, whiche consisteth in counsaylinge and helpinge other with any assistence in tyme of nede, shall alway fynde coadiutours and supportours of their gentyll courage. And doughtlas that maner of gentilnesse that consisteth in labour, studie, and diligence, is more commendable, and extendeth. further, and also may more profite parsones, than that whiche resteth in rewardes and expences.e But to retourne to liberalitie.

* Gibbon declares that 'it is almost superfluous to enumerate the unworthy successors of Augustus. Their unparalleled vices, and the splendid theatre on which they were acted, have saved them from oblivion. The dark unrelenting Tiberius, the furious Caligula, the feeble Claudius, the profligate and cruel Nero, the beastly Vitellius, and the timid inhuman Domitian, are condemned to everlasting infamy.' The same writer says of Elagabalus, that he 'abandoned himsel to the grossest pleasures with ungoverned fury, and soon found disgust and satiety in the midst of his enjoyments. The inflammatory powers of art were summoned to his aid; the confused multitude of women, of wines, and of dishes, and the studied variety of attitudes and sauces, served to revive his languid appetites. New terms and new inventions in these sciences, the only ones cultivated and patronised by the monarch, signalised his reign, and transmitted his infamy to succeeding times. A capricious prodigality supplied the want of taste and elegance; and whilst Elagabalus lavished away the treasures of his people in the wildest extravagance, his own voice and that of his flatterers applauded a spirit and magnificenceunknown to the tameness of his predecessors.'—Decline and Fall of Rom. Emp. vol. i. pp. 217, 282, ed. 1854.

'Altera ex arcâ, altera ex virtute, depromitur.'—De Off. lib. ii. cap. 15. 'Ita benignitate benignitas tollitur; quâ quo in plures usus sis, eo minus in multos uti possis.'—Cic. ubi supra.

d'At qui operâ, id est virtute et industriâ, benefici et liberales erunt, primum, quo pluribus profuerint, eo plures ad benignè faciendum adjutores habebunt.'Cic. ubi supra.

e

"Quamobrem id quidem non dubium est, quin illa benignitas, quæ constet

What greater foly may be, than that thinge that a Prodi man most gladly dothe, to endeuour him with all galytic. studie that it may no lenger be done? Wherfore Tulli calleth them prodigall, that in inordinate feastes and bankettes, vayne playes, and huntinges, do spende al their substaunce, and in those thinges wherof they shall leaue but a shorte or no remembraunce." Wherfore to resorte to the counsaile of Aristotle before expressed. Natwithstandinge that liberalitie, in a noble man specially, is commended, all though it somwhat do excede the termes of measure; yet if it be well and duely emploied, it acquireth parpetuall honour to the giuer, and moche frute and singuler commoditie therby encreaseth." For where honeste and virtuous parsonages be aduaunced, and well rewarded, it sterith the courages of men, whiche haue any sparke of vertue, to encrease therein, with all their force and endeuour. Wherfore nexte to the helpinge and relieuinge of a communaltie, the great part of liberalitie is to be emploied on men of vertue and good qualities. Wherein is required to be ex operâ et industriâ, et honestior sit, et latiùs pateat, et possit prodesse pluribus.' -Cic. De Offic. lib. ii. cap 15.

'Prodigi, qui epulis et viscerationibus, et gladiatorum muneribus, ludorum venationumque apparatu pecunias profundunt in eas res, quarum memoriam aut brevem, aut nullam omnino, sint relicturi.'-De Off. lib. ii. cap. 16.

b Πρέπει δὲ καὶ οἷς τὰ τοιαῦτα προϋπάρχει δι' αὐτῶν ἢ διὰ τῶν προγόνων ἢ ὧν αὐτοῖς μέτεστι, καὶ τοῖς εὐγενέσι καὶ τοῖς ἐνδόξοις καὶ ὅσα τοιαῦτα· πάντα γὰρ ταῦτα μέγεθος ἔχει καὶ ἀξίωμα. Μάλιστα μὲν οὖν τοιοῦτος ὁ μεγαλοπρεπής, καὶ ἐν τοῖς τοιούτοις δαπανήμασιν ἡ μεγαλοπρέπεια, ὥσπερ εἴρηται· μέγιστα γὰρ καὶ ἐντιμότατα.— Arist. Ethic. Nicom. lib. iv. cap. 2, § 14.

• It was thus that Addison, starting as a poor scholar, with a pension of £300 a year, procured for him by the influence of Montague, to enable him to travel, was advanced to the highest office. Addison,' says Lord Macaulay, 'without high birth, and with little property, rose to a post which Dukes, the heads of the great houses of Talbot, Russell, and Bentinck, have thought it an honour to fill. Without opening his lips in debate he rose to a post the highest that Chatham or Fox ever reached.' But he explains that this rapid promotion was due to the fact that 'to the influence which Addison derived from his literary talents was added all the influence which arises from character.'-Essays, vol. ii. pp. 335, 336, ed. 1854.

Pitt seems to have totally ignored this injunction. The love of literature,' says Lord Macaulay, 'had induced Augustus to heap benefits on Pompeians,

a good election and iugement, that, for hope of rewarde or fauour, under the cloke of vertue be nat hidde the moste mortall poisone of flaterie.a

CHAPTER XI.

The true discription of amitie or frendship.

I HAUE all redy treated of beneuolence and beneficence generally. But for als moche as frendship, called in latine Amicitia, comprehendeth bothe those vertues more specially and in an higher degree, and is nowe so infrequent or straunge amonge

Somers to be the protector of nonjurors, Harley to make the fortunes of Whigs. But it could not move Pitt to show any favour, even to Pittites. Though the sound rule is that authors should be left to be remunerated by their readers, there will in every generation be a few exceptions to this rule. To distinguish these special cases from the mass is an employment well worthy of the faculties of a great and accomplished ruler; and Pitt would assuredly have had little difficulty in finding such cases. . . What a contrast between the way in which Pitt acted towards Johnson and the way in which Lord Grey acted towards his political enemy Scott, when Scott, worn out by misfortune and disease, was advised to try the effect of the Italian air! What a contrast between the way in which Pitt acted towards Cowper and the way in which Burke, a poor man and out of place, acted towards Crabbe! Even Dundas, who made no pretensions to literary taste, and was content to be considered as a hard-headed and somewhat coarse man of business, was, when compared with his eloquent and classically educated friend, a Mæcenas or a Leo. Dundas made Burns an exciseman with seventy pounds a year; and this was more than Pitt, during his long tenure of power, did for the encouragement of letters. Even those who may think that it is, in general, no part of the duty of a government to reward literary merit, will hardly deny that a government which has much lucrative Church preferment in its gift, is bound, in distributing that preferment, not to overlook divines whose writings have rendered great service to the cause of religion. But it seems never to have occurred to Pitt that he lay under any such obligation.'-Biographies, p. 184-187, ed. 1860.

Cicero can find no term sufficiently opprobrious to apply to this vice. 'Habendum est, nullam in amicitiis pestem esse majorem, quàm adulationem, blanditiam, assentationem. Quamvis enim multis nominibus est hoc vitium notandum, levium hominum atque fallacium, ad voluntatem loquentium omnia, nihil ad veritatem.'-Cic. de Amicit. cap. 25.

mortall men, by the tyrannie of couetise and ambition, whiche haue longe reigned, and yet do, that amitie may nowe unethe be knowen or founden throughout the worlde," by them that sceke for her as diligently, as a mayden wolde seeke for a small siluer pinne in a great chamber strawed with white russhes, I will therfore borowe so moche of the gentle redar

So Patrizi says: Idcirco rarò admodum hæc amicitia esse cernitur. . . Non parva conditio haberi debet ea, quam Euripides tragicus præscribit, тà Tüv píλwv Kowa, hoc est, amicorum omnia communia, et præsertim nostris temporibus, in quibus avaritia aded plerosque invasit, ut quotidiano cibo ac victu seipsos defraudent, nemini benigniores sint, nihil amico inopi, etiam ex his rebus quæ eis superfluunt, impertiantur, vixque ab alienis manus abstineant. Quinetiam amicitiæ jam vulgo non virtute, sed utilitate aut voluptate probantur.'—De Regno et Reg. Instit. lib. viii. tit. II.

'Unfortunately,' says a modern writer, 'from the vast complication of selfish considerations in which most men in a society like ours are involved, it is scarcely possible for any to experience the full enjoyment which is to be derived from friendship. We see this happiness at its height only in the young, who have as yet few cares. In the middle of life, our hearts are scarcely better fitted for the culture of this delightful sentiment than is the highway for the rearing of flowers. Few, therefore, can have the noted advantage of going on with certain friends through their whole career, until, in their elderly days, they feel towards them in so intensely sympathetic a manner that they appear as parts of the same being. These were joys appropriate, I fear, only to Arcadian times.'—Chambers' Essays, vol. iii. p. 237, ed. 1847.

• This was from time immemorial the substitute for carpets, and remained so until the 17th century. Mr. Wright tell us that in the middle ages floor-carpets were sometimes used in the chambers, but this was uncommon, and they seem to have been more usually, like the hall, strewed with rushes. It appears that sometimes, as a refinement in gaiety, flowers were mixed with the rushes. In an old French fabliau (Méon, Nouv. Recueil de Fabliaux, tom. i. p. 75), a lady who expects her lover, lights a fire in the chamber, and spreads rushes and flowers on the floor.

"Vient à l'ostel, lo feu esclaire,

Jons et flors espandre par l'aire.”—Dom. Man. in Eng. p. 246. Paul Hentzner, who visited England in 1598, speaking of the Royal Palace of Greenwich, where the Queen was then keeping her Court, says that even the floor of the Royal Presence Chamber was so covered. His words are 'pavimentum, uti in Angliâ moris est, fano erat constratum.'-Itinerarium, p. 135, ed. 1617. Horace Walpole, who translated this work, renders the word 'hay,' but adds in a note, 'he probably means rushes.' Even in the palaces of royalty the floors were generally strewed with rushes and straw, sometimes mixed with sweet herbs. 'In the Household Roll of Edward II. we find an entry of money paid to John de