be deuoured, and wolde nat hurte him, but lickynge the legges and handes of the man, whiche laye dismayde lokynge for dethe, toke acquaintaunce of him, and euer after folowed him, beinge ladde in a small lyam;a wherat wondred all they that behelde it. Whiche historie is wonderfull pleasaunt, but for the lengthe therof I am constrayned nowe to abrege it.

Howe moche be they repugnaunt, and, (as I mought saye) enemies bothe to nature and reason, that suche one whome they haue longe knowen to be to them beneuolent, and ioyned to them in a syncere and assured frendship, approued by infallible

rat : atque ideo, cunctis petentibus, dimissum Androclum et pœnâ solutum, leonemque ei suffragiis populi donatum. Postea, inquit, videbamus Androclum et leonem loro tenui revinctum urbe totâ circum tabernas ire: donari ære Androclum ; floribus spargi leonem: omnes fere ubique obvios dicere: "Hic est leo hospes hominis, hic est homo medicus leonis."-Noct. Att. lib. v. cap. 14.

The word Lyam (=lorum) is not noticed by Richardson. Mr. Todd suggests the Saxon ligan = ducere as a derivation, but is it not rather connected with the French lien? Its meaning being a leash or thong. In a curious contemporary account of the boyhood of Sir Peter Carew, of Mohun Ottery, in Devonshire, we read that in consequence of his continually playing the truant at school, his father 'at his next comynge then to Excester, callinge his sonne before hyme, tyed hyme in a lyem, and delyuered hime to one of his seruauntes, to be caryed aboute the towne as one of his houndes, and they led hyme home to Mohones Otrey, lycke a dogge; and after that, he beinge come to Mohones Otrey, he copled hyme to one of his howndes, and so contynewed hyme for a tyme.'—Archæol. vol. xxviii. p. 97. The word is also used more than once by Drayton :

'My Doghooke at my Belt, to which my Lyam's tyde,
My sheafe of Arrowes by, my Woodknife at my syde,
My Crosse-bow in my hand, my Gaffle or my Rack,
To bend it when I please, or if I list to slack;
My Hound then in my Lyam, I by the Woodman's Art
Forecast where I may lodge the goodly Hie-palm'd Hart.
The Muse's Elizium, p. 52, ed. 1630.

And again in The Battaile of Agincourt:

'A youthful Hunter with a chaplet crown'd
In a pyde Lyam leading foorth his Hound.'

Poems, vol. ii. p. 21, ed. 1631.

Randle Holme in his Academy of Armory, speaking of the terms used with reference to dogs, says, "The string wherewith we lead them, for the Hound, is called a Lyam, for a grey-hound, a Lease, and for a spaniel, a Line.'-P. 186, ed. 1688.

tokens, ratified also with sondry kyndes of beneficence, they will contemne or neglecte, beinge aduaunced by any good fortune. I require nat suche excellent frendship as was betwene Pitheas and Damon, betwene Horestes and Pilades, or betwene Gysippus and Titus, of whome I haue before written (for I firmely beleue they shall neuer happen in payres or couples). Nor I seke nat for suche as will alway preferre the honour or profite of their frende before their owne, ne (whiche is the leste parte of frendshippe) for suche one as desirously will participate with his frende all his good fortune or substaunce. But where at this day may be founden suche frendship betwene

two, but that where fortune is more beneuolent Frendeshippe to the one than to the other, the frendship waxeth of tyme. tedious, and he that is aduaunced desireth to be matched with one hauinge semblable fortune. And if any damage hapneth to his olde frende, he pitieth him, but he soroweth nat, and though he seme to be sorowfull, yet he helpeth nat, and though he wolde be sene to helpe him, yet trauaileth he nat, and though he wolde be sene to trauaile, yet he suffreth nat. For (let us laye a parte assistence with money, whiche is

• Emerson however says, 'Friendship may be said to require natures so rare and costly, each so well tempered, and so happily adapted, and withal so circumstanced (for even in that particular, a poet says, love demands that the parties be altogether paired) that its satisfaction can very seldom be assured. It cannot subsist in its perfection, say some of those who are learned in this warm lore of the heart, betwixt more than two. I am not quite so strict in my terms, perhaps because I have never known so high a fellowship as others. I please my imagination more with a circle of godlike men and women variously related to each other, and between whom subsists a lofty intelligence. But I find this law of one to one peremptory for conversation, which is the practice and consummation of friendship.'-Essays, vol. i. p. 87, ed. 1866.

Bacon says, 'There is little friendship in the world, and least of all between equals, which was wont to be magnified. That that is, is between superior and inferior, whose fortunes may comprehend the one the other.'-Essays, p. 439. On the other hand, Dr. Johnson says, 'Friendship is seldom lasting but between equals, or where the superiority on one side is reduced by some equivalent advantage on the other.'--Rambler, No. 64.

• Bacon says, 'Near kinsfolks and fellows in office, and those that are bred together, are more apt to envy their equals when they are raised; for it doth up

a very small portion of frendshippe,") who will so moche esteme frendship, that therfore wyll entre into the displeasure, nat of his prince, but of them whome he supposeth may minysshe his estimation towardes his prince, ye and that moche lasse is, will displease his newe acquaintaunce, equall with him in autorite or fortune, for the defence, helpe, or aduauncement of his auncient and well approued frende? O the moste miserable astate at this present tyme of mankynde, that, for the thinge whiche is moste propre unto them, the example therof muste be founden amonge the sauage and fierce bestes."

[But alas suche peruerse constellation nowe reigneth ouer men, that where some be aptely and naturally disposed to amitie, and fyndeth one, in similitude of studie and maners, equall to his expectation, and therfore kendeleth a feruent

braid unto them their own fortunes, and pointeth at them, and cometh oftener into their remembrance, and incurreth likewise more into the note of others; and envy ever redoubleth from speech and fame.'-Essays, p. 81.

⚫ And indeed is very often destruction of it, for as a modern essayist says, 'To incur important obligations to a friend, is almost certain to destroy the friendship. The two are from that moment in a totally different relation to each other. Uneasy fears possess the one-a painful sense of humiliation occupies the other. They are no longer equals. Under such circumstances, a perfect confiding attachment can no longer exist.'- Chambers, Essays, vol. iii. p. 236. If I had inclination and ability to do the cruelest thing upon earth to the man I hated, I would lay him under the necessity of borrowing money of a friend.'— Chalmer's Brit. Essayists, The World, No. 3.

What follows, to the end of this chapter, is omitted in all the subsequent editions; for what reason it is impossible to say, but probably for fear of its personal application to some 'friend at court' of the author.

* This was the age of credulity, and astrology exercised an important influence over the minds of the unlearned, whilst even the learned were not ashamed to admit the operation of the mysterious science. Thus Erasmus says, 'Affirmant Astrologi certis annis apparere stellas crinitas, quæ ingens adferant momentum ad publicam rerum mundanarum commutationem, vi quâdam fatali adficientes hominum et mentes et corpora, tum flumina, maria, terram, aera, et quidquid in his mirè penetrantes. At nullus Cometes exori queat orbi tam exitialis, quàm princeps flagitiosus, contra nullum tam salutare sidus, quàm dux inculpatus.'-Opera, tom. iv. col. 531, ed. 1703. And Bacon says, 'The Scripture calleth envy an evil eye, and the astrologers call the evil influences of the stars evil aspects, so that still there seemeth to be acknowledged, in the act of envy, an ejaculation or irradiation of the eye.'-Essays, p. 8o.

loue towarde that persone, puttinge all his ioye and delite. in the praise and auauncement of him that he loueth, it hapneth that he whiche is loued, beinge promoted in honour, either of purpose neglecteth his frende," therby suppressynge libertie of speche or familiar resorte; or els esteming his mynde with his fortune onely, and nat with the suertie of frendship, hideth from him the secretes of his harte, and either trusteth no man, or els him whome prosperous fortune hath late brought in acquaintaunce. Wherby do ensue two great inconueniences; one is, that he which so entierly loued, perceyuinge his loue to be vaynely employed, withdraweth by litle and litle the fire whiche serueth to no use, and so amitie, the greattest treasoure that may be, finally perissheth. The other inconuenience is, that he whiche neglecteth suche a frende, either consumeth him selfe with solicitude, if he be secrete, or in sondry affaires for lacke of counsayle is after with repentaunce attached, or disclosinge his mynde to his newe acquaintaunce is soner betrayed than well counsaled. Wise men knowe this to be true, and yet will they unethe be content to be thus warned.]

'And what is friendship but a name,

A charm that lulls to sleep;

A shade that follows wealth or fame,
But leaves the wretch to weep?'

Goldsmith, Edwin and Angelina.

b Erasmus says, 'Ii quos nostri amantissimos existimamus, sicut hirundines exactâ æstate devolant, ita fortunâ reflante deficiunt. Nonnunquam recentior amicus veterem ejicit.'-Opera, tom. i. col. 420.

• Bacon says that the man who takes counsel by pieces,' i. e. who confides in many friends, 'runneth two dangers; one, that he shall not be faithfully counselled-for it is a rare thing, except it be from a perfect and entire friend, to have counsel given, but such as shall be bowed and crooked to some ends, which he hath that giveth it; the other, that he shall have counsel given, hurtful and unsafe (though with good meaning) and mixed partly of mischief and partly of remedy—even as if you would call a physician, that is thought good for the cure of the disease you complain of, but is unacquainted with your body-and therefore, may put you in a way for present cure, but overthroweth your health in some other kind, and so cure the disease and kill the patient.'-Essays, p. 265.

a

CHAPTER XIV.

The election of frendes and the diuersite of flaterers.

cendo amico

A NOBLE man aboue al thinges aught to be very circumspecte in the election of suche men as shulde continually attende upon his persone at tymes vacant from busye affayres, whome he may use as his familiars, and saufely committe to them his secretes. For as Plutarche saieth, what so euer he be Plutarchus that loueth, he doteth and is blynde in that thinge de cognos whiche he dothe loue, except by lerninge he can ac- ab adulacustome him selfe to ensue and sette more price by tore. those thinges that be honest and vertuous, than by them that he seeth in experience and be familiarly used. And suerly as the wormes do brede moste gladly in softe wode and swete, so the moste gentill and noble wittes, inclined to honoure, replenisshed with moste honest and curtaise maners, do sonest

King James, in his advice to his son, says, 'It is not onely lawfull, but necessarie, that yee haue companie meete for euerything yee take on hand, as well in your games and exercises as in your graue and earnest affaires. But learne to distinguishe time according to the occasion, chesing your companye accordinglie. Conferre not with hunters at your counsell, nor in your counsell affaires; nor dispatche not affaires at hunting or other games.'-Baσiλikdv Aŵpov, lib. iii. p. 126. Patrizi enlarges upon the necessity of discrimination in the companions of royalty. 'Nam reges ac principes, homines multo humiliores vix conjunctâ consuetudine complecti dignarentur, et similes invenire, cum quibus versarentur, nequirent. Carebunt itaque hâc perfectiore amicitiâ qui imperant, quando inter pares æqualesque agitur. Ejusmodi tamen amicitiæ similitudinem, si optarit rex, virum aliquem virtute præstantem eligat, cujus consuetudine fruatur, quum à rebus magnis ac seriis ocium erit.'-De Regno et Reg. Inst. lib. viii. tit. 11. Bacon says, 'It is a strange thing to observe how high a rate great kings and monarchs do set upon this fruit of friendship whereof we speak—so great, as they purchase it many times at the hazard of their own safety and greatness: for princes, in regard of the distance of their fortune from that of their subjects and servants, cannot gather this fruit, except, to make themselves capable thereof, they raise some persons to be as it were companions and almost equals to themselves, which many times sorteth to inconvenience.'-Essays, p. 260.

b Τυφλοῦται γὰρ τὸ φιλοῦν περὶ τὸ φιλούμενον, ἂν μή τις μαθὼν ἐθισθῇ τὰ καλὰ Tiμậy kal diwkeiv pârλov † tà ovyyevî kal oikeîa.—-Plut. de Adul. et Am, cap. 1.