studiousely discussed controuersies, whiche all most dayly he herde in his owne persone."

Traiane and bothe Antonines, emperours of Rome, and for their vertue worthy to be emperours of all the worlde, as well in exterior affaires as in the affaires of the citie, were euer so continually occupied that uneth they founde any litle tyme to haue any recreation or solace.b

Alexander also, emperour, for his incomparable grauitie called Seuerus, beinge but of the age of xviii yeres whan he firste was made emperour, was inclyned to so incredible labours, that where he founde the noble citie of Rome, than mastresse of the worlde, throughly corrupted with moste abhominable vices, by the moste shameful example and liuing of that detestable monstre, Varius Heliogabalus, next emperour before him, a great parte of the Senate and nobilitie beinge resolued in to semblable vices, the

71. Ἐν δὲ Ῥώμῃ πολλὴ μὲν ἐπὶ τῷ λόγῳ περὶ τὰς συνηγορίας αὐτοῦ χάρις ἐξέλαμπε, πολλὴ δὲ τῆς περὶ τὰς δεξιώσεις καὶ ὁμιλίας φιλοφροσύνης εὔνοια παρὰ τῶν δημοτών ἀπήντα, θεραπευτικοῦ παρ' ἡλικίαν ὄντος.-Plut. Caesar, 4. But these passages refer solely to Cæsar's early career, and not to the period of his elevation to the supreme power.

A

'Jus laboriosissimè ac severissimè dixit.'—Sueton. Julius, 43.

Merivale says, 'The legislator qualified himself for the task of propounding or applying legal principles, by assiduous labour in the administration of existing law. Trajan exchanged the toils of war for the labours of the forum.'-Hist. of Rome, vol. vii. p. 266, ed. 1862. Whilst speaking of the first of the Antonines, the same writer tells us that 'from his early years Antoninus had been engaged in the active discharge of official duties.'-Ibid. p. 498. And of Aurelius, that 'to the cares of public administration he devoted his patient attention; but his heart was in the libraries of ancient wisdom, or with its best living expositors; for these he reserved the hours borrowed from sleep or recreation; and throughout his father's reign, he never, it is said, was tempted to quit his closet at Rome but for two nights.'—Ibid. p. 514.

'Ubi ergo Augustus agere cæpit imperium, primum removit judices omnes à Republicâ et à ministeriis atque muneribus, quos impurus ille Heliogabalus ex genere hominum turpissimo provexerat: deinde senatum et equestrem ordinem purgavit. Ipsas deinde tribus, et eos qui militaribus nituntur prærogativis, purgavit, et palatium suum comitatumque omnem, abjectis ex aulico ministerio cunctis obscœnis et infamibus, nec quemquam passus est esse in palatinis nisi necessarium hominem.'-Hist. Aug. tom. i. p. 901, ed. 1671.

chiualrye dispersed, martiall prowesse abandoned, and well nyghe the maiestie emperiall dissolued and brought in contempt, this noble yonge prince Alexander, inflamed with the zeale of the pristinate honour of the Romaynes, layenge a parte utterly all pleasures and quietnesse, holy gaue his witte and body to studye and trauayles intollerable, and chesinge out of all partes of the worlde men of grettest wisedome and experience, consultinge with theim, neuer ceased untill he had reduced as well the Romaynes as all other cities and prouinces unto them subiecte, to their pristinate moderation and temperaunce. Many other examples coulde I reherce to the commendation of paynefulnesse. But these shall suffice at this present tyme to proue that a gouernour must nedes be painefull in his owne persone, if he desire to haue those thinges prosper that be commytted to his gouernaunce.

CHAPTER XI.

Of the noble and fayre vertue named Pacience.

PACIENCE is a noble vertue, appertayninge as well to inwarde gouernaunce as to exterior gouernaunce, and is the vainquisshour of iniuries, the suer defence agayne all affectes and passions of the soule, retayninge all wayes glad semblaunt in aduersitie and doloure.

'Fuit præterea illi consuetudo, ut si de jure aut de negotiis tractaret, soios doctos et disertos adhiberet : si vero de re militari, milites veteres et senes ac benemeritos, et locorum peritos ac bellorum et castrorum, et omnes literatos, et maximè eos qui historiam norant requirens quid in talibus causis quales in disceptatione versabantur, veteres imperatores vel Romani vel exterarum gentium fecissent.'— Hist. Aug. tom. i. p. 905.

I.e. countenance.

So Chaucer in the Romaunt of the Rose,

'Hir forheed frounceles al pleyne,

Bent were hir browis two,

Hir yen greye, and glad also,

That laugheden ay in hir semblaunt.

Poet. Works, vol. vi. p. 27, ed. 1866.

Saynt Ambrose saieth in his boke of offices, Better is he Ambrosius that contemneth iniurie, than he that soroweth. For Offi. i. he that contemneth it as he nothynge felte, he passeth nat on it but he that is sorowfull, he is therewith tourmented as though he felt it.a

Whiche was well proued by Zeno Eleates, a noble Philosopher, who beinge a man of excellent wisedome and eloquence, came to a citie called Agrigentum, where raygned Phalaris, the mooste cruell Tyraunt of all the worlde, who kept and used his owne people in mooste miserable seruitude. Zeno firste thought by his wisdome and eloquence to haue so persuaded the Tyraunt to temperaunce that he shulde have abandoned his cruell and auaricious appetite. But custome of vice more preuayled in him than profitable counsayle. Wherfore Zeno, hauynge pitie at the wretched astate of the people, excited dyuers noble men to deliuer the citie of that seruile condition. This counsayle was nat so secretely gyuen but that notice therof came to the Tyraunt, who, causinge all the people to be assembled in the market place, caused Zeno there to be cruciate with sondrye turmentes, all wayes demaundynge of hym who dyd participate with hym of his said counsayle. But for no paynes wolde he confesse any persone, but induced the Tyraunt to haue in mistrust his nexte frendes and familyar seruauntes, and reprouynge the people for their cowardise and drede, he at the laste so inflamed them unto

b

'Melior est itaque qui contemnit injuriam, quàm qui dolet. Qui enim contemnit, quasi non sentiat, ita despicit : qui autem dolet, quasi senserit, torquetur.'Ambros. de Off. lib. i. cap. 6, fo. 9b. ed. 1609.

Incipiam autem a Zenone Eleate: qui cum esset in despiciendâ rerum naturâ maximæ prudentiæ, inque excitandis ad vigorem juvenum animis promtissimus, præceptorum fidem exemplo virtutis suæ publicavit. Patriam enim egressus, in quâ frui securâ libertate poterat, Agrigentum miserabili servitute obrutum petiit, tantâ fiduciâ ingenii ac morum suorum fretus, ut speraverit, et tyranno et Phalari vesanæ mentis feritatem à se diripi posse. Postquam deinde apud illum plus consuetudinem dominationis, quàm consilii salubritatem, valere animadvertit, nobilissimos ejus civitatis adolescentes cupiditate liberandæ patriæ inflammavit. Cujus rei cum indicium ad tyrannum manasset, convocato in forum populo, torquere eum rio cruciatûs genere coepit: subinde quærens, quosnam consilii participes haberet.

libertie, that sodaynely, with a great violence, they fell on the Tyraunt and pressed him with stones. The olde Zeno in all his exquisite tourmentes neuer made any lamentable crye or desire to be relieued. But for this fourme of Pacience, this onely example suffiseth at this tyme, sens there be so frequent examples of martyrs, whiche for true religion sustayned pacyently nat onely equall tourmentes with Zeno, but also ferre excedynge. But nowe wyll I wrytte of that Pacience that pertaineth unto interior gouernaunce, wherby the naturall passions of man be subdued, and the malyce of fortune sustayned. For they whiche be in autoritie and be occupied about great affaires, their lyues be nat onely replenisshed with labours and greuous displeasures, but also they be subiectes to sondrye chaunces.b

с

Howe pa

The meane to optayne pacyence is by two thinges principally. A directe and upryght conscience, and true and constant opinion in the estimation crence of goodnes. Whiche seldome commeth onely of maye be optained. nature, excepte it be wonderfull excellent; but by the diligent studye of very philosophie (nat that whiche is sophisticate, and consisteth in sophismes ) nature is therto

At ille nec eorum quempiam nominavit, sed proximum quemque ac fidissimum tyranno suspectum reddidit : increpitansque Agrigentinis ignaviam ac timiditatem, effecit, ut, subito mentis impulsu concitati, Phalarim lapidibus prosternerent. Senis ergo unius eculeo impositi non supplex vox, nec miserabilis ejulatus, sed fortis cohortatio totius urbis animum, fortunamque mutavit.'-Val. Max., lib. iii. cap. 3, ext. 2.

• Pontanus had already said, ' Plena est exemplorum nostra, id est Christiana historia, nec duos licet, aut tres ex eâ proferre, sed plurimos, nec sigillatim sed gregatim, nec viros tantum sed mulieres, easque non modo natu grandiores, verum etiam puellas, quarum animi esse solent maximè imbecilli. Quibus exemplis confirmati, non mortem modo patienter ferendam sed genera mortis contemnenda esse doceamur.'-Opera, tom. i. fo. 79.

Bacon fully realised the truth of this when he wrote, 'Certainly great persons had need to borrow other men's opinions to think themselves happy, for, if they judge by their own feeling, they cannot find it. The rising unto place is laborious, and by pains men come to greater pains.'--Essays, p. 92, ed. 1857. • I.e. belief in, as Cicero uses the parent word in the following passage :—'Quum conciliatrix amicitiæ virtutis opinio fuerit.'-De Amicit. cap. 11.

Bacon divides false philosophy into sophistical, empirical, and superstitious.

prepared and holpen. This Opinion is of suche powar that ones cleuynge faste to the mynde, it draweth a man as it were by violence to good or euill. Therfore, Tulli saieth, Lyke as whan the bloode is corrupted, and eyther fleame or

Tuscul. q. iii. Colere, blacke or redde, is superhabundaunt, than in the body be ingendred sores and diseases, so the vexation of euill opinions and their repugnauncie despoileth the mynde of all helthe, and troubleth it with griefes. Contrarye wyse afterwarde Tulli describeth good Opinion, and calleth it the beaultie of the soule, sayenge in this wyse, As of bodelye membres there is an apte figure, with a maner pleasauntnesse of colour, and that is called beaultie; so in the soule the equalitie and constaunce of opinions and iugementes ensuynge vertue, with a stable and stedfaste purpose, or contaynynge the selfe same effecte that is in vertue, is named beaultie.b Whiche sentences depely inuestigate and well perceyued by them that be about princes and gouernours, they may consider howe ware and circumspecte they aught to be in the indusinge them to opinions. [Whereof they be sufficiently admonished by the moste excellent diuine Erasmus Roterodamus, in his boke of the Institution of a Christen prince, whiche in myne

Sophistical, when it consists of dialectic subtleties built upon no better foundation than common notions and every-day observation; empirical, when it is educed out of a few experiments however accurately examined; and superstitious when theological traditions are made its basis.

'Quemadmodum cum sanguis corruptus est, aut pituita redundat, aut bilis, in corpore morbi ægrotationesque nascuntur; sic pravarum opinionum conturbatio, et ipsarum inter se repugnantia, sanitate spoliat animum, morbisque perturbat.'—Tusc. Disput. lib. iv. cap. 10.

Et, ut corporis est quædam apta figura membrorum, cum coloris quâdam suavitate; ea quæ dicitur pulchritudo; sic, in animo, opinionum judiciorumque æquabilitas et constantia, cum firmitate quâdam et stabilitate virtutem subsequens, aut virtutis vim ipsam continens, pulchritudo vocatur.'-Tusc. Disput. lib. iv. cap. 13.

• The remainder of this chapter is omitted in all the subsequent editions. Discat amare virtutem, horrere turpitudinem, et ab inhonestis pudore, non metu coerceatur. Et quamquam nonnulla boni Principis spes in emendatis moribus ac moderatis affectibus est sita, præcipua tamen est in rectis opinionibus. Nam mores malos aliquoties et pudor corrigit, depravatos affectus vel ætas emendat, vel