opinion can nat be so moche praysed as it is worthy. Therfore I will leaue nowe to write any more of Opinion, sauynge that I wolde that it shulde be all waye remembred, that opinion in iuginge thinges as they verely be armeth a man unto pacience.]

CHAPTER XII.

Of Pacience in sustayninge wronges and rebukes."

UNTO hym that is valyaunt of courage, it is a great payne and difficultie to sustayne Iniurie, and nat to be furthwith reuenged. And yet often tymes is accounted more valyauntnesse in the sufferaunce than in hasty reuengynge. As it was in Antoninus the emperoure, called the philosopher, agayne whome rebelled one Cassius, and usurped the emperiall maiestie in Syria and the Este partes. Yet at the laste, beinge slaine by the capitaynes of Antonine next adioyninge, he therof un wetynge was therwith sore greued. And therfore takyng to hym the chyldren of Cassius, entreated them honorably, wherby he acquired euer after the incomparable and moste assured loue of his subiectes. As moche dishonour admonitio. Cæterum ubi persuasum est id cum virtute conjunctum esse, quod procul abest ab honesto, et id egregium esse Principis munus, quod plus quàm tyrannicum est, hoc est ubi fontes sunt infecti, à quibus omnes vitæ proficiscuntur actiones, tum difficillimum fuerit mederi. Proinde in hoc primam ac præcipuam esse curam oportet instituentis, sicuti dictum est, ut pravas vulgi opiniones penitus ex animo revellat, si qui forte insederint, et salutares Christianoque Principe dignas inserat.'-Inst. Prin. Christ. pp. 73-74, ed. 1519.

This seems to have been suggested by a chapter of Pontanus, of which the title is De tolerandis injuriis et contumeliis. See Opera, tom. i. fo. 84 b.

b

'Ipsum Cassium pro clementiâ occidi passus est, non occidi jussit. Deportatus est Heliodorus filius Cassii, et alii liberum exilium acceperunt cum bonorum parte. Filii autem Cassii et amplius mediâ parte acceperunt paterni patrimonii, et auro atque argento adjuti, mulieres autem etiam ornamentis, ita ut Alexandria filia Cassii et Druncianus gener, liberam vagandi potestatem haberent, commendati amitæ marito. Doluit denique Cassium extinctum, dicens voluisse se sine senatorio sanguine imperium transigere.'-Hist. Aug. tom. i. p. 390, ed. 1671.

с

and hatered his sonne Commodus wanne by his impacience, wherein he so exceded, that for as moche as he founde nat his bayne hette to his pleasure, he caused the keper therof to be throwen in to the hote brennynge furnaise." What thynge mought be more odible than that moste deuelysshe impacience? Julius Cesar, whan Catullus the Poete wrate agayne hym contumelyouse or reprocheable versis, he nat onely forgaue him, but to make hym his frende, caused hym often. tymes to soupe with hym. The noble emperour Augustus, whanne it was shewed hym that many men in the citie had of hym unfittinge wordes, he thought it a sufficient answere that in a free citie men muste haue their tunges nedes at libertie. Nor neuer was with any persone that spake euill of

This is another instance of the employment by the author of a French word instead of an English. Hall, in his account of the reception of Charles V. in 1522, says: On Saterday the Kyng and the Emperor playd at tennice at the Bayne.'-Chron. vol. ii. fo. 98, b. ed. 1548. This no doubt formed part of the Palace of Bridewell, which, as Stowe says, Henry VIII. purposely builded for the entertainment of the Emperor.'—Survey, vol. i. p. 63. And possibly from having been occupied by foreigners may have received a foreign name. Lord Berners, in his translation of Froissart's account of the attack upon the Count of Flanders' house by the men of Ghent in 1381, says: "They lefte no gentylmans house unbrent or cast downe to the erthe; and thanne they came agayne to Marlle, the erles howse, and beate downe all that they had left standyng before, and ther they founde the cradell wherein the erle was kept in his youthe, and brake it al to peces, and a fayre bayne wherin he was wont to be bayned.'~Chron. vol. i. p. 702, ed. 1812.

Auspicium crudelitatis apud Centumcellas dedit anno ætatis xii. Nam quum tepidius forte lotus esset, balneatorem in fornacem conjici jussit: quando à pædagogo cui hoc jussum fuerat, vervecina pellis in fornace consumpta est, ut fidem pœnæ de fotore nidoris impleret.'-Hist. Aug. tom. i. p. 474

From the Latin odibilis, which, however, is not used by the best authors. Lampridius says of Heliogabalus : 'Vitâ, moribus, improbitate ita odibilis, ut ejus nomen senatus eraserit.'-Hist. Aug. tom. i. p. 827. The paragraph in the text is obviously merely a translation of the following sentence of Pontanus: 'Quid hâc impatientiâ, immo impotentiâ tetrius?'-Opera, tom. i. fo. 84 b.

a Valerium Catullum, à quo sibi versiculis de Mamurra perpetua stigmata imposita non dissimulaverat, satisfacientem, eâdem die adhibuit cœnæ, hospitioque patris ejus, sicut consuerat, uti perseveravit.'—Sueton. Julius, 73.

• This does not exactly represent the sense of the original, as the reader will see, for it is obvious that the allusion is to the following passage: 'Interdum ob

hym in worde or countenaunce warse discontented. Some men will nat praise this maner of Pacience, but account hit for folysshenes, but if they beholde on the other side what incommoditie commeth of impacience, howe a man is therewith abstracte from reason and tourned in to a monstruous figure, and do conferre all that with the stable countenaunce and pleasaunt regarde of him that is pacient, and with the commoditie that dothe ensue thereof they shall affirme that that simplicitie is an excellent wisedome. More ouer the best waye to be aduenged is so to contemne Iniurie and rebuke, and lyue with suche honestie, that the doer shall at the laste be therof a shamed, or at the leste, lese the frute of his malyce, that is to say, shall nat reioyce and haue glorie of thy hyndraunce or domage.

CHAPTER XIII.

Of Pacience deserued in repulse, or hynderaunce of promocion. To a man hauynge a gentyll courage, lyke wise as nothinge is so pleasaunt or equally reioyceth him as rewarde or preferment sodaynely giuen or aboue his merite, so nothinge may be to him more displeasaunt or paynefull than to be neglected in his payne takynge, and the rewarde and honour that he loketh to haue, and for his merites is worthy to haue, to be gyuen to one of lasse vertue, and perchaunce of no vertue or laudable qualitie. Plato in his Epistell to Dion, kynge of immodicas altercationes disceptantium è Curiâ per iram se proripienti quidam ingesserunt, "Licere oportere senatoribus de Republicâ loqui.' "Sueton. Octavius, 54. But Sir Thomas Elyot has merely copied Pontanus, who says: 'Augustus cum multorum maledictis vexaretur, satis habuit respondere, quòd in civitate liberâ et linguas esse liberas oporteret.'-Opera, tom. i. fo. 85, ed. 1518. 'Etiam sparsos de se in Curiâ famosos libellos nec expavit, nec magnâ curâ redarguit.'-Sueton. Octavius, 55.

a

Sir Thomas Elyot has evidently borrowed the title of this chapter from one of Pontanus entitled De tolerandâ repulså, but the subject is treated from a different point of view by the Italian author.

Scicile, It is (sayeth he) good right that they which be good men, and do the semblable, optayne honour whiche they be worthy to haue.a

What
Commodi

ties do

happen by

the ad

uancement

men.

Undowghtedly in a prince or noble man may be nothinge more excellent, ye nothing more necessarye, than to aduaunce men after the estimation of their goodnes; and that for two speciall commodities that do come thereof. Fyrste, that therby they prouoke many of good men to apprehende vertue. Also to them whiche be good and all redy aduaunced do gyue suche courage, that they endeuour them selfes with all their powar to encrease that opinion of goodnes, wherby they were brought to that aduauncement whiche nedes muste be to the honoure and benefite of those by whome they were so promoted. Contrary wise, where men from their infancie haue ensued vertue, worne the florisshynge tyme of youthe with paynefull studie, abandonynge all lustes and all other thinge whiche in that tyme is pleasaunt, trustynge therby to profite their publike weale, and to optayne therby honour, whan either their vertue and trauayle is litle regarded, or the preferment whiche they loke for, is giuen to an other nat equall in merite, it nat onely perceth his harte with moche anguisshe, and oppresseth hym with discomfort, but also mortifieth the courages of many other whiche be aptly disposed to studie and vertue, and hoped therby to haue the propre rewarde therof, whiche is commendation and honour, which beinge giuen to men lackyng vertue and wisedome, shall be occasion for them to do euill (as Democritus sayeth ), for who doughteth but that autoritie Νομίζω γὰρ δίκαιον εἶναι τοὺς ὄντας τῇ ἀληθείᾳ ἐπιεικεῖς καὶ πράττοντας τοιαῦτα τυγχάνειν δόξης τῆς προσηκούσης. -Epistolographi Græci, p. 500, ed. Hercher, 1873.

a

So Bacon says: "The most honourable kind of following is to be followed as one that apprehendeth to advance virtue and desert in all sorts of persons.'Essays, p. 438, ed. 1857.

с

Apparently the allusion is to the following passage : Οἱ κακοὶ ἰόντες ἐς τὰς τιμάς, ὁκόσῳ ἂν μᾶλλον ἀνάξιοι ἐόντες ἴωσι, τοσούτῳ μᾶλλον ἀνακηδέες γίνονται καὶ ἀφροσύνης καὶ θράσεις πίμπλανται. Democriti Opera, p. 199, ed. Mullach. 1843.

in a good man dothe publisshe his vertue, whiche before laye hydde? In an euill man it ministreth boldnesse and lycence to do euill, whiche by drede was before couered. Surely this Repulse or (as they vulgarly speke) puttynge backe from promotion, is no litle payne or discomforte, but it may be withstande, or at the lest remedied, with pacience, whiche may be in this wise induced.

Where by

induced.

Fyrste, considerynge that the worlde was neuer so constant that at all tymes before good men were iustely rewarded, and none but they onely promoted. pacyence Cato, called Uticensis, at whose wisedome all the may be worlde woundred, and whose grauitie, as well the Senate and people of Rome, as other kynges and princis, reuerensed, lokynge to be one of the Consules, was openly reiecte. Wherwith his frendes and kynnesmen toke no litle discomfort. But Cato hym selfe so litle regarded that repulse, that where all wayes he went very homely, he the nexte day folowinge, decked and trymmed hym selfe more fresshely than he was wont, and whanne he had shewed hym selfe so to the people, at after none he walked with one of his frendes in the markette place, bare legged and in sengle apparayle, as he was accustomed."

Bacon has a passage strongly resembling this. 'It is most true what was anciently spoken, "A place showeth the man; and it showeth some to the better and some to the worse. Omnium consensu, capax imperii, nisi imperasset, saith Tacitus of Galba; but of Vespasian he saith, solus imperantium Vespasianus mutatus in melius, though the one was meant of sufficiency, the other of manners and affection.'- Essays, p. 95.

• Ωρμησεν ὁ Κάτων ὑπατείαν παραγγέλλειν ὡς ἀφαιρησόμενος, εὐθὺς τὰ ὅπλα τοῦ Καίσαρος ἢ τὴν ἐπιβουλὴν ἐξελέγξων. . . . Πείσας δὲ τὴν βουλὴν ψηφίσασθαι τοὺς μετιόντας τὴν ἀρχὴν αὐτοὺς δεξιοῦσθαι τὸν δῆμον, δι ̓ ἑτέρου δὲ μὴ δεῖσθαι μηδὲ ἐντυγχάνειν ὑπὲρ αὐτῶν περιιόντος, ἔτι μᾶλλον ἐξηγρίανε τοὺς ἀνθρώπους, εἰ μὴ μόνον τὸ λαβεῖν μισθὸν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸ διδόναι χάριν αὐτοὺς ἀφῃρημένος ἄπορον καὶ ἄτιμον ὁμοῦ τὸν δῆμον πεποίηκε. Πρὸς δὲ τούτῳ μήτε αὐτὸς ἐντυχεῖν ὑπὲρ αὑτοῦ πιθανὸς ὢν, ἀλλ ̓ ἐν ἤθει τὸ τοῦ βίου μᾶλλον ἀξίωμα βουλόμενος φυλάσσειν ἢ προσλαβεῖν τὸ τῆς ἀρχῆς ποιούμενος τὰς δεξιώσεις, μήτε τοὺς φίλους ἐάσας οἷς ὄχλος ἁλίσκεται καὶ θεραπεύεται ποιεῖν, ἀπέτυχε τῆς ἀρχῆς. Φέροντος δὲ τοῦ πράγματος οὐκ αὐτοῖς μόνοις τοῖς ἀποτυχοῦσιν, ἀλλὰ καὶ φίλοις αὐτῶν καὶ οἰκείοις σὺν αἰσχύνῃ τινὶ κατήφειαν καὶ πένθος