appetite, especially if a small quantity is also drank."*

The justly celebrated Kempfer had visited these remarkable springs in the end of the seventeenth century; and Gmelin, in the eighteenth century, 1773, has added little to the account of Hanway, except that the soil is a coarse marl, mixed with sand, and effervescing with acids. There are many other wells in an adjoining peninsula; and the revenue arising from this uncommon product, to the khan of Baku, was computed at forty thousand rubles.

Werner rather doubts the existence of pure and limpid rock oil, and unites naptha with petrol: the purer kind indeed seems to occur only in small quantities. The mineral tar of Colebrook Dale is obtained from a sandstone: and Williams has observed many bituminous rocks in Scotland. Bituminous shale and marl are not uncommon; but the whole subject requires and deserves further illustration.

HYPONOME 1.

Limestone with naptha, or with petrol.

• Hanway's Travels, i. 263.

HYPONOME II.

Sandstone with mineral tar.

HYPONOME III.

Mumia or asphalt, in the rock, from Persia.

Micronome 1. Bituminous shale.

Micronome 2. Marl.

Micronome 3. Limestone with caoutchou.

NOME XXII. SULPHURIC ROCKS.

The pyritic rocks, as has been already explained, are generally arranged in the respective modes of the substances in which they are found; pyrites being, like mica, of almost universal occurrence, and nowise considered as altering even the structure of the stone.

Werner has considered sulphur as natural, and volcanic; the latter being found in lava, or near volcanoes. That found in the other rocks, is here chiefly to be considered: and Mr. Jameson has well illustrated this subject.

"Natural sulphur commonly occurs in masses, in gypsum, limestone, and marl. Near Artern, it occurs along with honey-stone and bituminous wood.

"It is sometimes found in veins that traverse primitive rocks; in veins of copper pyrites, that traverse granite at Schwartzwald in Swabia, in Siberia, in the gold mines of Catherineburg, and in leadglance veins in the Altaian mountains.

"It occurs also in nests in limestone, in Ireland; in sandstone, at Budoshegy, in Transylvania; along with red manganese-ore, at Kapnik; and with red orpiment, at Felsobanya.

Very lately, the celebrated and enterprising Prussian traveller, Von Humboldt, communicated to the National Institute of France, a note, in which he mentions his having discovered, in the province of Quito, between Alausi and Tic. san, a bed composed of sulphur and quartz, in a mountain of mica slate; and also great quantities of sulphur in primitive porphyry.'

HY PONOME 1.

Porphyry with sulphur.

ii. 40.

Annales de Museum National, cahier 17." Jameson Min.

In his curious work of physical geography, Bergman informs us that there is a mountain near Tornea, in Bothnia, entirely consisting of iron-ore. In Luleo Lapland, the mountain of Gellivar is one entire mass of rich iron-ore, of a blackish blue colour, extending like an irregular vein for more than a mile, and of a thickness from 3 to 400 fathoms. He also informs us that the two mountains of Kerunawara and of Lousowara, in Pitea Lapland, only separated by a small valley, are entirely composed of iron-ore. This iron, as he describes, is called virgin or native iron; to distinguish it from what were

Bergman's account of Taberg.

called mineralised, as being mixed with sulphur*.

This father of modern mineralogy has more minutely described the hill of Taberg, in Smoland, in the southern part of Sweden; which has been mentioned by Born, as being 400 feet in height, and about a league in circuit, in the midst of a sandy plain; and solely consisting of granular black iron, cemented by quartz into a solid mass, extremely compact and hard. Bergman's description follows.

"Among the most singular mines of iron, may be reckoned that of Taberg, in Smoland: it extends from the N. N. W. to the S. S. E. rising gently on the northern side to a considerable height; then sinks a little, and again rises, forming at last a very high crest, and terminating in an abrupt cliff towards the river Mansarpa, above which its summit is elevated 420 feet to the S. E. and on the other side of the river is a corresponding height; to the E. and S. W. there is a succession of heights, equally separated from the mountain of Taberg by a river which runs through a valley a quarter of a mile long. Beyond the lake Wetter, in the environs of Jonkoping and of Taberg, as far as the district of

* Journal des Mines, No. 16, p. 58, 23.