not being themselves exposed to reprisals, they do not see what the enemy may inflict upon the brave and honourable soldier who defends them. But they who are themselves exposed to suffer the cruelty of the enemy, are themselves generous and humane. Our champions of Baylen, who had faced the most violent attacks of the enemy-who saw their companions dead before them, or uttering their last groans who were covered with their own blood, and had been eye-witnesses of the depravity and iniquity of the enemy, no sooner had Dupont and his army thrown down their arms, than these very men laid aside their anger, furnished them with waggons, and magnanimously fed them with their own hands. This is the effect produced by the idea of being exposed to a similar situation. But, on the contrary, people removed from the seat of war-they who are exempt from military duties, and who avoid them, and fly from them through pusillanimity, they endeavour to display the valour which they have not, by bravadoes, and by canvassing military operations, giving it to be understood, that in them are to be found more skill and valour. These are they, who, feeling the valour of a hangman, wish to supply his place, by exterminating those whom their generous countrymen have conquered; being eager to execute those whom military force has vanquished. These, too, are the persons who, on the present occasion, have stripped the vanquished; not in the noble design of furnishing the state with the means of continuing the war, nor with the just intention of returning the plunder to the lawful owners; but merely to appropriate to themselves the booty, in defiance of all law and

probity. Happily it is only the lowest of the populace, who in this respect, depart from the characte:istic nobleness and generosity of the Spanish people. Not to insult the vanquished, not to avenge injuries on the fallen, and to forgive the prostrate, are virtues indelible on the Spanish heart. It is only rooted vice, the wretchedness resulting from the worst of education and the grossest stupidity, which are able to efface them. On the contrary, since the introduction of the Christian religion, and the civilization spread by that luminous torch of divinity over the select of mankind-after having recognised the precept, to love our enemies, all the nations which have obeyed it have laid aside the cruelties and barbarities practised in war before that time. To be massacred, mutilated, or enslaved, was then the common fate of prisoners. But who would presume now, in defiance of religion, humanity, and civilization, to re-establish those barbarous practices? I will never believe this of my countrymen. On the contrary, I hope that they will rectify their ideas, and direct their energies not to a low revenge, free from all immediate danger, but to augment, by a devotion of themselves and their property, the means of carrying on a vigorous and active warfare against our enemies, not merely driving them from our territory, but pursuing them into their own, making them experience, in the field of battle, the whole resentment of a noble nation, perfidiously deceived, and grievously offended. TOMAS DE MORLA,

No. 34.-PROCLAMATION.-Don Joseph, by the grace of God, of Spain, Majorca, Minorca, Gibraltar, of the Continent of America, the Islands, &c. &c. &c. King, &c. &c.,

To the Vice-Roys, Captain-General, Governors, Corregidors, and to all other officers, civil and military, of whatever denomination, and to all the inhabitants of the Spanish dominions in the West and East Indies, maketh known, that,

By virtue of the treaties of the 5th and 10th of May last, by which king Charles IV., and the princes of his house, have formally relinquished all right and title to the crown of Spain, and all the dominions belong ing to it, in favour of my dear and august brother, Napoleon the First, emperor of the French, king of Italy, &c., who hath been graciously pleased to confer the same upon me, on the 4th of the present month, my wishes and my ambition have been to come to Spain, to take upon me the government of the country-to devote myself to the happiness and interest of the people whom Providence has committed to my chargeand to carry into effect the regulations which shall be made by the junta of the Representatives and Notables of the kingdom; which junta is assembled at Bayonne, and will be again called together at that place on the 15th instant, in order to take into consideration the means of establishing a just and permanent government, and of placing Spain, with all her exclusive dominions, on a better footing, by securing her independence, and raising her to that rank in the scale of nations which formerly distinguished her, and which her inhabitants are still worthy to possess. To accomplish this object, I have accepted the crown.

I hasten to make this declaration of my paternal solicitude for your happiness, and to assure you that it shall be exerted equally for the good of the remotest parts of my dominions.

Confiding in my royal word, you shall continue to enjoy all your privileges as good subjects. Prosecute your ordinary avocations in peace. Be obedient to your superiors, and guard against the machinations of those who set the laws at defiance. Justice must be administered impartially; and I strictly enjoin all judges and magistrates to comply with my pleasure in this subject. Look up to me as your protector : I shall ever have your interest at heart, and will double my endeavours to defend you from the attack which the implacable enemies of Spain meditate against you.

I enjoin all archbishops, bishops, and ministers of religion, which I pledge myself to maintain inviolate, to use their influence among the peopel to make them obedient to the laws, and to guard them against the dangerous consequences of sedition and treason, I repeat my declaration, that my government shall be founded on justice, and my sole object be the accomplishment of your happiness. All governors, judges, &c., are commanded to give the utmost publicity to this proclamation. I, THE KING.

Given at Bayonne, June 11, 1808. By order of the king, our most gracious sovereign,

M. Jos. D'Azanza.

No. 35.-Manifesto, or Justificatory Exposition of the conduct of the Court of Portugal with respect to France, from the Commencement of the Revolution to the time of the Invasion of Portugal, and of the Motives which compelled it to declare War against the Emperor of the French, in consequence of that Invasion, and the subsequent Declaration of War, made after the

monstrances of the Portuguese merchants. The court of Spain, which had required succours from Portugal, and which, by the confession of the French generals, was obliged to acknowledge how useful and necessary they had been, when it made peace with France, not only forgot its ally, which it ought to have caused to be declared in a state of peace with France, since the court of Portugal, in succouring its ally, to fulfil the conditions of the treaty of alliance which existed between the two sovereigns, had no intention to make war against France: but what is perhaps unheard of, or at least very rare in the annals of history, Spain then made a common cause with France, to force Portugal to receive unjust and humiliating conditions of peace; nor did Spain cease to declare itself the enemy of its ally, till the moment when the treaties of Badajoz and Madrid were signed; employing even the forces of France to wrest from Portugal a small extent of territory of the province of Alentejo, on the side of Olivenza: thus leaving to posterity an eternal monument of the wretched recompence she bestowed on an ally, who, notwithstanding the ancient rivalry of the two nations, would not fail to fulfil the conditions of a treaty of alliance which existed between them.

The treaties of peace of Badajoz and Madrid, in 1801, are likewise a new proof of bad faith in the enemies of the court of Portugal; since the treaty of Badajoz having been signed there by Lucien Buonaparte, the French plenipotentiary, and the Prince of Peace, on the one side, and by the Portuguese Plenipotentiary on the other, the French Government refused to ratify it, and forced Portugal to sign a new treaty at Madrid, with

much harder conditions, without being able to assign any other motives than its caprice and ambition. This latter treaty was signed almost at the same time with the treaty of London, between England and France, which moderated some conditions, too oppressive to Portugal, and fixed the limits of the coast of South America, which was confirmed by the peace of Amiens: and this consideration of England for its ancient ally was, in the eyes of France, a new proof of the servitude and bondage in which the English government held that of Portugal.

No sooner was the treaty of 1801 concluded, than the court of Portugal hastened to fulfil all its burdensome conditions, and to shew, by the religious and punctual observation of all its engagements, how much it desired to confirm the good understanding which was re-established between the two governments, and which ought to cause to be forgotten all the injuries it had suffered, and which certainly had never been provoked on its part. The conduct of the French government was very different; as, from the first moment that peace was re-established, it required all kind of unjust sacrifices, on the part of the Portuguese government, in favour of the most extravagant and unfounded pretensions of French subjects. Europe ought then to have foreseen that its subjugation, from Lisbon to Petersburgh, was determined in the cabinet of the Thuilleries, and that it was necessary to combine to level the Colossus with the ground, or submit to be his victim.

After a short interval, war broke out anew between England and France; and the court of Portugal having made the greatest sacrifices

to avoid war, and the harsh and humiliating propositions of the French government, thought itself fortunate to be able to conclude, with the greatest sacrifices of money, the treaty of 1804, in which France promised, in the sixth article, as follows:

"The First Consul of the French republic consents to acknowledge the neutrality of Portugal during the present war, and not to oppose any measures that may be taken with respect to the belligerent nations, agreeably to the principles and general laws of neutrality."

The French government from that time received all the advantages of such a treaty: it never had occasion to make the smallest complaint against the Portuguese government; yet was it during the same war, and after such a stipulation, that it required of the court of Portugal, not only the infraction of the neutrality, but the declaration of war, in violation of all the treaties that had existed between the two countries, and in which, in the case of war acknowledged possible, it was determined how the subjects of the two nations should be treated; and all this without Portugal having any cause of complaint against the British government, which had even given it every kind of satisfaction, when the commanders of its ships of war had failed in that respect which was due to a neutral flag. The Emperor of the French, in the mean time, caused one of his squadrons, on board of which was his brother, to put to sea. It anchored in the bay of All-Saints, where it was received with every kind of respect, and was supplied with all sort of refreshment. what is worthy of attention is, that at the very time the French government received, on the part of that of

Yet

Portugal, so many marks of friendship and consideration, the squadron burned some Portuguese vessels, to conceal its route, with a promise of indemnity to the proprietors; which promise was never performed. Europe may hence conclude the fate which awaits it, should the French government acquire an ascendency by sea equal to that it has obtained by land, and may properly estimate the foundation of the complaints it so loudly utters against the British government. England never made any remonstrances against the succours granted to the French squadron, for they were within the acknowledged limits of the law of nations. But the minister of foreign relations of France has dared to assert, in the face of Europe, that Portugal gave assistance to the English for the conquest of Monte Video and Buenos Ayres; while it is a fact, known by all the world, that that expedition, which sailed from the Cape of Good Hope, received from Portugal neither vessels, money, nor men; nor, in fine, any merchandise considered as contraband in time of war; and that the English squadrons, during this war, obtained nothing at Rio de Janeiro, or the other ports of the Brazils, except what is not refused to any nation, and which had been supplied plentifully to the French squadron. The court of Portugal defies the court of France to produce any fact in contradiction to this assertion, which is founded in the most exact and impartial truth.

France received from Portugal, from 1804 to 1807, all the colonial commodities and raw materials for her manufactures. The alliance of England and Portugal was useful to France; and in the depression suffered by the arts and industry, in