1. Why was the Peloponnesian war inevitable? 2. What was the state of affairs between Corcyra and Corinth? 3. How did Athens respond to the former's appeal for help? 4. What other cause of complaint had Corinth? 5. What attacks upon Pericles were made by his enemies? 6. What struggle opened the war? 7. What was the situation of Athens and Sparta respectively at the outbreak of the war? 8. What was the result of the first year of the war? 9. How did affairs stand at the end of the second year? 10. What was the fate of Platea? 11. To what extent was this paralleled in the case of Mitylene? Describe the struggle over Pylus. 13. What was the plan of Brasidas to weaken Athens? 14. How did his first attempt succeed? 15. What was the effect upon Athens? 16. How did the second attack succeed? 17. In what demoralized condition did Greece find herself at the close of the war? 12. CHAPTER XIII. THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR TO THE END 1. Why was the Peace of Nicias a failure? 2. What induced Sparta to form a league with Athens? 3. How did other states regard this? 4. What was the character of Alcibiades? 5. Why was the league between Athens and Sparta broken up? 6. What was the cause of Athens's weakness at this time? 7. What outrage was perpetrated against Melos? 8. What was the character of the Sicilians? 9. How did Egesta lead Athens into a Sicilian conflict? 10. What was the advice of Nicias at this time? 11. Why did it not prevail? 12. What effect had the destruction of the Hermæ? 13. What did the leaders of the fleet find when they reached Sicily? 14. What plan of attack was proposed? 15. Why did Alcibiades leave the expedition, and what was the effect? 16. What help did Syracuse secure from Sparta? 17. Describe the beginning of the struggle over Syracuse. 18. What reinforcements came from Athens? 19. What did this "GRECIAN HISTORY." force attempt? 20. Describe the tragic close of the CHAPTER XIV. THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR TO THE FALL themselves from Athens? 2. How did Alcibiades aid CHAPTER XV. THE SPARTAN ASCENDENCY. 1. How did Sparta bind the conquered cities to herself? 2. Who were the thirty tyrants? 3. How were they overthrown? 4. Tell the story of the Ten Thousand. 5. How did the Spartan struggle against Persia stir up her enemies at home? 6. What became of her former allies in Asia? 7. How was the supremacy of Persia shown in the "Peace of Antalcidas"? 8. How did the arrogance of Sparta begin to work her own destruction? 9. Describe the liberation of Thebes. 10. What was the Sacred Band? 11. Why could not the various states come to an understanding and so end the war? 12. What significance had the battles of Marathon, Egospotami and Leuctra? CHAPTER XVI. THE PERIOD OF THEBAN GREATNESS. 1. What two tendencies of the Greek states explain their failure ever to form a nation? 2. Describe the expedition of Epaminondas to humble Sparta. 3. What effect did this have on the other jealous states? 4. How did Macedon enter upon the scene? 5. What period of anarchy succeeded these events? 6. What was the tragic end of the last Theban expedition against Sparta? REVIEW QUESTIONS ON "HOMER TO THEOCRITUS." CHAPTER XI. THE HISTORIANS. HERODOTUS. 1. Why did prose literature in Greece develop so much later than poetry? 2. How was prose employed before its use in literature? 3. What forms did the early prose literature take, and in what country? 4. What is known of Herodotus? 5. What qualities has his style? 6. How did he secure the materials for his history? 7. How did his ideas of history differ from those of our time? 8. What was the subject of his history? 9. How are his national spirit and his religious feeling shown in his work? 10. In what form has his history come down to us? 11. Give an outline of the events of which it treats. 12. Mention some of the customs with which he enlivened his narratives. CHAPTER XII. THUCYDIDES AND XENOPHON. 1. What do we know of Thucydides? 2. Why was he especially fitted to write the history of the Peloponnesian war? 3. How does the style of his history differ from that of Herodotus? 4. Why is he entitled to be called the first critical historian? 5. Why do the speeches of generals and statesmen have so important a place in his work? 6. What period of the war does he cover? 7. Why was Xenophon but slightly attached to Athens throughout his life? 8. Give the principal events in his life. 9. Why does he rank below Thucydides as a historian? 10. What is the meaning of the word" Anabasis"? 11. Describe briefly other works of Xenophon. 12. What was the significance of the saying "Alexander the Great would not have been 6. Why was he put to death? 7. What were the great had not Xenophon been "? CHAPTER XIV. PHILOSOPHICAL PROSE. PLATO. (Chapter XIII. will be taken after XIV.) 1. How did Xenophon protest against the theology of his day? 2. Of what kind of impiety was Anaxagoras accused in 431 B. C.? 3. Give the facts in the life of Socrates. 4. What was his method of teaching, and why? 5. In what different ways was his influence felt? chief events in the life of Plato? 8. Why does he make use of dialogue in his writings? 9. Why is it difficult to distinguish the ideas of Socrates from those of Plato? 10. What is contained in each of the four dialogues relating to the trial and death of Socrates? 11. Give one or more of the other subjects treated by Plato, and the underlying idea of each. 12. Give an idea of Plato's republic. 13. What has been its influence? REVIEW QUESTIONS ON "THE HUMAN NATURE CLUB." CHAPTER IX. MENTAL IMAGERY. 1. How may the mental images which correspond to our various sensations be classified? 2. Describe some of the mental images which it is possible for a good visualizer to see. 3. Contrast this picture with that of the poor visualizer. 4. How do people differ in their mental images of words? 5. Is one sort of mental imagery better than another sort? Why? 6. Sum up the successive mental steps upon which a man's conduct depends. 7. Why are our senses important, and in what ways do people's sense impressions differ? 8. In what three ways does the structure of the brain influence the ideas which we get from our sensations? 9. What do we mean by saying that ideas are attended to"? 10. How does the arrangement of the brain cells make possible what we call memory? 11. If one idea is connected with several others, which one of these ideas will it naturally call up first? 12. How can we control our ideas and train ourselves to think logically? 13. Which are more important, our mental images or the feelings and judgments which result from them? CHAPTER X. OUR EMOTIONS. 66 1. Why do we conclude that our bodily emotions are instinctive? 2. Describe Professor James's theory of the cause of our emotional feelings. 3. Give illustrations of this point. 4. How does this explain the fact that emotions are often felt when there is no real reason for them? 5. In what three ways can we control our emotions? 6. How can we train ourselves to be less nervous? 7. Illustrate the fact that people may have noble feelings which result in no good actions. 8. How are our emotions useful in human life? 9. Which is the more important, the feeling or the action? CHAPTER XI. PURPOSIVE ACTION. 66 1. Illustrate the fact that we do many things without What causes people to do things that they will not to 2. How can we account for this? 3. willing them. do? Illustrate. 4. What prevents us from acting out many foolish ideas? 5. Is the phrase as a man thinketh always true? 6. Give an in his heart so is he,' experience of your own in deliberately choosing a certain action. 7. How may we characterize the feeling which we have when we will to do a thing? 8. How do we select from all our other ideas the one to which we feeling of consent"? 9. How can we give this improve our powers of willing? 10. How does the of the will? 11. Can both importance of 'inhibiting" come out in this study "inhibiting" ideas and "" 'impelling' ones become too strong and therefore unhealthful? CHAPTER XII. HABIT AND CHARACTER. 1. Does the voluntary repetition of an act always form a habit? Why? 2. What effect does the tendency to form habits have upon our wills? 3. Why is the forming of good habits especially important for the young? 4. How has this law an encouraging as well as a discouraging side? 5. What do we mean by a man's character? 6. How can he act contrary to his character? 7. Can we change our characters? SELECTIONS FROM "THE GOSPEL OF RELAXATION." There is no better known or more generally useful precept in the moral training of youth, or in one's personal self-discipline, than that which bids us pay primary attention to what we do and express, and not to care too much for what we feel. If we only check a cowardly impulse in time, for example, or if we only don't strike the blow or rip out with the complaining or insulting word that we shall regret as long as we live, our feelings themselves will presently be the calmer and better, with no particular guidance from us on their own account. Action seems to follow feeling, but really action and feeling go together; and by regulating the action, which is under the more direct control of the will, we can indirectly regulate the feeling, which is not. Thus the sovereign voluntary path to cheerfulness, if our spontaneous cheerfulness be lost, is to sit up cheerfully, to look round cheerfully, and to act and speak as if cheerfulness were really there. If such conduct does not make you soon feel cheerful, nothing else on that occasion can. So to feel brave, act as if we were brave, use all our will to that end, and a courage-fit will very likely replace the fit of fear. Again, in order to feel kindly toward a person to whom we have been inimical, the only way is more or less deliberately to smile, to make sympathetic inquiries, and to force ourselves to say genial things. One hearty laugh together will bring enemies into a closer communion of heart than hours spent on both sides in inward wrestling with the mental demon of uncharitable feeling. To wrestle with a bad feeling only pins our attention on it, and keeps it still fastened in the mind: whereas, if we act as if from some better feeling, the old bad feeling soon folds its tent like an Arab, and silently steals A Viennese neurologist of considerable reputation has recently written about the Binnenleben, as he terms it, or buried life of human beings. away. This inner personal tone is what we can't communicate or describe articulately to others; but the wraith and ghost of it, so to speak, are often what our friends and intimates feel as our most characteristic 66 66 All Americans who stay in Europe long enough to get accustomed to the spirit that reigns and expresses itself there, so unexcitable as compared with ours, make a similar observation when they return to their native shores. They find a wild-eyed look upon their compatriots' faces, either of too desperate eagerness and anxiety or of too intense responsiveness and good will. The general over-contraction may be small when estimated in foot-pounds, but its importance is immense on account of its effects on the over-contracted person's spiritual life. For by the sensations that so incessantly pour in from the overtense excited body the over-tense and excited habit of mind is kept up; and the sultry, threatening, exhausting, thunderous inner atmosphere never quite clears away. If you never wholly give yourself up to the chair you sit in, but always keep your leg- and bodymuscles half contracted for a rise; if you breathe eighteen or nineteen instead of sixteen times a minute, and never quite breathe out at that,- what mental mood can you be in but one of inner panting and expectancy, and how can the future and its worries possibly forsake your mind? On the other hand, how can they gain admission to your mind if your brow be unruffled, your respiration calm and complete, and your muscles all relaxed? We say that so many of our fellow countrymen collapse, and have to be sent abroad to rest their nerves, because they work so hard. I suspect that this is an immense mistake. I suspect that neither the nature nor the amount of our work is accountable for the frequency and severity of our breakdowns, but that their cause lies rather in those absurd feelings of hurry and having no time, in that breathlessness and tension, that anxiety of feature and that solicitude for results, that lack of inner harmony and ease, in short, by which with us the work is so apt to be accompanied, and from which a European who should do the same work would nine times out of ten be free. The voice, for example, in a surprisingly large number of us has a tired and plaintive sound. Some of us are really tired; but far more of us are not tired at all or would not be tired at all unless we had got into a wretched trick of feeling tired, by following the prevalent habits of vocalization and expression. And if talking high and tired, and living excitedly and hurriedly, would only enable us to do more by the way, even while breaking us down in the end, it would be different. There would be some compensation, some excuse, for going on so. But the exact reverse is the case. It is your relaxed and easy worker, who is in no hurry, and quite thoughtless most of the while of consequences, who is your efficient worker; and tension and anxiety, and present and future, all mixed up together in our mind at once, are the surest drags upon steady progress and hindrances to our success. So we go back to the psychology of imitation again. There is only one way to improve ourselves, and that is by some of us setting an example which the others may pick up and imitate till the new fashion spreads from east and west. Some of us are in more favorable positions than others to set new fashions. Some are much more striking personally and imitable so to speak. But no living person is sunk so low as not to be imitated by achieve calmness and harmony in your own person, you somebody. And, if you should individually may depend upon it that a wave of imitation will spread from you, as surely as the circles spread outward when a stone is dropped into a lake.-"Talks to Teachers on Psychology.' William James. ANSWERS TO SEARCH QUESTIONS. 66 THE RIVALRY OF NATIONS. MARCH. riaboola-Gha. 2. This question should read Leopold I., not Leopold II. By the treaty of London (1814), and 1. An important surveying expedition to the Niger the provisions of the Congress of Vienna (1815), under the direction of four naval officers sent out in Belgium and Holland were united under the name of 1841 by the British government. The expedition was the " Kingdom of the Netherlands." Belgium was despatched at the instigation of Sir Thomas Fowell separated from Holland by the Revolution of 1830, Buxton, a philanthropist. The program of the expedi- and on November 10, the provisional government tion included the establishment of a model farm at the summoned a national congress, which in turn invited junction of the Benue and the Niger, the spreading of the Duc de Nemours, son of Louis Philippe, to become Christian civilization, the suppression of the slave trade, their sovereign. The French monarch, however, deand the zealous pushing of commercial products from clined the dignity in behalf of his son, and Leopold of Manchester (England). Numerous treaties were Saxe-Coburg was next selected by the congress. He made, but the result of the expedition was disap- ascended the throne on July 21, 1831. 3. In 1869 pointment and disaster and the loss of many lives, owing the Portuguese government concluded a commercial to the great unhealthfulness of the region and the treaty with the South African Republic, under which vacillation and indecision of those in command of the it seemed probable that considerable trade might spring expedition. In "Bleak House" Dickens satirizes this up between the Portuguese coast of the Indian ocean expedition in Mrs. Jellyby's industrial mission of Bor- and the interior. This called attention to the port of Lourenço Marques, on Delagoa bay, the best haven on In 1. The Spartan general, Pausanias, son of Cleombrotus. When the Persians were expelled from Greece, Byzantium was delivered by Pausanias, the conqueror at Platea. He rebuilt and so enlarged the ruined city as to be reckoned its second founder. From Byzantium he conducted a treasonable correspondence with Xerxes, offering to betray to him Sparta, Athens, and all Greece. As a punishment for his treason he was starved to death by order of the ephors. 2. The horses of St. Mark are four gilded steeds of Corinthian brass, perhaps the work of Lysippus. They first fronted a temple in Corinth. In 146 B. C. Mummius brought them to Rome to adorn the Square of the Senate. Later they crowned the Arch CLAREMONT, COLORADO. of Nero and of Trajan, whence they were brought by Constantine to Constantinople. In 1204 they were sent to Venice by the robber chieftains of the Fourth Crusade as part of their plunder. The victories of Napoleon carried them to Paris to surmount the Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel. Since 1815 they stand as guardians over the main entrance to the Venetian Cathedral of St. Mark. 3. The star and crescent were adopted by the Byzantines for the following reason: Philip, the father of Alexander the Great, while besieging the city, set his soldiers one dark night to undermining the walls. But the crescent moon appearing, the design was discovered and frustrated. In acknowledgment, the grateful Byzantines erected a statue to Diana, and made the crescent moon, her attribute, the symbol of the city. The Sultan Othman, founder of the Ottoman dynasty, saw in a vision a crescent moon which went on increasing till it reached from furthest east to furthest west. This led him to adopt the symbol which had been in use by the Janissaries at least half a century previously. 4. From Byzas, King of Megaris, who, in the seventh century before Christ, led a company of his countrymen to Lygos on the Thracian Bosporus and there built Byzantium. 5. From the name of the founder of the Turkish empire. Osman II. (or Othman). He became chief of his tribe in 1288, and assumed the title of emir (not of sultan) in 1299. He died in 1326. 6. The Blues and the Greens were two great political parties in Byzantium. The Blues were the conservatives, zealous supporters of the reigning house, and orthodox in faith. The Greens were the radicals, usually lukewarm in loyalty and dissatisfied with the existing state of things,-the agitators, freethinkers, reformers, and latitudinarians in religion. There were times when the position of each party seemed reversed; but throughout their history they held to their respective credos with a tenacity and consistency unsurpassed by the great political parties of Britain and America. 7. A summary of the chief tenets of the Christian faith, first set forth as of ecumenical authority by the First Nicene Council (held at Nicæa in Asia Minor in 325), but closely similar in wording to ancient creeds of oriental churches, and specially founded upon the baptismal creed of the Church of Cæsarea in Palestine. 8. Charlemagne, Nicephorus I. SOME PEN PICTURES OF CIRCLE LIFE BY MEMBERS OF THE C. L. S. C. entertaining. It is the only organization of any kind in the vicinity, and for that reason could be made a great success. WILL BORDERS, Secretary. Claremont is a small village situated in the eastern part of Colorado. It was at one time quite a large and prosperous town, and the surrounding country was well peopled. But farming proved to be a failure and the larger share of the people left the country. The region being well adapted to stock-raising, the people that remained went into that business. This necessitates that the people live a good distance apart. This fact hinders the success of any organization, there not being enough people in the town to carry on an organization successfully. The C. L. S. C. was organized chiefly by the village folk. Many from the surrounding country would join could they attend. Most of the members are those who wish to have a prescribed course of study so that they may study more thoroughly. Several of the members are students, the school instructor being a member. Encyclopedias and private libraries are scarce, but some reference histories are obtained from the school library. Reference books are read by all the members. A few were acquainted with the circle before coming to this country, thereby making it more FLANDREAU, SOUTH DAKOTA. The Athena Circle reports itself as situated in "a live, enterprising town of sixteen hundred people, supported by farming interests, with a population chiefly American and Norwegian." The circle has seventeen members, most of them 1903's, divided into groups of three, each of which takes its turn as a committee on program. One method of debate adopted was to appoint three members as judges and then divide the rest into two camps which waged a lively warfare over the subject under discussion, which on that occasion happened to be a phase of socialism. Among the diversions employed was a Longfellow party, using pictures to represent the title of thirty of his poems. The Athenas have convictions upon the subject of prizes, and nothing of more intrinsic value than a wreath is allowed in recognition of victory. This circle has two correspondence members living at Colman and Vermilion, South Dakota, and these isolated readers are constantly stimulated by the enthusiasm of their fellow Chautauquans in the circle. SAN JOSÉ, CALIFORNIA. In compliance with your request regarding our Chautauqua circle here in San José, I would say that we are few in numbers but full of enthusiasm for the work. Our president, Mrs. E. C. Long, completes the four years' course this year, and it is with feelings of deepest regret that we will part with her, for she has been the mainstay of our circle and a most enthusiastic worker. We had but two members added to our roll this year, and after remaining with us a short time they were forced to leave on account of removal from our city. Our vice-president also severed her connection with us, owing to the call of her husband to the pastorate of the Presbyterian church in Kansas City. We find the work this year intensely interesting. We have acted on the suggestion given in THE CHAUTAUQUAN and have committed the Greek alphabet to memory, so that we are as familiar with it as with our own. We find the suggestive programs laid down in the magazine most helpful. We are particularly interested in the Reading Journey, and consider the magazine a marked improvement in the last year or two. Recently the Woman's Club of our city organized a club alliance and invited our own and other literary societies to unite with them. We accordingly did so. Once during the year each club is expected to take charge of the entertainment. The alliance meets the fourth Saturday in each month, and the Chautauquans will entertain the last Saturday in March. We hope to have a pleasant and varied program. FANNIE B. HOBSON, Secretary. KNOXVILLE, IOWA. One feature which regularly appears in the printed programs of the Vincent Circle has aroused some curiosity among the uninitiated, and we are glad that the secretary of the circle has offered an explanation. She says concerning the forms of literary amusement which they have tried that Chautauqua cards, toasts and literary quizzes have been included; also "a drill at each meeting in what we call our Chauncey M. Depew corner. Each responds formally to a subject given and when the speaker has finished the critic calls attention to manner of speaking, standing, selfcontrol, language and subject matter." It is evident that these Chautauquans have not only trained up some good critics, but have so far lost their self-consciousness in the pursuit of their ideals that they cheerfully submit to the gentle ministrations of that critic. "O wad some pow'r the giftie gie us" is no mere poetic form for them but a stalwart conviction which is being realized in practise. CARSON, IOWA. The Carson Chautauqua Circle was organized during the latter part of October. Although organizing somewhat late in the season, the first part of the year's work was not neglected. The lessons were made longer so that the work now is the same as that outlined in THE CHAUTAUQUAN. Our circle is small, numbering only nine, yet the quality of the circle makes amends for the small numbers. All are busy Americans whose every moment is fully occupied; yet each believes that time devoted to the improvement of the mind, even if it causes one's other work to be neglected at times, is the best of investments. The circle meets every Friday evening at the home of one of the members, and so far not one meeting has been missed. We have adopted the plan of having a small fine attached as a punishment for absence and tardiness; a rather heavy one for non-appearance on the program. The proceeds are to be used towards a banquet at the close of the year. of a good leader, Prof. G. P. Linville, who is an enthusiastic worker. Yet the society does not place the whole responsibility upon him, each member feeling that he is a co-worker and cheerfully taking the part assigned. We are very fortunate in having secured the services We follow the programs as given in THE CHAUTAUQUAN. Altogether the work is progressing nicely, and we find it very profitable as well as pleasant. LOTTIE M. NORTHEY. STILLWATER, MINNESOTA. A typical report of the Pierian Circle of Stillwater we clip from the Prison Mirror of January 3: The Pierian Circle held its regular meeting Sunday afternoon. President Leland presided. The following program was rendered: Chorus. "Jingle Bells." Class Report-Tyrant Rome. Class Report-A Chapter from Life. Chorus. "Solomon Levi." Pierian Glee Club. Member of Class B. Member of Class B. Pierian Glee Club. Member of Class E. Special Paper - The Thinking Power of Man. and Effects. Member of Class C. Members of Classes A, B, and C. "Sweet Magnolia Blooms." Instrumental Trio. Mock Congress was in session for half an hour, and devoted the time to the bill making voting compulsory. Two features of the meeting deserve special mention. One was the paper on the French Revolution. As the critic stated, the pleasure of listening to this paper alone repaid us for coming to the meeting. The other feature was the critic's review of the meeting. It was, as one member expressed himself to the secretary, the best part of the meeting; clear, concise, pointing out where we could improve and bestowing praise where praise was due. It was appreciated by all the members. The secretary in commenting upon the work of the circle this year, speaks of the present membership as more than ever |