JOHN QUINCY ADAMS.-From an engraving after a painting by A. B. Durand. (See other portraits of Mr. Adams, page 84 and facing page 155, vol. vi., of this work.) He was President of the United States from 1825 to 1829. In 1831 he was elected to Congress and continued there until his death in 1848. While in Congress he was champion of the Right of Petition, and a steadfast opponent of the couthern opposition to petitions for the abolition of slavery.

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ALEXANDER, LORD ASHBURTON.-From a painting by Sir T. Laurence after the engraving by A. R. Artlett MARSHFIELD, The residence of Daniel WEBSTER, WHERE HE DIED OCTOBER 24, 1852.-From Harper's Magazine, vol. vi. 263 DANIEL WEBSTER IN HIS LATER YEARS.-From an engraving by H. W. Smith after the painting by J. Ames STEPHEN FULLER AUSTIN, STYLED THE FOUNDER OF TEXAS, 1823. He was the son of Moses Austin, of Connecticut, who in 1820 received from Mexico permission to colonize 300 families in the province of Texas. Moses Austin died June 10, 1821, and his son, Stephen, carried out his father's plan and introduced, in 1821, the first Anglo-American colonists in Texas. Later, in 1835, he became commanderin-chief of the Texan army in the revolution against Mexico, and was appointed commissioner to the United States. In 1836 he was a candidate for President of the new republic, but was defeated by Sam Houston, who appointed him Secretary of State.

272

SAM HOUSTON.-After an engraving by J. C. Buttre from a daguerreotype by B. P. Page. In April, 1836, General Houston attacked Santa Anna's much larger force with his small band of Texans, captured the Mexican President and forced him to acknowledge the independence of Texas. Houston then got into diplomatic relations with the United States, which, though acknowledging in 1837 the independence of Texas, did not entertain the Texan proposals for annexation. For another portrait of Houston see page 69, vol. vii., of this work . . . Facing p. 274 THE CITY OF AUSTIN, TEXAS, IN 1840.-From a lithograph.

.

LORENZO DE ZAVALA, FIRST VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF TEXAS.-From W. W. Dexter's Texas, Imperial State of America

THE FIRST CAPITOL OF THE REPUBLIC OF TEXAS, AT COLUMBIA,

280

1836.-From W. W. Dexter's Texas, Imperial State of
America

OLD CAPITOL AT HOUSTON, TEXAS, 1837.-From W. W. Dexter's Texas, Imperial State of America. The first Capitol of Coahuila and Texas was at Saltillo in 1824, and then moved to Monclova. The first Capitol of the Republic of Texas was at Columbia, 1836; moved to Houston, 1837; moved to Austin, 1839; moved to Washington temporarily in 1842, then to Houston, and finally to Austin again.

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OLD CAPITOL AT AUSTIN. BURNED NOVEMBER, 1881.-From W. W. Dexter's Texas, Imperial State of America . . . 286 MERIWETHER LEWIS.-From an engraving by S. Hollyer after the painting by Charles Wilson Peale. Both the United States and Great Britain laid claim to the whole of Oregon. The American claim was based on the discovery of the Columbia River by Captain Grey in 1792, and on the expedition of Lewis and Clark, who (1804-06) explored the country from the Mississippi to the mouth of the Columbia. By this expedition the United States was enabled to connect the claim to Oregon with the purchase of Louisiana.

. 290

BLANK CERTIFICATE OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR ENCOURAG-
ING THE SETTLEMENT OF THE OREGON TERRITORY.-From
an original broadside, 1831, in the New York Public
Library

291

WILLIAM CLARK. From an engraving by S. Hollyer after the painting by Charles Wilson Peale. Clark was appointed a member of Captain Lewis's expedition to the mouth of the Columbia River in 1804-06. The success of the expedition was largely due to Clark's knowledge of Indian habits. In 1813-21 he was governor of the Mississippi Territory, and in 1822-38 Superintendent of Indian Affairs at St. Louis. . . 292

NATHANIEL J. WYETH.-From Harper's Magazine, vol. lxxxv. Nathaniel J. Wyeth organized a movement for the colonization of Oregon, and between 1831 and 1836 led two expeditions across the American continent

ROBERT J. WALKER. From Harper's Magazine, vol. xliv.
Mr. Walker was Secretary of the Treasury during the
Administration of President Polk, 1845-49. In 1857-
58 he was governor of Kansas Territory, but resigned,

294

being "unwilling," he said, "to aid in forcing slavery on
that Territory by fraud and forgery"

WALL STREET, NEW YORK, ABOUT 1847.-From Harper's
Magazine, vol. cxvii. .

DAVID WILMOT.-From Harper's Weekly. He was representa-
tive in Congress from Pennsylvania (1845-1851). On
August 8, 1846, while a bill authorizing the President of
the United States to expend $3,000,000 in negotiations for
peace with Mexico, by purchase of territory, was pending
in Congress, Wilmot moved to add an amendment "That,
as an express and fundamental condition to the acquisi-
tion of any territory from the republic of Mexico by the
United States, neither slavery nor involuntary servitude
shall ever exist in any part of said territory.'
This pro-
viso was adopted by the House, but it failed of final
action. It was the basis of the organization known as the
Free-Soil party in 1848, and of the Republican party in
1856. .

WINFIELD SCOTT AT THE AGE OF 37.-From an engraving by A. H. Ritchie after a painting by C. Ingham. Scott was commander-in-chief in the Mexican War, 1846-48

SUTTER'S FORT, COLOMA, CALIFORNIA, AS IT WAS IN 1848.On January 24, 1848, ten days before the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo was signed, gold was discovered by James W. Marshall in the earth taken from Colonel Sutter's mill-race. Early in the Mexican War General Frémont hoisted the American flag over Sutter's Fort, and so took the first step towards making California a State of the Union. The illustration here shown is from Gertrude Atherton's California. Taken from California Illustrated, 1853

SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA, 1850.-From Gertrude Atherton's Culifornia. Taken from The United States, illustrated, published by H. J. Meyer. In 1839 Captain John A. Sutter established a fort, now included within the city limits, but the city was not laid out until 1848, after the discovery of gold. The thousands of gold-seekers who arrived in the country came up the river to Sacramento in steamers and sailing-vessels, and from that point proceeded by land to the mines

SAN FRANCISCO.-This is an authenticated picture of the city as it appeared in 1846-47. From Gertrude Atherton's California. Reproduced from an old print

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FIRST ADMISSION-DAY CELEBRATION, 1850, CALIFORNIA AND
MONTGOMERY STREETS. From Gertrude Atherton's
California. Taken from an old print.

HENRY CLAY, 1825.-From the life-mask bust by John H.
I. Browere. Reproduced by permission of Charles
Henry Hart, of Philadelphia, author of Browere's Life
Masks of Great Americans

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327

HOWELL COBB. From an engraving by T. Doney made for the Democrat Review. Howell Cobb was a member of Congress from Georgia, 1843-51, Speaker of the Thirty-first Congress (1849), being chosen over Robert C. Winthrop, of Massachusetts. He was Governor of Georgia from 1851 to 1853; again returned to Congress in 1855, Secretary of the Treasury under President Buchanan (1857 to 1860). He supported the Confederate Cause in 1860-61, and was chosen president of the convention at Montgomery, Alabama, that organized the Confederate government, February 4, 1861. At the close of the war he opposed the reconstructive measures of the national government . 331 JOHN PARKER HALE. From Harper's Weekly, April 24, 1858. Mr. Hale was United States Senator from New Hampshire, 1847-53, and counsel, in 1851, in the trials which resulted from the forcible rescue of the fugitive slave, Shadrach, from the custody of the United States Marshal in Boston. In 1852 he was nominated by the Free Soil party for President of the United States, with George W. Julian for Vice-President, and received 157,680