My government felt, moreover, that if these Powers could agree upon a simple renunciation of war as an instrument of national policy there could be no doubt that most, if not all, of the other Powers of the world would find the formula equally acceptable and would hasten to lend their unqualified support to so impressive a movement for the perpetuation of peace. The United States has, however, been anxious from the beginning that no state should feel deprived of an opportunity to participate promptly in the new treaty and thus not only align itself formally and solemnly with this new manifestation of the popular demand for world peace but also avail itself of the identical benefits enjoyed by the original signatories. Accordingly in the draft treaty proposed by it the United States made specific provision for participation in the treaty by any and every Power desiring to identify itself therewith, and this same provision is found in the definitive instrument signed today in Paris. It will also be observed that the Powers signing the treaty have recorded in the preamble their hope that every nation of the world will participate in the treaty, and in that connection I am happy to be able to say that my government has already received from several governments informal indications that they are prepared to do so at the earliest possible moment. This convincing evidence of the world-wide interest and sympathy which the new treaty has evoked is most gratifying to all the governments concerned.

In these circumstances I have the honor formally to communicate to Your Excellency for your consideration and for the approval of your government, if it concurs therein, the text of the above-mentioned treaty as signed today in Paris, omitting only that part of the preamble which names the several plenipotentiaries. The text is as follows:

[See text of treaty as signed, printed supra, p. 171]

The provisions regarding ratification and adherence are, as Your Excellency will observe, found in the third and last article. That article provides that the treaty shall take effect as soon as the ratifications of all the Powers named in the preamble shall have been deposited in Washington, and that it shall be open to adherence by all the other Powers of the world, instruments evidencing such adherence to be deposited in Washington also. Any Power desiring to participate in the treaty may thus exercise the right to adhere thereto and my government will be happy to receive at any time appropriate notices of adherence from those governments wishing to contribute to the success of this new movement for world peace by bringing their peoples within its beneficent scope. It will be noted in this connection that the treaty expressly provides that when it has once come into force it shall take effect immediately between an adhering Power and the other parties thereto, and it is therefore clear that any government adhering promptly will fully share in the benefits of the treaty at the very moment it comes into effect. I shall shortly transmit to Your Excellency's convenient reference a printed pamphlet containing the text in translation of M. Briand's original

proposal to my government of June 20, 1927, and the complete record of the subsequent diplomatic correspondence on the subject of a multilateral treaty for the renunciation of war. I shall also transmit, as soon as received from my government, a certified copy of the signed treaty.

AGREEMENT RELATING TO AIR NAVIGATION

BETWEEN HIS MAJESTY IN RESPECT OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND AND THE PRESIDENT OF THE GERMAN REICH, TOGETHER WITH NOTES EXCHANGED

1

Signed at Berlin, June 29, 1927; ratifications exchanged, December 1, 1927 His Majesty the King of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas, Emperor of India, and the President of the German Reich, desiring to enter into an agreement relating to air navigation between Great Britain and Northern Ireland on the one hand and Germany on the other, have appointed as their plenipotentiaries for this purpose:

His Majesty the King of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas, Emperor of India, for Great Britain and Northern Ireland: Joseph Addison, C.M.G., His Majesty's Chargé d'Affaires ad interim at Berlin.

The President of the German Reich: Dr. Carl von Schubert, Secretary of State of the Foreign Office,

Who, after having communicated to each other their full powers, found in good and due form, have agreed as follows:

ARTICLE 1

Each of the high contracting parties undertakes, in time of peace, to grant liberty of passage above his territory to the aircraft of the other high contracting party, provided that the conditions set forth in the present agreement are observed.

It is however agreed that the establishment and operation of regular air routes by an air transport company of one of the high contracting parties within the territory of the other party or across the said territory (with or without intermediary landing) shall be subject to special formal permission of the competent aviation authorities of the two high contracting parties.

For the purpose of the present agreement the term "territory" means Great Britain and Northern Ireland on the one hand and Germany on the other including in both cases the territorial waters adjacent thereto, and the term "aircraft" means civil aircraft (including state aircraft used exclusively ? This pamphlet has been printed by the Government Printing Office, and may be procured from the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C., at ten cents per copy. 1 British Treaty Series No. 1 (1928).

for commercial purposes) duly registered in the territory of either of the high contracting parties.

ARTICLE 2

The aircraft of each of the high contracting parties, their crews and passengers, whilst within the territory of the other high contracting party, shall be subject to the regulations in force therein relating to air traffic in general, to the transport of passengers and goods and to public safety and order in so far as these regulations apply to all foreign aircraft, their crews and passengers, except in so far as they are inconsistent with the provisions of the present agreement. They shall also be subject to the other obligations resulting from the general legislation in force therein, except in so far as they may be inconsistent with the provisions of the present agreement.

It is understood that the subjects or citizens of either of the high contracting parties, and goods the produce or manufacture of their territories, shall, on entering or leaving or passing in transit across the territories of the other, enjoy the privileges accorded to persons and goods by the provisions of the Anglo-German Commercial Treaty of the 2nd December, 1924,2 and any other instruments governing the commercial relations between the two countries.

Each of the high contracting parties shall permit the import or export of all merchandise which may be legally imported or exported and also the carriage of passengers (subject to any immigration restrictions) from or to their respective territories in the aircraft of the other, and such aircraft, their passengers and cargoes, shall enjoy the same privileges as and shall not be subjected to any other or higher duties or charges than those which their respective aircraft (and their cargoes and passengers) or the aircraft of any other foreign country (and their cargoes and passengers) enjoy or are subjected to.

Each of the high contracting parties may reserve to his own aircraft the commercial transport of persons or goods between any two points which are both within his own territory. Nevertheless the aircraft of the other high contracting party may proceed from one customs aerodrome (as defined in Article 11 of this agreement) to another in the territory of the former, either for the purpose of landing the whole or part of their cargoes or passengers, or of taking on board the whole or part of their cargoes or passengers, provided that such cargoes are covered by through bills of lading and such passengers hold through tickets issued respectively for a journey whose starting place and destination are not both points between which transport has been duly so reserved, and such aircraft, while proceeding as aforesaid from one customs aerodrome to another, shall, notwithstanding that both such customs aerodromes are points between which transport has been duly reserved, enjoy all the privileges of this agreement.

? Printed in Supplement to the JOURNAL, July, 1926 (Vol. 20), p. 84.

The fuel carried on board the aircraft of each of the high contracting parties shall be exempt from customs duty, but not fuel delivered from the aircraft within the territory of the other high contracting party or used by the aircraft purely for flights within the said territory.

ARTICLE 3

Each of the high contracting parties shall have the right to prohibit air traffic over certain areas of his territory, provided that no distinction in this matter is made between his aircraft and the aircraft of the other high contracting party. The areas above which air traffic is thus prohibited must be notified to the other high contracting party.

Each of the high contracting parties reserves the right under exceptional circumstances in time of peace and with immediate effect temporarily to limit or prohibit air traffic above his territory on condition that in this respect no distinction is made between the aircraft of the other high contracting party and the aircraft of any other foreign state.

ARTICLE 4

Any aircraft which finds itself over a prohibited area shall, as soon as it is aware of the fact, give the signal of distress prescribed in the rules of the air in force in the territory flown over and shall land as soon as possible at an aerodrome situated in such territory outside but as near as possible to such prohibited area.

ARTICLE 5

All aircraft shall carry clear and visible marks whereby they may be recognized during flight (nationality and registration marks). In addition, they must bear the name and address of the owner.

All aircraft shall be provided with certificates of registration and of airworthiness and with all other documents prescribed for air navigation in the territory in which they are registered.

The members of the crew who perform duties in an aircraft, duties for which a special permit is required in the territory in which such aircraft is registered, shall be provided with all documents and in particular with the certificates and licenses prescribed by the regulations in force in such territory.

The other members of the crew shall carry documents showing their duties in the aircraft, their profession, identity and nationality.

The airworthiness certificate, certificates of competency and licenses issued or rendered valid by one of the high contracting parties in respect of an aircraft registered in his territory or of the crew of such aircraft shall have the same validity in the territory of the other high contracting party as the corresponding documents issued or rendered valid by the latter.

Each of the high contracting parties reserves the right for the purpose of

flight within his own territory to refuse to recognize certificates of competency and licenses issued to nationals of that high contracting party by the other high contracting party.

The crew and the passengers, unless otherwise agreed, shall be provided with the documents required by the regulations in force for international traffic.

ARTICLE 6

Aircraft of one of the high contracting parties shall only carry wireless apparatus and use such apparatus in the territory of the other high contracting party in so far as this is permitted in the territory of both high contracting parties.

Such apparatus shall only be used by such members of the crew as are provided with a special license for the purpose issued by the government of the territory in which the aircraft is registered.

The high contracting parties reserve the right, for reasons of safety, to issue regulations relative to the obligatory equipment of aircraft with wireless apparatus.

ARTICLE 7

No arms, ammunition, poison gas, explosives, carrier pigeons or cameras shall be carried by any aircraft, or by its crew or passengers, except by permission of the competent authorities of the territory within whose air space the aircraft is navigating.

ARTICLE 8

All aircraft carrying passengers and goods shall be provided with a list of the passengers' names, a manifest of the goods showing the nature and quantity of the goods, together with the necessary customs declarations.

If on arrival of any aircraft any discrepancy is noted between the goods carried and the manifest, the customs officials at the arrival aerodrome shall at once communicate with the competent customs officials of the other high contracting party.

The conveyance of mails shall be the subject of a special direct arrangement between the postal departments of the high contracting parties.

ARTICLE 9

Upon the departure or landing of any aircraft each high contracting party within his own territory and through his competent authorities may search the aircraft of the other high contracting party and examine the certificates and other documents prescribed.

ARTICLE 10

Every aerodrome open to public air traffic in the territory of one of the high contracting parties shall be open to all aircraft of the other high con