the Rugosa; whilst the discovery of septa which do not correspond with the mesenteries of the living animal will produce important results in the study of the fossil corals generally. Without entering into any of these questions here, there can be no doubt but that the extinct genus Heliolites and its allies are so closely related to Heliopora as to necessitate their being placed in the Alcyonaria as members of the family Helioporide. In the genus Heliolites there is a well-developed sclerodermic corallum, the corallites being tubular, regularly tabulate, and usually with well-developed septa, whilst the coenenchyma is composed of tabulate, geometric tubuli, smaller than the corallites and without septa. In the genus Plasmopora the corallum is very similar to that of Heliolites, differing chiefly in the fact that the conenchyma is more vesicular, and the tubuli are not so distinct. Propora, again, can hardly be separated from Plasmopora, its chief distinction being that the calices are exsert. Lyellia, also, is closely related to Heliolites. Polytremacis, also, differs from Heliolites chiefly in its granular surface, and it is hardly separable from Heliopora except by the fact that its septa are more developed. Finally, there are various extinct genera, such as Fistulipora, Callopora, &c., which have very close relationship to Heliolites, though they are destitute of septa, and which very probably will have to be ultimately asrociated in the same group. With regard to the distribution in space of the Alcyonaria, it is sufficient to say that they are very widely spread over the globe, occurring in all seas from the warmest to the coldest, and at almost all depths. The Alcyonida are for the most part inhabitants of shallow water, but the Pennatulida are represented up to almost the greatest depths yet sounded by the dredge. The Gorgonide are principally shallow-water forms, and attain their maximum of development in the seas of the tropics, abounding on coral-reefs, to the beauty of which they greatly contribute. The red coral of commerce (Corallium rubrum) is a Mediterranean species, and occurs principally at depths of from 5 to 6 fathoms, though extending its range up to 120 It is very largely sought after, and obtains a high price for ornamental purposes. The "coral fishery" is carried on by means of machines of different construction, which are dragged over the sea-bottom, and which usually injure more of the coral than they actually bring to the surface. Hence many valuable coral-beds have been completely exhausted, and the industry has no longer the importance that it formerly possessed. The "Organ-pipe corals" (Tubipora) are confined to the warm seas of the "coral-reef region;" and the genus Heliopora, the only living representative of the family Helioporida, is confined to the Pacific and Indian Oceans. fathoms or more. Contributions to the Natural History of the United States, vols. iii. and iv., on "Acalephs;" De Blainville, Manuel d'Actinologie et de Zoophytology, 1837; Bronn, Die Klassen und Ordnungen des Thierreich's (Strahlenthiere), vol. ii. parts 1-6, 1859-60; Cuvier, Règne Animal, 3d ed. vol. iii., "Zoophytes;" Dana, Rep. of Wilkes's Expl. Exped., "Zoophytes," 1848; also Corals and Coral Islands, 1872; Edwards and Haime, Histoire Naturelle des Coralliaires, ou Polypes proprement dits, 1857-60; also by the same, "Recherches sur la Structure et Classification des Polypiers recents et fossiles," in Ann. Sc. Nat., 1848-52; Ehrenberg, Beiträge zur Physiologischen Kenntniss der Corallenthiere im Allgemeinen, und besonders des Rothen Meeres, Berl., 1834; Ellis, Essay towards a Natural History of the Corallines, &c., 1755; Ellis and Solander, The Natural History of many Curious and Uncommon Zoophytes, 1786; Gosse, Actinologia Britannica, A History of the British Sea-Anemones and Madrepores, 1860 Greene, Manual of the Calenterata, 1861; Johnston, History of British Zoophytes, 2d ed., 1847; Kölliker, Icones Histiologica, Abth. ii., die Bindesubstanz der Coelenteraten, 1865; Lacaze Duthiers, Histoire Naturelle du Corail, also " Developpement des Coralliaires," in Archives de Zool. Experimentale, 1872-73; Lamarck, Hist. Nat. des Animaux sans Vert., 2d ed., 1836-39; Lamouroux, Exposition Méthodique des genres de l'ordre der Pol ypiers, 1821; also Histoire des Polypiers flexibles, 1816; Leuckart, Ueber die Morphologie der wirbellosen Thiere, 1848; Pourtales, "Deep-Sea Corals," No. 4 of the Illust. Catalogue of the Mus. of Comp. Zoology, 1871; Quoy and Gaimard, Voyage de l'Astrolabe, also Voyage de l'Uranie; Rapp, Ueber die Polypen im Allgemeinen und die Actinien insbesondere, 1829. There are also numerous works and memoirs not above referred to by Alexander Agassiz, Louis Agassiz, Allman, Asbjörnsen, Brandt, Busch, Claus, Cobbold, Costa, Dalyell, Dana, Darwin, Duncan, Fischer, Johnston, Leidy, Lütken, Michelin, Milne-Edwards, Mobius, E. Forbes, Frey and Leuckart, Gosse, Gray, Haime, Hollard, Mosely, Oersted, Phillippi, Pourtales, Quatrefages, Quoy and Gaimard, Rathke, Rötteken, Sars, Schmarda, Schneider, Stimpson, Teale, Verrill, Willemoes-Suhm, Perceval Wright, Strethill Wright, and others. As regards Coral-reefs, the following may be consulted :Dana, Corals and Coral Islands, 1872, and "Zoophytes" in Report of Wilkes's Expl. Exped., 1848; Darwin, On the Structure and Distribution of Coral-Reefs, 1st ed. 1842, 2d. ed. 1874; Chamisso and Von Kotzebue, Entdeckungs-Reise in die Südsee, inseln und Corallenbänke im Rothen Meere, Berlin, 1834; also 1815; Ehrenberg, Ueber die Natur and Bildung der Corallenworks or papers by Beechey, Couthouy, Flinders, Foster, Jukes, Quoy and Gaimard, Semper, &o. As regards the Rugosa and Fossil Corals generally, the following may be consulted:-Bronn, Lethea Geognostica, 18511856; De Fromentel, Introduction a l'étude des Polypiers Fossiles, 1858-61; D'Orbigny, Cours Elémentaire de Paléontologie, 1849; Duncan, British Fossil Corals, Supplement, in the Mon Wiener Tertiär-becken's, 1847. In addition to the above, de As regards their distribution in time, none of the Alcyo-ographs of the Paleontographical Society (Tertiary and Secondnaria, except the Helioporida, can be said to be known with certainty in deposits of Paleozoic age. The genus Protovirgularia was founded by M'Coy for the reception of a Silurian fossil which he believed to be allied to the living Virgularia, but it appears to be certainly not of this nature and is probably a graptolite. The family of the Helioporida is well represented in the Paleozoic period; the genus Heliolites being Silurian and Devonian, Propora and Lyellia being Silurian, and Plasmopora Silurian, and doubtfully Devonian. If Callopora and Fistulipora be referred to this group, then we may also consider that we have Carboniferous and Permian representatives of it. The genus Polytremacis, again, is confined to the Cretaceous period. The family of the Gorgonida is not known to be represented with certainty earlier than the Eocene Tertiary, two genera (Mopsea and Websteria) being found in the London clay. The genus Corallium has been doubtfully quoted from the Upper Oolites and Upper Cretaceous, and undoubtedly occurs as early as the Miocene. The Miocene deposits have also yielded species of Isis, Gorgonia, Gorgonella, and Melithaa. The family of the Pennatulide is not represented earlier than the latest Secondary or the earlier Tertiary deposits. The genus Pavonaria is said to occur in the Piso-nois, 1866-73; Pander, Beiträge zur Geognosie des Russischen litic Limestone of France, whilst Graphularia (and perhaps Virgularia) is found in the Eocene. The Miocene Tertiary has also yielded species of Virgularia, Graphularia, and Calographula. The family of the Tubiporida has not been recognized at all in a fossil condition. Lastly, the past existence of the Alcyonida has only been recognized with any certainty in the Pliocene deposits, the Red and White Crags having yielded a species of Alcyonium. BIBLIOGRAPHY.-Amongst the more important works and memoirs which may be consulted by the student of recent and fossil corals may be mentioned the following:-Agassiz, Louis, ary Corals), also Reports of the British Association, 1868, 1869, 1871; Dybowski, Monographie der Zoantharia Sclerodermata Rugosa aus der Silurformation Estlands, &c., 1873; Edwards British Fossil Corals, Monographs of the Paleontographical and Haime, Histoire Naturelle des Coralliaires, 1857-60, also Society; Geinitz, Grundriss der Versteinerungskunde, 1846; Kunth, Beiträge zur Kenntniss Fossiler Korallen, 1870; Michelin, Inconographie Zoophytologique, 1840-47; Münster, Beiträge zur Petrefaktenkunde, 1840; Pictet, Traité de Paléontologie, 2d ed., 1853; Owen, Paleontology, 2d ed., 1861; Quenstedt, Handbuch der Petrefaktenkunde; Reuss, Die Fossilen Polyparien des scriptions of various Rugose or other fossil corals are to be Billings, Paleozoic Fossils of Canada, vol. i., 1861-65; De found in paleontological and geological treatises, such asKoninck, Animaux Fossiles du Terrain Carbonifère de Belgique, 1842-71; Eichwald, Lethea Rossica, 1855; Goldfuss, Petrefakten Deutschlands, 1826-33; Hall, Paleontology of New York, 1847, Geology of Iowa, 1858, and various Reports on the State Cabinet; Hisinger, Lethwa Suecica, 1837; Lonsdale in Siluria, and Appendix to Murch., Vern., and Keys., Russia in Europe; M'Coy, British Paleozoic Fossils, 1851, Contributions to British Paleontology, 1854; Synopsis of the Carboniferous Fossils of Ireland, 1844; Meek and Worthen, Geological Survey of IlliPaleozoic Fossils of Cornwall, Devon, &c., 1841; Portlock, ReReiches, 1830; Philips, Geology of Yorkshire, vol. ii., 1836, and port on the Geology of Londonderry, &c., 1843; Roemer, Die Silurische Fauna des Westlichen Tennessee, 1860; Salter, Catalogue of Cambrian and Silurian Fossils in the Geological Museum of Cambridge University, 1873; Sowerby, Mineral Conchology, 1822, &c. In addition to the above there are various works and memoirs, wholly or in part occupied with lists or descriptions of fossil corals, and not referred to in the foregoing, by Billings, Bronn, Castelnau, Dale-Owen, Dana, De Koninck, D'Orbigny, Duncan, Dybowski, Edwards (Milne), Eichwald, Fischer von Waldheim, Fougt, Fromentel, Haime, Hall, Howse, Keyserling, King, Kunth, Kutorga, Lamarck, Lesueur, Lind. ström, Linné, Lonsdale, Ludwig, M'Coy, Morren, Morris, Nicholson, Phillips, Reuss, Roemer, Rominger, Safford, Salter, Schlotheim, Schmidt, Schweigger, Steininger, Thomson (James), Tornquist, Verril, Wahlenberg, Whitfield, Wright (Dr. Thomas), Zaphrinesque, &c. (H. A. N.) INDUSTRIAL USES OF CORALS.-Beyond their general utility and value as sources of lime, none of the corals present any special feature of industrial importance, excepting the red or precious coral (Corallium rubrum) of the Mediterranean Sea. It, however, is and has been from remote times very highly prized for jewelry, personal ornamentation, and decorative purposes generally. About the beginning of the Christian era a great trade was carried on in coral between the Mediterranean and India, where it was highly esteemed as a substance endowed with mysterious sacred properties. It is remarked by Pliny that, previous to the existence of the Indian demand, the Gauls were in the habit of using it for the ornamentation of their weapons of war and helmets; but in his day, so great was the Eastern demand, that it was very rarely scen even in the regions which produced it. Among the Romans branches of coral were hung around children's necks to preserve them from danger, and the substance had many medicinal virtues attributed to it. A belief in its potency as a charm continued to be entertained throughout medieval times; and even to the present day in Italy it is worn as a preservative from the evil eye, and by females as a cure for sterility. The precious coral is found widespread on the borders and around the islands of the Mediterranean Sea. The beds are generally from 2 to 10 miles from the land, and in water of about 30 up to 130 fathoms deep; but it finds its most favorable conditions in 80 fathoms water. The most important fisheries extend along the coasts of Tunis, Algeria, and Morocco; but red coral is also obtained in the vicinity of Naples, near Leghorn and Genoa, and on the coasts of Sardinia, Corsica, Catalonia, and Provence. It is said that it attains greater perfection in the east than in the south, and that it is rarely found in a western and never in a northern aspect. It is found attached to rocks embedded in a muddy sea bottom, in which it flourishes more than in a clear or sandy bed. In color it varies through all shades of red, from a deep crimson to a delicate rose pink or flesh color, fine tints of which are very rare and highly prized. It is also sometimes obtained of a milk white color. From the Middle Ages downwards the securing of the right to the coral fisheries on the African coasts was an object of considerable rivalry among the Mediterranean communities of Europe. Previous to the 16th century they were controlled by the Italian republics. For a short period the Tunisian fisheries were secured by Charles V. to Spain; but the monopoly soon fell into the hands of the French, who held the right till the Revolutionary Government in 1793 threw the trade open. For a short period (about 1806) the British Government controlled the fisheries, and now they are again in the hands of French authorities. Previous to the French Revolution much of the coral trade centred in Marseilles; but since that period, both the procuring of the raw material and the working of it up into the various forms in which it is used have become peculiarly Italian industries, centring largely in Naples, Rome, and Genoa. Although foreign crafts have to pay heavy dues for the right to fish on the Algerian coasts, the great majority of the vessels and crews belong to Torre del Greco. Two classes of boats engage in the pursuit, a large size of from 12 to 14 tons, manned by ten or twelve hands, and a small size of 3 or 4 tons, with a crew of five or six. The large boats, dredging from March to October, collect from 650 to 850 lbs. of coral, and the small, working throughout the year, collect from 390 to 500 lbs. The Algerian reefs are divided into ten portions, of which only one is fished annually,-ten years being considered sufficient for the proper growth of the coral. No reliable estimates of the amount and value of coral obtained annually exist; but in 1873 the Algerian fisheries alone, employing 311 vessels, manned by 3150 sailors, yielded raw coral valued at £113,000. The range of value of the various qualities of coral, according to color and size, is exceedingly wide, and notwithstanding the steady Oriental demand its price is considerably affected by the fluctuations of fashion. While the price of the finest tints of rose pink may range from £80 to £120 per oz., ordinary red-colored small pieces sell for about £2 per oz., and the small fragments called collette, used for children's necklaces, cost about 5s. per oz. In China large spheres of good colored coral command high prices, being in great requisition for the button of office worn by the mandarins. It also finds a ready market throughout India and in Central Asia; and with the negroes of Central Africa and of America it is a favorite ornamental substance. CORAM, THOMAS (1668–1751), an English philanthropist, began life as a seaman, and rose to the position of merchant captain. He settled at Taunton, Massachusetts, for several years engaging there in farming and boat-building, and in 1703 returned to England. His acquaintance with the destitute East End of London, and the miserable condition of the children there, inspired him with the idea of providing a refuge for such of them as had no legal protector; and after seventeen years of unwearied exertion, he obtained in 1739 a royal charter authorizing the establishment of his hospital for foundling infants. It was opened in Hatton Garden, on 17th October, 1740, with twenty inmates. For fifteen years it was supported by voluntary contributions; but in 1756 it was endowed with a Parliamentary grant of £10,000 for the support of all that might be sent to it. Children were brought, however, in such numbers, and so few (not one-third, it is said) survived infancy, that the grant was stopped, and the charity, which had been removed to Guildford Street, was from that time only administered under careful restrictions. Coram's later years were spent in watching over the interests of the hospital; he was also one of the promoters of the settlement of Georgia and Nova Scotia; and his name is honorably connected with various other charities. In carrying out his philanthropic schemes he spent nearly all his private means; and an annuity of £170 was raised for him by public subscription. CORAY, ADAMANTIUS (1748–1833), a Greek scholar, was the son of a merchant of Smyrna. His grandfather, Professor Rysius, had left a library to whoever of his grandsons should distinguish himself most at school in the study of ancient Greek. Adamantius won the prize, and a strong interest in literature was thence awakened in him. For a time, however, he devoted himself to commerce, carrying on the management of his father's business affairs in Amsterdam. But in 1779 his father's warehouse in Smyrna was destroyed by fire; and Coray was left free to follow his tastes. Two or three years after he removed to Montpellier, where he remained for six years, studying medicine, and supporting himself by translating German and English medical works into French. In 1788 he settled in Paris, where he died forty-five years later, at the age of eighty-five. Coray's chief works are his editions of Greek authors contained in his Bibliothèque hellénique and his mapepyá; and his editions of the Characters of Theophrastus, of the De Aire, Aquis, et Locis of Hippocrates, and of the Ethiopica of Heliodorus, elaborately annotated. See βιός Αδαμαντίου Κοραή (Paris, 1833); and 'Amávkiopa émiorolŵv 'Adaparтíov Kopan (Athens, 1839). CORBEIL, a town of France at the head of an arrondissement in the department of Seine-et-Oise, is situated at the confluence of the Essonne with the Seine, about 18 miles S. S. E. of Paris. A bridge across the larger river unites the main part of the town with a suburb on the other side, and a continuous line of houses leads to the village of Essonnes. The church of St. Spire was rebuilt in the 15th century; St. Jean-en-l'Isle belonged to the Templars, and dates from the 13th; and the corn-market was erected in 1780 by Viel. The industrial establishments in the town and neighborhood include more than forty flourmills, and several print-works, cotton-factories, and papermills. of a powerful countship; and it continued for a long time to be an important military post in connection with the commissariat of Paris. Of the numerous sieges to which it has been exposed, the most important are those by the duke of Burgundy in 1418, by the Huguenots in 1562, and by Alexander Farnese in 1590. The population of Corbeil proper in 1872 was 6016, and that of Essonnes, 551. From the 10th to the 12th century Corbeil was the chief town CORCYRA. See CORFU. CORDAY D'ARMANS, MARIE-ANNE-CHARLOTTE, born in 1768, at St. Saturnin near Séez in Normandy, was much that was noble and exalted. Her mind had been formed by her studies on a pagan type. To Barbaroux and the Girondins of Caen, she wrote from her prison, anticipating happiness "with Brutus in the Elysian Fields" after her death, and with this letter she sent a simple loving farewell to her father, revealing a tender side to her character that otherwise we could hardly have looked for in such a woman. sination." MATHURIN CORDIER (1478-1564), the author of the wellCORDERIUS, the Latinized form of name used by known Colloquia, a native of Normandy. He possessed special tact and liking for teaching children, and taught first at Paris, where Calvin was among his scholars, and, after a number of changes, finally at Geneva. He wrote several books for children; the most famous is his Colloquia, which has passed through innumerable editions, being used in schools for three centuries after his time. He also wrote Principia Latine Loquendi Scribendique, selecta ex Epistolis Ciceronis; De Corrupti Sermonis apud Gallos Emendatione et Latini Loquendi Ratione; De Quantitate Syllabarum; Conciones Saere Gallia; Remontrances et exhortations au roi et aux grande de son royaume (Geneva, 1561). descended from a noble family, and numbered among her ancestors the dramatist Corneille. She was educated in a convent, and then sent to live with an aunt at Caen. Here she saw hardly any one but her relative, and passed her lonely hours in reading the works of the philosophes, especially Voltaire and the Abbé Raynal. Another of her favorite authors was Plutarch, from whose pages she doubtless imbibed the idea of classic heroism and civic virtue which prompted the act that has made her name famous. Every writer on the Revolution has dwelt at more or less On the outbreak of the Revolution she began to study cur- length on Charlotte Corday. Many of the current versions of rent politics, chiefly through the medium of the papers her life are very incorrect and even absurd. Of biographies issued by the party afterwards known as the Girondins. we may mention that of Couet do Gironville, published in 1796, On the downfall of this party, on May 31, 1793, many of that of Alphonse Esquiros which attempts a defence of Marat, the leaders took refuge in Normandy, and proposed to and Adolphe Huard's Mémoires sur Charlotte Corday, 1866. make Caen the headquarters of an army of volunteers, at Her letters and her address to the French people were printed the head of whom Wimpfenn, the commandant of Cher- at Caen in 1863 under the title of Euvres politiques de Charbourg, was to have marched upon Paris. Charlotte at-lotte Corday. Lamartine in his Histoire des Girondins has an tended their meetings, and heard them speak; but we have eloquent eulogy, which ends by styling her "l'ange de l'assasno reason to believe that she saw any of them privately, "Jeanne d'Arc de la Révolution." She has even less appropriately been called the till the day when she went to ask for introductions to friends of theirs in Paris. She saw that their efforts in CORDELIERS, the name given to the Franciscans in Normandy were doomed to fail. She had heard of Marat France, from the cords which they wore round their waists; as a tyrant and the chief agent in their overthrow, and she and also the name of a notorious club of the time of the had conceived the idea of going alone to Paris and assassi- French Revolution, so called because it met in a Francisnating him,-doubtless thinking that this would break up can chapel. Early in 1790 this club was thoroughly orthe party of the Terrorists and be the signal of a counter-ganized under the presidency of Danton. Among its other revolution. Apparently she had thought of going to Paris members were Marat and Camille Desmoulins, and the in April, before the fall of the Girondins, for she had then latter edited a paper expressing its views, under the name procured a passport which she used in July. It contained of Le Vieux Cordelier. the usual description of the bearer, and ran thus: "Laissez passer la citoyenne Marie, &c., Corday, agée de 24 ans, taille de 5 pieds 1 pouce, cheveux et sourcils châtains, yeux gris, front élevé, nez long, bouche moyenne, menton rond fourchu, visage ovale." Arrived in Paris she first attended to some business for a friend at Caen, and then she wrote to Marat:-"Citizen, I have just arrived from Caer. Your love for your native place doubtless makes you desirous of learning the events which have occurred in that part of the republic. I shall call at your residence in about an hour; have the goodness to receive me, and to give me a brief interview. I will put you in a condition to render great service to France." On calling she was refused admittance, and wrote again, promising to reveal important secrets, and appealing to Marat's sympathy on the ground that she herself was persecuted by the enemies of the republic. She was again refused an audience, and it was only when she called a third time (July 15) that Marat, hearing her voice in the antechamber, consented to see her. He lay in a bathing tub, wrapped in towels, for he was suffering from a horrible disease which had almost reduced him to a state of putrefaction. Our only source of information as to what followed is Charlotte's own confession. She spoke to Marat of what was passing at Caen, and his only comment on her narrative was that all the men she had mentioned should be guillotined in a few days. As he spoke she drew from her bosom a dinner knife (which she had bought the day before for two francs) and plunged it into his left side. It pierced the lung and the aorta. He cried out, "A moi, ma chère amie !" and expired. Two women rushed in, and prevented Charlotte from escaping. A crowd collected round the house, and it was with difficulty that she was escorted to the prison of the Abbaye. On being brought before the Revolutionary Tribunal she gloried in her act, and when the indictment against her was read, and the president asked her what she had to say in reply, her answer was, "Nothing, except that I have succeeded." Her advocate, Chaveau Lagarde, put forward the plea of insanity, but of course he could not sustain it. She was sentenced to death, and calmly thanked her counsel for his efforts on her behalf, adding, however, that the only defence worthy of her was an avowal of the act. She was then conducted to the Conciergerie, where at her own desire her portrait (now in the museum of Versailles) was painted by the artist Hauer. She preserved her perfect calmness to the last. There was a momentary shudder when she saw the guillotine, but she recovered immediately, and placed herself in position under the fatal blade without assistance from any one. The knife fell, and one of the executioners held up her head by the hair, and had the brutality to strike it with his fist. Many believed they saw the dead face blush,-probably an effect of the red stormy sunset. It was the 17th of July, 1793. It is difficult to analyze the character of Charlotte Corday, we know so little of her; but there was in it CORDOVA (Latin, Corduba; French, Cordoue), a city of Spain, capital of a province of its own name in Andalusia, is situated on the southern declivity of the Sierra Morena and the right bank of the Guadalquivir, 75 miles north-east of Seville, and not far from one of the junctions on the railway system of Spain. Its walls, erected on Roman foundations, and principally Moorish in their superstructure, enclose a very large area; but much of the space is occupied by garden-ground cleared from the ruins of ancient buildings. The streets are for the most part so narrow and crooked that it would be much more descriptive to speak of them as lanes; and with the exception of those in the Plaza Mayor, the houses are greatly dilapidated. As every building, however, is profusely covered with whitewash, there is little difference on the surface be tween the oldest and the most modern specimens. The southern suburb communicates with the town by means of a bridge of sixteen arches across the river, exhibiting the usual combination of Roman and Moorish masonry, and dominated at the one end by an elevated statue of the patron saint, St. Raphael, whose effigy is to be seen in various other quarters of the city. The most important of the public buildings are the cathedral, the old monastic establishments, the churches, the bishop's palace, the_lyceum, the city hall, the hospitals, and the colleges. The old royal palace (Alcazar) is in ruins,—only one wing being sufficiently entire to serve the purpose of a prison. The cathedral, which throws all the other churches into insignificance, was originally built as a mosque by Abderrahman I. on the site, it is believed, of a Roman temple. The exterior, with the straight lines of its square buttress towers, has a heavy and somewhat ungainly appearance; but the interior is one of the most beautiful specimens of Moorish architecture in Europe. Passing through a grand courtyard about 500 feet in length, shady with palm, and cypress, and orange-trees, and fresh with the full flow of fountains, the visitor enters a magnificent and bewildering labyrinth of pillars. Porphyry and jasper and marbles of many a tint are boldly combined in a matchless mosaic. Part have come from the spoils of Nîmes or Narbonne title of Patricia; and to this day the Cordovese pride themselves on the purity and antiquity of their descent. The city was the usual residence of the proctor of the province of Bætics, and the seat of one of the four provincial assizes. In the wars between Cæsar and the sons of Pompey, Corduba espoused the hands of Caesar, who avenged the obstinacy of its resistance by cause of the latter. After the battle of Munda, it fell into the putting 20,000 of the inhabitants to the sword; but in the time of Strabo it still ranked as the largest city of Spain. Under the Goths Corduba maintained its importance; and in the person of Hosius, its bishop, it furnished a president for the Council of Nice. Under the Moors it was at first an apanage of the caliphate of Damascus, but it soon became the capital of the Moorish dominions in Spain. At the death of Abderrahman, it is said, perhaps with Arabic exaggeration, to have contained within its walls 200,000 houses, 600 mosques, 900 baths, and numerous public libraries; whilst on the bank of the Guadalquivir, under the power of that monarch, there were eight cities, 300 towns, and 12,000 populous villages. In the beginning of the 13th century the Moorish empire became dismembered, and fell an easy prey to St. Ferdinand of Castile in 1236. Since that period Cordova has gradually declined; and in modern times it has never recovered the assault of the French under Dupont in 1808, who stormed and afterwards pillaged the town. In the Roman period Cordova was the birthplace of Lucan and the two Senecas; and in modern times it numbers among its celebrities Avicenna, Averroes, Juan de Mena, It also gives its name to the famous captain Gonzalo de Cordova. Ambrosio Morales, Cespedes the painter, and Luis de Gongora. part from Seville or Tarragona, some from the older ruins | men of noble rank among the colonists, the city obtained the of Carthage, and others as a present to Abderrahman from Leo of Byzantium. Of different heights, they have been adjusted to their present standard of 12 feet by being either sunk into the soil or lengthened by the addition of Corinthian capitals. Twelve hundred was the number of the columns in the original building; but many have been destroyed, and, according to some accounts, less than 700 remain. They divide the area of the building, which measures 395 feet from east to west by 356 feet from north to south, longitudinally into nineteen and transversely into twenty-nine aisles-each row supporting a tier of open Moorish arches, which in its turn gives the basis for a second pier with its pillars resting on the keystones of the tier beneath. The full height of the ceiling is thus about 35 feet. The Moorish character of the building was unfortunately impaired in the 16th century by the formation in the interior of a crucero or high altar and choir, in the Roman style, by the addition of numerous chapels along the sides of the vast quadrangle, and by the erection of a modern tower in room of the old muezzin. The crucero in itself is no disgrace to the architect Herman Ruiz, but every lover of art must sympathize with the rebuke administered by Charles V. to the cathedral authorities: "You have built here what could have been built as well anywhere else; and you have destroyed what was unique in the world." Magnificent, indeed, as the cathedral still is, it is almost impossible to realize what the mosque must have been when the worshippers thronged through its nineteen gateways of bronze, and its 4700 lamps, fed with perfumed oil, shed at once light and fragrance through its brilliant 14. Campo S. Anton. 19. S. Lorenzo. 21. Sta. Marina. 22. Malmuerta Tower. aisles. Of the exquisite elaboration bestowed on the more sacred portions abundant proof is afforded by the small heptagonal chapel of the Mihrab, roofed with a single shell-like block of snow-white marble, and inlaid with Byzantine mosaics of glass and gold. Cordova was celebrated in the time of the Moors for its silversmiths, who are said to have come originally from Damascus; and it exported a peculiar kind of leather which took its name from the city, whence we have still the word "cordwainer." These industries, however, disappeared with the race that introduced them. In modern times, especially since the opening of the railway to Cadiz and Seville, its industry has developed in various directions, and flax, linen, silk, and woollens are now manufactured. Population, 42,000. Corduba, probably of Carthaginian origin, was occupied by Marcus Marcellus in 152 B. C., and shortly afterwards became the first Roman colony in Spain. From the large number of CORDOVA, or CORDOBA, the chief town of a province of the same name in the Argentine Republic, 246 miles by rail from Rosario, in 31° 24' S. lat. and 64° 9′ W. long. It lies in the very heart of the country, and occupies the bottom of a considerable depression to the south of the River Primero. The streets, which cut each other at right angles, are for the most part unpaved, but are furnished with side paths of brick; and the houses are almost all of one story. The cathedral of St. Peter, built by the Italian Jesuit Primoli, ranks among the finest churches in South America, though the interior hardly corresponds to the promise of the outside; and the church of the convent of Santa Catalina is also worthy of notice. The educational institutions are of great and increasing importance, including a university established in the Colegio San Carlos, or old Jesuit monastery, which was built by the same architect as the cathedral; an ecclesiastical seminary, supported by the Government; a national observatory, instituted in 1871; and an academy of sciences. The cabildo or Government-house (adorned with a pillared portico), an orphan asylum, two hospitals, and several convents complete the list of the public edifices. The population in 1869 numbered about 28,500, consisting of half-breeds of various degrees, with a considerable predominance of the Spanish type. Since the opening of the railway to Rosario in 1870, the trade of the city, always of some importance, has begun to develop. The exports are mainly hides and wool, and the imports miscellaneous mannfactures. Cordova was founded by Cabrera in 1573, and made the capital of the province of Tucuman by Philip V.; its main importance arose from its being the centre of the Jesuit missions of South America and the principal seat of learning on the continent. The revolutionary wars for a time destroyed its prosperity; but latterly it has much recovered. In 1871 it was the seat of a national exhibition. CORDOVA, a town of Mexico with about 6500 inhabitants, in the province of Vera Cruz, and 57 miles inland from the city of that name. It is situated in a very fertile district near the volcano of Orizava, and trades in tobacco, coffee, sugar, and cotton. Its streets are well paved and regularly laid out; the most of its houses are built of stone, and the cathedral, which occupies one side of a large central square, is a fine edifice, with a highly ornamented interior. The neighborhood abounds in antiquarian remains, and at Amatlan de los Reyes especially there are traces of a temple and a cave, with fragments of carving and pottery. COREA, a kingdom of Eastern Asia, the greater part of which occupies a peninsula stretching south from the northern portion of the Chinese empire. It is bounded on the N by the elevated plains of Manchuria, E. by the Sea of Japan, S. by the strait to which it gives its name, and W. by the Yellow Sea, and extends from about 34° to 42° 25′ N. lat., | and from 124° 35' to 130° 50' E. long. The natives assert that it has a length of 3000 lys, or about 1000 English miles, and a breadth of 1300 lys, or about 460 miles; but this is undoubtedly an exaggeration, and the total area is probably a little more than 79,400 square miles, or about 24 times the size of Scotland. The eastern coast trends south-west from the confines of Russian Manchuria to the neighborhood of the 39th parallel of latitude, and then, changing its direction to the south-east, it forms an extensive gulf, named Broughton Bay in honor of a navigator of the 18th century. With this exception it presents no remarkable irregularity of line; but even such superficial surveys as have already been effected show that it affords a considerable number of bays and harbors. Of these the most important are Lazaref, Pingai, and Chosan. The first, called Virginia Bay on the French maps, is situated in 39° 25' N. lat., has an area of about 36 square miles, is well protected, and furnishes excellent anchoring ground. The second in 36° 36' is comparatively small, but completely sheltered by a conical island. The third in 35° 2' is large enough to shelter merchant vessels of all sizes and even ships of war below the rank of frigates. Throughout its whole extent is eastern shore presents mainly a succession of steep but not very lofty cliffs, sinking at intervals into irregular dunes, or into stretches of almost level sand. The south and west coasts, on the other hand, are much more varied with inlet and promontory, estuary and peninsula; and the neighboring sea is occupied by a multitude of islands and rocks. Of these islands the largest is Quel part, with a length of 46 miles and a breadth of about 20; but of greater importance to the navigator is the Port Hamilton group, on account of the excellent harbor to which it partly owes its name. Mountains.-Corea is eminently a mountainous country, and the general appearance of the surface is compared by a French missionary to that of the sea under a strong gale. The principal range winds through the peninsula from north to south. From the northern frontier, till it reaches 37° of north latitude, it keeps pretty close to the eastern coast; but from that point it trends westward, and runs obliquely across the southern extremity of the country, leaving the contour of the coast to be defined by a subordinate range. Of individual summits the highest known to Europeans are Hien-fung and Tao-kwang in the Pepi Shan Mountains, to the north of Broughton Bay; and these attain no greater elevation than 8114 and 6310 feet respectively. Another of special mark, called Sedlovaya or the Saddle, by the Russian navigators, is situated in 38° 10' 30'' N. lat. The country to the west of the main ridge is occupied by irregular spurs; and throughout its whole extent there is no district that can properly be described as a plain. kingdom, is situated, and the Tai-tang-kang, which flows past the city of Pieng-iang. Climate and Agriculture.-The temperature of Corea, though much more equable than that of the neighboring continent, is higher in winter and lower in summer than under the same latitudes in Europe. Such advantages as it actually has over the climate of Northern China are mainly due to the effects of the south-west monsoon. In the north the rivers remain frozen for several months in the year, and even in the furthest south the snow lies for a considerable period. In latitude 35° the lowest reading of the thermometer observed by the French missionaries was 5° Fahr.; in 37° or 38° they often found it 13° below zero. The principal articles of cultivation are rice, wheat, millet, rye, tobacco, cotton, hemp, and ginseng; and of these several afford a good return. The potato, which was recently introduced, is under a Government interdict, and MUKDEN LIAO TONG COREA BAY Shan-tong YELLOW CNCLISH MILE'S MANCHURIA SEA 425 Mousan HAM-KIENC TAD KWANC PEP Hung chungs QUEI PART 1 KANC-WEN SEDLOVATA STE A OF JAPAN CEOUL Stu can ITSIONG TSENG Kung tu Taj-Kou Pingai harb Sketch Map of Corea. COREA STRAIT san Harb KUSIU 130 35 use might do much to prevent the recurrence of the famines with which the country is ever and anon visited. Almost all the fruits of central Europe are to be obtained; but their quality is greatly deteriorated by the humidity of the climate. Water-melons and the fruit of the Diospyros Lotus (called kam by the natives) are mentioned as the best. Rivers.-Corea is well furnished with rivers and streams. In the north the boundary line is mainly marked by two of considerable size, the Ya-lu-kiang and the Mi-kiang. The former, known to the Chinese as the Aye-kiang, and to the Coreans as Am- | is only to be found in outlying districts; though its general no-kang, or the river of the Green Duck, receives numerous affluents in the early part of its course, flows first north-west and then south-west, and falls into the Yellow Sea by three distinct mouths. Its most important tributary, the Tong-kia-ula, comes from the Shan-alin Mountains in Manchuria, and forms its junction about 40° 50' N. lat. The Mi-kiang, called by the Coreans Tu-man-kang, has a very much shorter course than the Ya-lu-kiang, but owing to the number of its tributaries, it attains no mean proportions before it reaches the eastern sea in 42° 19' 5 N. lat. and 130° 38' 51" E. long. At its mouth it is about half a mile wide, and at Hung-chung 300 yards, with a depth of about 20 feet in the middle. Its current is about 1 knots an hour. Of the numerous streams that find their way to the Sea of Japan none require special mention till we come to the Nak-tong-kang, which rises in the eastern slopes of the main chain, and after flowing almost directly south, reaches the strait of Corea in 34° 50' N. lat. Among those of the western coast three at least are of considerable magnitude-the Keumkang, the Hang-kang, on which Seoul, the capital of the Minerals.-Corea has the reputation of being richly furnished with mineral resources; gold, silver, copper, iron, and coal are all said to be common. Gold-mining, however, is strictly prohibited; the permission at one time granted to work the silver ore at Sioun-heng-fu was shortly afterwards withdrawn; the copper mines are neglected, and Japanese copper imported; and the general use of coal is confined to certain districts. Animals. Of the wild animals the most remarkable are a small species of tiger, the bear, and the wild boar; and of the domestic kinds the principal are cattle, horses of diminutive proportions but considerable strength, swine, and dogs.. The last are a favorite article of food. The king alone has the right of rearing sheep and goats, which |