Treaty (No. LXXII) with him, by which he engaged for himself, his heirs and successors, to prohibit the import or export of slaves to or from Mokalla and its dependencies. He was succeeded by his son Omar bin Salah, who accepted au offer by the Kaiti Chief of Shihr to aid him in reducing the refractory Shaikh of Dawan. Taking advantage of his admission with 600 followers. into the fort of Mokalla, the Kaiti Chief demanded payment of a debt alleged to have been due to him by the late Nakib.

*

It was finally arranged in 1873 by treaty that the Nakib should cede one-half of Mokalla, of Bandar Burum, and of the district of Al-Harshiyyat in return for a payment of 2 lakhs of dollars, from which however the debt due to the Kaiti Chief was to be deducted. In prosecution of this feud, the Kaiti, with the aid of their relatives at Hyderabad, purchased a vessel and despatched her to Aden; she was detained there under the provisions of the Foreign Enlistment Act of 1870, and not released until the Kaiti Chief had bound himself under a heavy penalty to send her at once to Bombay without touching at, or undertaking any operations against, any of the ports of Hadthramaut. This Chief further attempted to establish a blockade of Mokalla and boarded native craft suspected of being bound for that port. For the plunder of three such vessels he was compelled to pay an indemnity of Rupees 6,142, and warned of the consequences of such interference with commerce in the future.

The British Government steadily avoided interference or arbitration in the disputes between these two Chiefs, and took no action regarding them beyond asking for assurances from the Ministers of the Hyderabad State that persons in the service of the Nizam who might be convicted of taking part in the quarrel by supplying money and munitions of war to their relatives on either side, and so prolonging the strife, would be dismissed. But at length in 1876, there being no prospect of the cessation of hostilities without some authoritative interference, the Political Resident at Aden, acting under the authority of Government, visited the two Chiefs, and through his mediation a truce for two years was concluded, on the expiry of which period a further extension of one year was arranged. No permanent settlement was however effected, and eventually hostilities were resumed in 1880 and resulted in the capture of Burum by the Chief of Shihr. Being driven to extremities the Nakib of Mokalla signed the agreements drawn up by the Political Resident, and Burum was in consequence evacuated by the Jamadar of Shihr.

See Appendix No. 10.

No sooner was the Nakib thus relieved from immediate pressure than he repudiated the terms of the settlement. The Government of India thereupon directed that the Jamadar should be replaced in possession of Burum, which was surrendered by the Nakib without further bloodshed. Finally, in November 1881, the latter gave himself up to the Commander of H. M. S. Dragon and was conveyed with his dependants to Aden, while the Jamadar of Shihr was put in possession of Mokalla and its dependencies. From Aden the ex-Nakib went to Zanzibar with a number of Shaikhs and followers, and in 1888 he accepted the maintenance provided for him.

In 1873 an Engagement (No. LXXIII) was concluded with the Chief of Shihr, by which he bound himself, his heirs and successors, to prohibit the import or export of slaves to or from Shihr and its dependencies.

In July 1882 an Engagement (No. LXXIV) was concluded with the Jamadar of Shihr and Mokalla by which he became a British stipendiary, an allowance of 360 dollars a year being assigned to him, his heirs and successors. At the same time the Jamadar paid over (Article 2) a sum of 100,000 dollars to the Resident at Aden for the maintenance of the ex-Nakib of Mokalla.

On the 1st May 1888 a Protectorate Treaty was concluded with the Jamadar Abdulla bin Omar and his brother Awadth bin Omar, and was ratified on the 26th February 1890 (No. LXXV).

Jamadar Abdulla bin Omar died on the 25th November 1888, and Government sanctioned the continuance of the salute and stipend to his brother Awadth bin Omar (Sultan Nawaz Jang). The Chief receives a personal salute of 12 guns.

3.-SANAA.*

ABOUT the beginning of the seventeenth century, the English obtained a firman from the Governor of Mokha for the establishment of a factory and permission to trade on payment of a duty on goods, not exceeding 3 per cent. This deed was confirmed by the Turkish Pasha of Yemen. About the same time the Dutch established a factory at Mokha, which was then the great depôt for the trade of Southern Arabia, and a century later a factory was also opened by the French. After the expulsion of the Turks in 1630 the whole of Yemen came under the government of the Imams of Sanaa;

From Playfair's History of Yemen and Records in the Foreign Office.

but at the time of Carsten Neibuhr's visit to Sanaa in 1763, the native Arab tribes of the provinces of Aden, Abu Arish, Taizz and others, had thrown off allegiance to the Imams. In 1799, when the British Government took measures to oppose the expected invasion of India by the French, and to revive the lost trade of the Red Sea, Dr. Pringle was deputed to Sanaa with presents from the Governor General, and obtained from the Imam, Ali Mansur, orders to the Governors of Mokha, Hodaida, and Lohaiyya to give every facility to trade. Two years afterwards an effort was made by Sir Home Popham, who had been constituted Ambassador to the States of Arabia, to negotiate a commercial treaty with Sanaa; but he was treated with indignity by the Governor of Mokha, and the terms of the proposed treaty were rejected by the Imam.

At the beginning of the present century, Imam Ali Mansur suffered severely at the hands of the Wahabis, who overran and wrested from him some of the best districts of his dominions. In 1816, however, Muhammad Ali Pasha, having destroyed the Wahabi power, restored these districts to Ahmad, the son and successor of Imam Ali Mansur, in consideration of an annual tribute of 100,000 dollars. Ahmad was succeeded in 1817 by his son Abdulla, who was unable to retain the provinces which had been restored to bis father.

In 1817, in consequence of a dispute in which an Arab had been temporarily detained at the factory at Mokha, the British Residency was attacked and plundered, and a British officer was dragged before the Governor, by whom he was subjected to every insult. After some delay a British squadron was sent to demand satisfaction for this outrage. On the 26th December 1820 the fort of Mokha was taken, and shortly afterwards a public apology was made for the indignity offered to the British Government, and a Treaty (No. LXXVI) was signed by the Imam of Sanaa and his Council. in 1821, defining the rights to be enjoyed by British subjects, and reducing the export duty on trade to 2 per cent. This treaty was framed in a slovenly and discreditable way, and it was afterwards discovered that serious discrepancies existed between the English version and the Arabic counterpart. The Imam refused to accept any modification. To preserve friendly relations, the British Government yielded every point, except one in the 6th Article. The clause in the English version of that article, which stipulated that the servants of the factory should be amenable only to the jurisdiction of the Resident, was altogether omitted in the Arabic. The Imam was informed that all other

points were conceded, but that, if he attempted to seize or punish any person, of whatever nation, in the exclusive employment of the Resident, the Resident would withdraw, and such further measures would be adopted as might seem to the British Government to be expedient.

In 1840 a Commercial Treaty (No. LXXVII) was concluded with Sharif Husain bin Ali of Mokha by Captain Moresby, similar to that concluded in the same year with the Chief of Zaila (See Somali Coast and Shoa infra). Shortly afterwards the British flag was cut down, and the duties levied from British subjects were raised to 9 per cent. As Mokha had by this time fallen under the government of the Sublime Porte, it was doubtful whether Sharif Husain had any right to conclude a treaty as a principal. The British Government also objected to certain exclusive clauses in the treaty which were directed against the trade of other European nations. The dispute was amicably adjusted through Her Majesty's Ambassador at Constantinople, but the treaty was never ratified.

For many years the country of Sanaa was in a state of absolute anarchy. In 1832 Mokha and all the sea-coast fell under the suzerainty of the Turks. It was afterwards recovered for a time, but again finally lost in 1848. Ali Mansur, who succeeded his father as Imam of Sanaa in 1834, was deposed three years after. He again succeeded to power in 1844, on the death of his uncle, only to be once more deposed in 1845 by Muhammad Yahya, a distant relative of the family. Muhammad Yahya, in 1849, swore allegiance to the Porte, and agreed to hold Sanaa as a vassal of the Sultan, paying to him half the revenues and receiving a Turkish garrison in his capital. This so incensed the inhabitants that they rose against the Turks, massacred them, and reinstated Ali Mansur, who ordered Muhammad Yahya to be put to death. Within a few months Imam Ali Mansur fell into the hands of Ghalib, the son of Muhammad Yahya, who contented himself with confiscating his property. The people of Sanaa, however, refused to acknowledge the authority of Ghalib, and elected a Governor, Shaikh Ahmad Ali Khemiah, from among their own body. Ghalib led a profligate life in an obscure village a few miles from Sanaa till 1858, when he was recalled and reinstated in the government with the title of Al-Hadi, but with merely nominal power, During the internal revolutions in Sanaa and the desultory warfare with the Turks, the Imams repeatedly endeavoured to enlist the aid and advice of the British Government in their cause. A rigid abstinence, however, was maintained from all interference in their affairs.

In 1856, nevertheless, when the Beni Asir tribe marched against Hodaida with a strong force, they were deterred from attacking it by the presence of two British ships which had been sent there for the purpose of protecting British subjects and their property. Moreover, cholera broke out in the camp of the besiegers and they retired in haste.

In 1867 the Beni Asir tribe again rebelled against the Turks and reoccupied the provinces from which they had been expelled. The disturbances were temporarily put down by Egyptian troops, but were renewed in November 1870. The Porte then preferred to deal with the revolt without the aid of the Khedive, and a force of 15,000 troops was despatched to Yemen by he Sultan. Before the arrival of this force in February 1872, the Al Asir had attacked Hodaida, but were repulsed by the Turkish garrison. The Turkish expeditionary force proceeded on arrival against Sanaa, which was captured in April 1872, since when Yemen has been administered by a Turkish GovernorGeneral, whose head-quarters are at Sanaa. This arrangement still (1892) continues. Hasan Edib Pasha was appointed to be Governor-General in June 1891. A rebellion which took place in the course of the year was put down by the Ottoman troops.

4.-THE SOMALI COAST.

THE British protectorate on the Somali coast extends from Lahadu (situated half-way between Ras Jibuti and Zaila on the south side of the Gulf of Tajoura) as far as the forty-ninth degree of east longitude close to Bandar Ziadeh.

The principal tribes along this coast are the Esa, whose limit extends from Ghubbet Kharab to the neigbourhood of Donguerita; the Habr Awal from the last-named place to about 35 miles from Berbera; and the Habr Toljaala thence to about the forty-seventh degree of east longitude. Thence a section of the Habr Gerhajis extends to the west of Wakhderia, and the Warsingli from that point to the forty-ninth degree of east longitude.

The chief ports on this coast are Zaila, Bulhar and Berbera, from the revenues of which a subsidy of Rupees 1,950 per mensem is paid by the British Government to the headmen of the various tribes with which the Agency is brought into contact. These three ports, as well as Karam in the Habr Toljaala country, are customs ports. To the east of Berbera are the Flag Ports, named Anterad, Karam, Ankor, Raguda, Shellao, Hais, Mait and Mashow.